EHIND THE NEW MACINTOSH
COMPUTE
YOUR COMPEE RS tHOmMEne OMIPUTER: RESOURCE APRIL 1991
FIRST AID FOR SICK COMPUTERS (MODEMS MADE EASY ‘KEYBOARD POWER STRATEGIES
COMPUT!
APRIL 1991
FEATURES
Confessions of a
Software Maniac G& DOUG BUCHANAN Do you have an abnormal craving for software? Read how one person be-
came a compulsive software consum- er—helpless, spineless, capable of absolutely no self-control.
Writing Faster
BASIC Programs G-10 ANTHONY CHANDLER Learn programming tricks that make poky old BASIC get up and move.
DEPARTMENTS
64/128 View G-1 TOM NETSEL There’s important news for U.S. read- ers who buy Gazette from newsstands, Starting with the May issue of COM- PUTE, Gazette will be available by subscription only.
News & Notes G4 EDITORS The Death Adder is tyrannizing the people of Yuria. Only three heroes have the powers to stop him in Golden Axe. Then discover what happens in a toy factory after dark in Night Shift. Check out Bell Term, an 80-column terminal program for the 64.
Feedback G-14 READERS A New Zealand reader wants to know why an astronomy program doesn’t work for him. How to find a lost SYS command, why certain graphics ap- pear garbled, and what happened to all the great productivity programs.
COLUMNS
D’Iversions G-18 FRED D'IGNAZIO Have you ever imagined what comput- ers would be like if you could live in- side them? They could take you on such incredible journeys that you'd swear you were in another world.
Machine Language G-20 JIM BUTTERFIELD The usual way to trap the interrupt is to divert the interrupt vector to a task. When the task is complete, it jumps to the interrupt routine. Learn more about preinterrupt and postinterrupt routines in this month’s column.
GAZETTE
JANICE R. FARY,
VOLUME 13 ¢ NO. 4 ISSUE 128
Beginner BASIC G-22 LARRY COTTON Generate telephone tones on the 64, poke them into frequency control reg- isters, and then have them dial your telephone. Learn about multidimen- sional arrays while you're at it.
Programmer’s Page G-24 RANDY THOMPSON Did you know that the 64 doesn’t care whether a number or a string is put be- tween the parentheses in a PEEK func- tion? Did you know that you can dimension nonarray variables? It's time for more weird facts about the 64,
TYPEINPROGRAMS Stronghold G-25 DANNY ENGLISH
You must pilot your ship beneath a planet's surface and through a treach- erous alien stronghold as you try to rescue survivors of a wrecked space- ship. Dodge lasers, crushers, force fields, and mysterious aliens in this arcade-style game for the 64,
AlarmCalc G-29 KEITH GROCE Why buy a multiple-events timer when this program and your 64 can monitor up to five events, each with different starting and stopping times?
Word Find 3-D MILTON JOHNSON Generate two- and three-diniensional word puzzles. Words you enter are printed horizontally, vertically, and di- agonally—hidden within a matrix of random letters. They're in plain sight, but they're tough to find. The 3-D ver- sion is for experts only,
Hangman 128 G-34 DAVID WILLIAMS This popular pencil-and-paper game has been adapted several times for computers, but Hangman 128 pro- vides a few sophisticated twists for 128 owners. Use its list of tough-to-guess
words or supply your own.
Chaos G-36 ROBERT C. TRAIN Order and organization can be pro-
duced out of chaos by the repetition of simple but constant rules. Test this theory to see what emerges from seem- ingly chaotic sequences with these pro- grams for the 64 and 128.
TOM
tetsu Se
have an important message
for Commodore 64 and 128
owners who buy COMPUTE at
the newsstand. This is the last is- sue in which the Gazette section will be packaged with COMPUTE.
Please note that this applies only to the U.S. newsstand edition of COMPUTE. The Gazette section will continue to be available with COM- PUTE on newsstands in Canada and other countries.
This will not affect those who subscribe to the Gazette edition. Sub- scribers will still receive COMPUTE each month with its multiplatform coverage, including all the Gazette columns, features, type-in programs, and the latest information about the 8-bit Commodore market.
Despite the downturn in that market, we vow to continue serving our many loyal Gazette readers, most of whom already are subscribers. By targeting our coverage, we can better serve the needs of those readers. We know that this step will not be pop- ular with those who buy the magazine at a news- stand, but it makes us more effective. So if you are not already a Ga- zette subscriber and you want to receive the best Commodore 64 and 128 information each month, subscribe now.
Fill out the sub- scription card found elsewhere in the maga- zine. Be sure to write Gazette Edition on the card and drop it ina mailbox. You can also subscribe by calling our subscription depart- ment; that toll-free number is (800) 727- 6937. Tell the operator you want the Gazette edition, and you'll be billed $12.97, which is a savings of 63 percent off the newsstand price.
While I hope everyone concerned will read this, I know we'll miss get- ting the word to some people. Since we can’t contact those who buy the magazine from the newsstand, I hope some of you will post this information on your favorite BBS and share it with members of your user group.
Speaking of user groups, we'd like to hear from yours. We’re in the pro- cess of updating our list of Commo- dore user groups. I know there have been some changes, what with new ones forming and old ones disband- ing. We’ve sent letters to all the groups on our list, asking for address corrections and BBS information.
If your group does not return the letter we sent, we'll assume it has dis- banded and drop it from our listing. Even if there have been no changes during the past year, you must return the letter to remain on our list. If we don’t hear from you, your group will not be included in this year’s listing. If
you are a member of a Commodore 64/128 user group and your group hasn’t received a letter from COM- PUTE Publications, contact us imme- diately with your group’s name, mailing address, and BBS telephone number (if applicable). We want our list to include user groups in the U.S. and all other countries, and we want it to be as complete as possible.
User groups are an important re- source for any Commodore owner, and if you don’t belong to one, I strongly urge you to seek out one near you. Of course, if you don’t know the name of your nearest group, check with Gazette. We'll print the complete list later this summer.
Due to a production error, the Gazette Readership Survey didn’t ap- pear in the issue when I announced it. Several of you felt strongly enough to write letters, voicing your opinions, likes, and dislikes about the magazine. Since the survey finally was printed in the February edition, your responses have been pouring in.
Our receptionist, Cynthia Giles, takes time out from greeting visitors and answering calls at her busy switch- board to compile your responses. She’s doing an outstanding job. Just as soon as the replies stop coming in and we get the figures tabulated, T’ll report the findings here.
I'd like to thank all of you who took the time to fill out the sur- vey, write letters, and add additional pages of information. Your views help shape the maga- zine, and since we share this information with interested software com- panies, they also help influence the type of software that reaches the Commodore market. O
COMPUTE Gt
New! CMD / Dr. Evil Products New! Lower Hard | Drive | Prices
The CMD HD series of hard drives for the Commodore 64 and 128 have been designed to provide \
the highest level of compatibility and performance. These drives incorporate the latest in SCSI
Fe D eries. technology with advanced circuit design to bring youthe most features at an affordable price. CMD drives allow you to achieve the higher level of productivity you require to get the most from your existing software - today!
+ Compatible with GEOS™, CP/M™, BBS programs and most commerclal software, Hard rives + 31/2" SCSI technology for quiet rellable operation in a compact case about the size of a 1581, + Bullt-in Commodore compatible DOS responds to all 1541, 1571 and 1581 commands,
+ Up to 254 partitions In sizes ranging from 256 blocks to 65,280 blocks each,
The New Standard In 64/128 Hard Drives ° Bullt-in real time clock automatically time and date stamps all files.
8 +« Compatible with Amiga, IBM and Macintosh systems for convenient upgrading. + Connects easily to the serial bus, leaving ports open for use with cartridges, REU's and RAMLInk. + Supports all serial and JiffyDOS protocols, plus parallel Interface for connection to RAMLInk. + Easy-to-use utilities allow backing up and copying files to and from 1541, 1571, or 1581 drives, + Supports an unlimited number of true subdirectories which share all blocks within a partition, + Bullt-in Q-Link software allows easy access to America's most popular 64/128 online service, + Extemal power supply avolds overheating and wear on computer power supply, + Includes standard SCSI port and all utilities needed to expand the system (up to 4 Gigabytes),
HD-20 $590-85 NOW $499.95 » HD-40 $7905 NOW $649.95 HD-100 $1149:85 NOW $999.95 + HD-200 $1499:95 NOW $1299.95 Plus New Prices on CMD SD Series Add-on Drives! SD-40 $549.95 + SD-100 $899.95 + SD-200 $1199.95
Hard Drive
More than a replacement for the deskTop, the gateWay offers a unique, streamlined approach to file management under GEOS. With a resizable Note Pad, proportional slider and fuel gauge, the gateWay makes it easier to get where you're going. In designing the gateWay, we took a good hard look at the deskTop to make sure that none of the functionality would be lost. Then we added feature after feature - capabilities that you, the serious GEOS user, have found lacking in the deskTop. At CMD, there's a lot More going on than powerful new hardware development - we're creating new ways to use it
+ Full three drive support, including auto-swapping for applications which will not allow use of drive C. + Loadable disk drivers become memory resident and replaces the need for CONFIGURE.
+ Full CMD dovice support for RAMLink, RAMDrive and HD hard drives allowing for partition sizes up to 16 Megabytes and Macintosh style folders.
+ Supports using the CMD HD hard drive via parallol for faster hard drive access.
+ RAM disk drivers allow use of as much available RAM as possible « no longor limiting you to a 1541 or 1571 zk a ist
* " ‘Kk on disk Sized RAM isk) ESCEOMERGE 8k on disk + Integrated Control Panol replaces the Preferences Manager and allows you to contour the gateWay to your E\CEOLASER Bk on disk
choice of colors, screen pattern, printer driver and input driver, ESPAINT DRIVER: 1 4k om disk + Task switching via our Switcher allows you to move instantly between two applications, aie ptive isk Driver i . “ + An all new trash can structure which allows you to retrieve multiple files from the trash can. AxiconFont 1k on disk + A proportional gadgot for moving easily through the directory listing on the Note Pad. Assmaljont Fok tk on disk + Status boxes to indicate files remaining for copy and orase features, plus new file and disk Info boxes, SSEPSUBISERTLIERT Ui hin disk + A browse feature which halps in quickly locating files on the currently active device,
gateWay 64 $29.95 + gateWay 128 $29.95 + Both $39.95 + Shipping: UPS Ground $5.00 ‘Note: The gateWay requires a Commodore 64 or 128, minimum of one disk drive, a mouse or joystick and GEOS 2.0 for operation.
OTHER CMD HARDWARE & ACCESSORIES
Lt. Konnector - Allows use of Lt. Kernal drive mechanism with CMD HD System $19.95
The Ultimate Disk Drive Enhancement System Disk Drive Power Supply - Heavy Duty Replacement for 1541-lI, 1581, & CMD HO $49.95 JiffyDOS 64 or SX-64- $59.95 JiffyDOS 128 or 128D - $69.96 JiffyMON ML Monitor - 64 Mode ML and disk drive Monitor (requires JiffyDOS)
Each system includes computer Kernal ROM(s) and one drive ROM. i i ny A" 5 . Please specily computer and drive model numbers and serial numbers when ordering. Serial Cables - Qualty 26° Commodore Serial Cables (6 pin DIN male fo male)
Additional Drive ROMs - $29.95 each ) Shipping (U.S.): Lt. Konnector $5.00, Power Supply $6.00, JitfyMON $2.00, Serial Cables $2.00
¢ SUPER SAVINGS COUPON + Ordering Information and Shipping Charges?
HO and SO Hard Drives: Continental US: $25.00 per drive (UPS ground), $35.00 (2nd-Day), $45.00 (Next-Day). Canada: $50.00 (Airmail). COD US. only CMD/Dr. Evil SID SYMPHONY an ioe eae selene an Sn ih HSS 100Mb, $1249.95, 200M, $1 589,95 Postage: $35.00 $ pax order (UPS ground), $9.00( ), Pus $4.50 or APO, FPO, AK, HI, and Canada, cr $15,00 lor overseas orders. & MUSIC BOOK COMBO ‘ No san ag fctedwh ay ha ve. CODs a US ny at 640 * ax: residents a tax. : ONLY $50.00 Terms: ‘We accept VISA, MasterCard, Money Orders, C.0.D...., and personal checks (allow 3 weeks for personal checks to dear). Credit *plus shipping card orders provide the folowing: Card holders name, biling address, homa’work phone, card number, expiration date and issuit T fess low pres (US ai Canal din thi + WE VERIFY ALL CREDITCARD INFORMATION AND PROSECUTE INDIVIDUALS ATTEMPTING TO PERPETRATE FRAUD « 0 receive these low prices ( anata) SENG) My US Note: Pres and spratteatons subject change without notice, GEOS, GEOS 20, GEOS deskTop, GEOWAITE, GEOPANNT, GEOS CONFIGURE, and GEORAM ae registered trademarks of coupon with your order. For ordering, shipping and credit card Cas are amr Coe 1 Common aN Cosette [aC Consces 170 ‘1764, 1750 and Commodore: een i RAMOOS ore regi ares of Commodore Internatonal, ise srk dl bem tery seed ee gS Duaras luce Rara uae root he AAR AD, CUO HO Serene py we oper Perea Cease agra Fe sed wi i
CMD i Dr. Evil Labs »8 SWIFTLink- 232 Serial Cartridge A Real RS-232 Serial Port for the Commodore 64 or 128 SWIFTLink-232 gives you a true RS-232 port with the ability to communicate at speeds from 300 to 38,400 bps, plus true 1200 and 2400 bps using Hayes compatible modems. Experience the power of high speed modems and fast data transfers directly to other
I} computers. SWIFTLink plugs easily into your computer's expansion (cartridge port) and
| provides an industry standard IBM-AT style serial port. As an added bonus, SWIFTLink comes complete with file transfer software (FTP) plus many popular shareware terminal programs such as Desterm 128 and NovaTerm for the C-64. SWIFTLink is compatible
i] with most hardware devices designed forthe Commodore 64 and 128. Note: SWIFTLink
serial Cable (DB-9 to DB-25) is required for use with most modems.
| SWIFTLink-232 Cartridge $39.95 SWIFTLink Cable
Shipping: US: $5.00 (Cartridge), $510 (Cable), $6.00 (Both). Canadas add $450.
2)
d
RESETS FESS
$9.95 )
CMD/ Dr. Evil Labs SID SYMPHONY Stereo Cartridge The Realism of Stereo Sound on your Commodore 64 or 128 The STEREO SID Cartridge effectively adds a second complete SID chip to your Commodore 64 or 128, giving you a total of 6 separately controllable voices. SID SYMPHONY may be attached to your home stereo or most amplified speaker systems to provide you with whole new dimension in sound, Create your own stereo music using the Robert Stoerrie's Stereo Editor (which we include free with Computel’s Enhanced SID Player book), or just enjoy the many hundreds of available songs by using Mark A. Dickenson's Stereo Player software (included free with the SID SYMPHONY Cartridge).
Ityou're interested in creating your own music files, be sure to get a copy of Compute’s
Music System for the Commodore 128 and 64: The Enhanced SID Player. SID SYMPHONY Cartridge $39.95 Compute's Music System Book $22.95
ae US: $5.00 (Cartridge), $3.50 (Bat) 87 $7.00 (Both). Canada add $4.
~ RAMLink isa ars hardware SRE designed to overcome the limitations of existing
RAM expansion units (REU's). RAMLink delivers the performance and compatibility lacking in
past REU's by incorporating CMD’s proprietary RL-DOS and advanced features into a compact
unit which allows most software to utilize Commodore 1700 series REU's, GEORAM, PPI's
RAMDrive, and CMD's RAMCard as if it were a disk drive. Optional RAMCard installs internally
and can be used alone or in combination with the storage of an extemal REU for a maximum
capacity of 16 Megabytes.
+ Supports Commodore 1700, 1764, 1750, Berkeley Softworks GEORAM and PPI's RAMDrive,
+ Optional RAMCard allows RAMLink to be used as a RAM Disk with or without a separate REU, User Expandable from 1 Mb to 16 Mb using standard SIMMs.
Pass-Thru connector allows use of cartridge port peripherals such as utility cartridges,
+ Reset, Disable, Direct Access mode and SWAP functions are all standard features,
+ RAM port provides power back-up to REU's,
+ Parallel port provides ultra-fast data transfer when connected to CMD HD series hard drives,
+ Includes separate power supply - optional battery available to protect against power failure, RAMLink (w/out intemal RAM) $149.95 RAMLink Battery back-up unit $24.95 RAMLink w/ RAMCard (1 Mb) "$259.95 Parallel Cable for CMD HD $14.95 RAMCard w/1 Mb (f purchased separately) "$149.95
* Add $90.00 per Mb for additional RAM up ip 4M. Higher capacities - CALL. Prices and specifications subject lo change without notice. Shipping: US: $10.50 (UPS), $18.00 (2nd day), COD add $4.00. Canada $20.00.
power Backed REU Interface and Expandable RAM Disk
WUT = Both RAMLInk and F RAMDrive Include RL-DOS
RAMLink or RAMDrive - Which one Is right for you? [)] Both RAMLink and RAMDrive give Commodore users powerful features never before available in a RAM expander. RAMDrive is intended mainly for those who do not require the high RAM capacity ‘of RAMLink ( up to 16 Mb ), RAMLink's Pass-Thru port or the parallel port for communicating with 1) the CMDHD Series of hard drives. RAMDrive is an excellent choice for those who desire portability sincethe internal battery pack can keep the contents of RAMDrive intact forseveral days. RAMLink is the perfect choice for GEORAM owners who want the ability to use that device with programs otherthan GEOS. RAMLink has a built-in RAM Port for easy use with a GEORAM or Commodore REU. No matter which CMD RAM device you select, you'll benefit from the fantastic capabilities yeild disk equipped with RL-DOS and the outstanding value of CMD suppor.
]_- Allows commercial software to access all available RAM as a high-performance RAM Disk. + gateWay software for GEOS use available at no additional charge. * RL DOS performs up to 20 times faster than Commodore RAMDOS, up to 400 times faster than a stock 1541 and provides full DOS command compatbility. + Up to 31 1541/1571/1581 emulation or Native mode partitions, plus true subdirectories. * Includes built-in JiffyDOS Kemal for high-speed access to JiffyDOS equipped disk drives. * Software for copying files (FCOPY) and complete disks (MCOPY) included. + Many other features, including CMDs exclusive Gevice number SWAP functions. Sh Sai aa a a a OL
RAMDrive - AHigh Sartaranics Battery Backed RAM ont
RAMDrive is a fresh new approach to RAM expansion for the Commodore 64 and 128.
RAMDrive isa self contained battery backed cartridge with capacities of 512K, 1 Mb and 2 Mb. §| RAMDrive incorporates RL-DOS, an ultra-fast, easy-to-use operating system similar to the
HD-DOS found in CMD HD Series hard drives. This DOS allows various types of partitioning
along with compatibility and speed unsurpassed by previous RAM Expansion systems.
+ Compatible with vast amounts of commercial software as an ultra-fast RAM disk.
+ Power back-up eliminates the loss of files upon powering down the computer while the
bullt-In battery protects data during transportation or power outages, + Available in 512K, 1 Mb and 2 Mb models at incredibly low prices.
+ DOS includes JiffyDOS Kernal routines for high speed disk access with JiffyDOS equipped disk drives,
+ Software for copying and GEOS compatibility included, + Reset switch allows computer reset without loosing data in RAMDrive. + Reset, Disable and SWAP functions are all standard features, ] RAMDrive wi512K $149.95 RAMDrive wii Mb $199.95 RAMDrive wi2Mb $289.95
Shipping: US: $7.50 (UPS), $14.00 (2nd day), COD add $4.00, Canada $15.00. See Ordering and Shipping information elsewhere in this ad for credit card information. RAMDrive designed and manufactured by Performance Peripherals, Inc. Prices and specifications subject to change without notice.
Creative Micro Designs, Inc.
50 Industrial Dr., P.O. Box 646, East Longmeadow, MA 01028 ORDERS ONLY: _— 800-638-3263 BBS: 413-525-0148 Questions/Support: 413-525-0023 FAX: 413-525-0147
Circle Reader Service Number 157
NEWS & NOTES
2
Another Bell Online
D & D Services announces Bell- Term ($29.95) for the 64. This full- featured terminal program, distributed by Parsec (P.O. Box 111, Salem, Massachusetts 01970-0111) offers an 80-column mode for the 64, Y-Modem for batch transfers, and ARC.MOD to unarc files during downloads. Other features include com- patability with the SwiftLink-232 cartridge for transfer speeds up to 19.2K baud, a split-screen chat mode, and a hi-res viewer/printer.
A Shadow of Evil
The Death Adder is tyrannizing the people of Yuria. Only three heroes have the powers to stop this ruthless tyrant and regain the throne in Golden Axe ($34.95). Tyris-Flare, a beautiful and powerful amazon, is empowered by a special magic fire. Gilius-Thunderhead has an aston- ishing combination of lightning power and gymnastics. The Axe-Battler has sharpened his giant sword for battle. You must chose which chal- lenger to send into battle against the Death Adder.
Chose your weapons wizely. You'll face Skeleton Swordsmen, Twin Brutes, and Lizard Women as you attempt to undo the evil Adder. The fate of the people of Yuria depends upon your skills. Weapons range from razor-sharp swords to curtains of fire. You can even joust with your foes from the back of a bizarrian, stolen from an unsaddled Adder ally. Force alone may not be the answer, however; remember, one dose of magic can wipe out an acre of evil.
Electronic Arts (1810 Gateway Drive, San Mateo, California 94404) distributes this arcade hit from Sega of America.
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ed
Industrial Might & Logic
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Lucasfilm Games (P.O. Box 10307, San Rafael, California 94912) announced that Night Shift ($29.95) will soon be available for the 64 market. This arcade-style simulation is about a toy factory called Industrial Might & Logic. Perhaps not too surprisingly, it makes Star Wars and Indiana
. . . . . . . . Jones toys. . . . . .
Demand for the toys is so great that the company hires a night-shift worker who must con- tend with ever-increasing quotas, equipment failures, lawyers, lem- mings, and a surly boss. Things do not go well for the hapless hireling as he tries to turn industri- al waste into baby Darth Vader dolls, C3POs, R2D2s, Indiana Jones, and Zak McKrackens.
The game's intricate engi- neering of the toy machine and its intensity and pressure should ap- peal to a broad audience. a
*: SOpw
Amish Road
Amish Road by Michael Juliano of Davie, Florida, is this disk’s Picture of the Month.
Welcome to “Gazette Gallery.” Each month Gazette Disk features a collection of the best 64/128 artwork submitted by our readers. We pay $50 for each piece of art we accept and an extra $50 for the one se- lected as Picture of the Month. Send your original artwork to Gazette Gallery, COMPUTE Publications, 324 West Wendover Avenue, Suite 200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408.
‘a fen enaieve) Slokeiereee eevee a evenaraale) 6 G1etal 46 e10 ale 6 ote) qleeletele10ie lee 616 61616 6566 61650 Sete © 60 616la%s ch eteiiata
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G4 COMPUTE PAS Pletal ag Lien 19s Phe
WE INVITE CORPORATE & EDUCATIONAL CUSTOMERS DISCOUNTS FOR QUANTITY ORDERS RUSH SERVICE AVAILABLE!
MJO|NI T/G/O/MJE|RIY] GJRIAJN| T fz
® 1967, CzCommodore: 64¢ Includes:
*GEOS Program - Quantum Link Software * One Joystick
FREE 1 Joystick (Necessary for
64C STARTER
PACKAGE ® «Commodore 64C w/Excellerator Plus FSD-2 D es Disk Drive - GEOS Program
=<Commodore'128 =D- a
C-128D w/Built-in Disk Drive Includes 1 FREE Game (a $19.95 Value)
+ Quantum Link Software - One Joystick
64C COMMODORE | COMMODORE TEST PILOT |64¢C COMPLETE) 64C€ COLOR
-Commodore 64C *Commodore 64C + Commodore 64C Commodore 1544-11 meets Compe! peat 5 “"| Commodore 1541-Il | - Commodore 1541-II 128D COMPLETE | 128D DELUXE __, ds Drve Disk Drive Disk Drive PACKAGE PACKAGE *GEOS Program “Commodore Color + Commodore Color -Commodore 128-D Computer «Commodore 128D Computer * Quantum Link Printer Printer with Built-in Disk Drive with Built-in Disk Drive Software +12" Monitor *Color Monitor *Commodore Color Printer *Magnavox RGB Color Monitor 5 SOFTWARE *GEOS Program *GEOS Program +12" Monitor *Commodore Color Printer PACKAGES INCLUDES: =| «Quantum Link “Quantum Link
-FREE Game (a $19.95 Value) *FREE Game (a $19.95 Value) |: Advanced Tacteal Fighter » pS
cHamee + Crazy Cars +
Software Software
WE CAN RECONFIGURE ANY OF OUR COMPUTER PACKAGES TO YOUR SPECIFICATIONS. CALL FOR DETAILS!
MAGNAVOX 13" COLOR COMMODORE 1571 COMPOSITE MONITOR
DISK DRIVE
STAR CITIZEN ! (64, 646 Compatible) NX-10000 ; MAGNAVOX 13" COLOR NX-1000C Rainbow...$227.95 200GX COMMODORE 1541II RGB/COMPOSITE MONITOR NX-1001 $149.95 DISK DRIVE (64, 64C, 128, 128D, Amiga
SS NX-1020Rainbow....$194.95 Compatible) = = e3 2 ' COMMODORE 1084 80s MONITOR HAM EXPANSION
22 NX-2420 Rainbow......$329.95
OTHER ACCESSORIES FOR YOUR COMMODORE COMPUTER AVAILABLE
EPSON LX-810. $189.95 IBM LO-510 cerensstn 27.5 Compact, 80 Column Thermal | FX-850....... 929,95 MPS 1230........ i Print — ule.$ rintor COMMODORE 1520 SANYOPR-3000 | COMMODORE 1764 ExpansionModble.$119,95 COMMODORE 1351 Mous $49.95 40 Column Color Plotter Printer | | Daisy Wheel Lettar Quality Printer | CARDCO G-WiZeInteface........csss00e949.95 XETEC S. Graphix Jr. Interface. $29.95 LOW eOSTeCCGOre COMMODORE 1660 Modem......aanun$19,95 XETEC S. Graphix Sr. Interac INTERFACE ninnN STOCK COMMODORE 1670 Modem....nsm$79.95 | Micro C-128 Power Supply...
SEE OUR AD IN THIS MONTH'S AMIGA SECTION OF THIS MAGAZINE FOR GREAT AMIGA SPECIAL VALUES
a 3 a 8 : = 8 Tt = - lu N gf Go
ey
of a Software Maniac
y name is Doug and I’m a software
addict. There, I’ve said it. I'm a com-
“ pulsive software consumer—help-
less, spineless, capable of absolutely
no self-control. Now that it’s out in the open, maybe
others will recognize themselves and find solace in the knowledge that they’re not alone.
A Tale of Woe
I became aware of my problem back in 1982, shortly after purchasing my first computer, a trusty old 16K Radio Shack Color Computer. Of course, way back then, there wasn’t the magnitude of software that exists today and, consequently, not nearly the temptation. What was available loaded and saved by a painfully slow (and sometimes less-than-perfect) process—the cassette recorder.
Ofcourse, there were those elegant Program-Paks. But overall, software development for home com- puters was still in its infancy. So I learned BASIC and wrote most of what I needed. Because BASIC (and my own limitations) restricted the complexity of my pro- grams, I immediately became infatuated with each and every packaged program. Even at this early stage of my zeal for computers, I could already recognize the hun- ger building for more and more software.
August 1983 found me in possession of my first 64—it was love at first sight. Imagine, a computer with 64K, one on which you could actually edit a line! In retrospect, I guess that was the genesis of my journey into software madness. Like all obsessions, it began de- ceptively, creeping slowly like a thief in the night. First, a couple of games to generate envy among my com-
puter compatriots for my state-of-the-art machine— BeachHead to flaunt its sound and graphics, Jumpman to solidify their covetousness. Next, a good word pro- cessor so I could watch them oooh and aaah while I deftly manipulated, inserted, and deleted expanses of data. Each time I braved a software boutique, I found something that I needed just a little more than the package I'd bought the previous month. I was ona quest for the perfect program—the ultimate union of bits and bytes. A simple trip to the computer shop took on the aura of a spiritual pilgrimage.
Before long, I was hanging out in department stores, cruising the aisles for any and all software. I would lurk for hours, waiting for stock crews to place the incoming packages on shelves. Whether or not I had a need for the software was inconsequential. Store clerks began eyeballing me suspiciously as if I were the carrier of some frightful affliction. Everywhere I looked I saw something I wanted. My passion for software be- came ravenous. I began frequenting user groups in the hopes of obtaining even outmoded, uninspired programs.
By 1984, everyone seemed to be writing programs for the 64. Software flowed in numbers I had never imagined possible. Software that would do anything and everything you could envision—and some things that you couldn’t. I was hooked! As a member of the military community, my assignments took me to virtu- ally every part of the U.S., Europe, and the Orient, af- fording me an anonymity which allowed me to keep my growing habit a secret. There were programs to do everything from personal finance to designing custom pinball games, and I had them all. Even though I’m not
, Do you have a craving for software? SK In this moving testimonial, one
ar, | My ¢ reader relates the humiliation " bs ea and suffering this insidious i ime F 3 disease has caused him.
JANICE R. FARY
AGPaRaEL, = 1/)'9"9s1 COMPUTE G7
a “gamer,” nor have I ever been, my library consists of virtually every 64 game from Aztec to Zork.
My productivityware embodies virtually every database, spreadsheet, word processor, assembler, and graph- ics program that’s been written. With these, I’m capable of publishing any- thing from a modest birthday card to a comprehensive, unabridged version of War and Peace (in Russian with il- lustrations!), and thanks to a second drive and an REU, I still have enough memory to operate the traffic lights for the town of Malone, New York.
But am I satisfied? Certainly not. A day doesn’t go by that I don’t run across that special program that promises to accomplish the very thing I so desperately needed yesterday. And so, I buy it.
No sooner does a new product hit the shelf than my avarice rears its ugly head. I have countless programs which I may use once every couple of years or never use at all. For example, I own GeoProgrammer and the Offi- cial GEOS Programmer’s Reference Guide even though my grasp of as- sembly language is limited to the knowledge that memory location 49152 translates to CO00 hex. Simply put: If it’s for the 64, I have to have it. Unfortunately, my credit cards are be- ginning to show signs of early aging.
Those You Love the Most
My family is aware of my weakness. And they are supportive of me, but my shame is their shame. They try to shelter me as best as they can. When a neighbor asks if that was me in the software section of the local depart- ment store, my wife will invariably re- ply that it was probably Mr. Collins from down the block, who looks a lot like me from behind. But they all sus- pect the truth. (Mr. Collins doesn’t even own a computer.)
Not being the 64 buff that Iam, my family can’t relate to my problem. To the unversed, the 64 is just another computer. It’s hard to imagine civi- lized humans in the nineties capable of such gnarled thinking.
Whenever I hint at a trip to the mall, I hear the murmurs behind closed doors. I sense the foreboding as we pass Toys “R” Us or approach the Electronics Boutique. I feel the accu- satory grimaces when our base ex- change here in Germany receives a shipment of software goodies. I have, on occasion, even resorted to sneaking a newly purchased program into the house. Admittedly, I am helpless to the call. I have developed an uncanny sixth sense when it comes to software. My motto is “You can never have too many databases.”
GB COMPUTE A@PaRaIeE
My craving is not limited to com- mercial software. In addition to my endless supply of program disks (which I would estimate to be some- where around 3200 programs), I also own virtually every copy of COM- PUTE!’s Gazette dating from the early 1980s and a healthy storehouse of other 64 publications and books. Much to my wife’s dismay, I stead- fastly refuse to allow even the oldest of these to be thrown out. After all, who knows when I'll want to read the article “GEOS Update: One Year Old and Growing Fast” from the July 1987 issue of Gazette? I guard my publica- tions. I’m even considering a vibration alarm next to my library to thwart any attempts at unauthorized entry.
A Creeping Social Menace
I recognize from limited volunteer work that my compulsion will never be totally eradicated. And so, I live from day to day, constantly fighting it. With the assistance and encourage- ment of my friends and family, I may have a sporting chance. But the lure is still overwhelming.
And it’s just so easy for anyone to obtain software. Everywhere, I see preteens openly buying adventure games and businessmen procuring new and improved recordkeeping pro- grams. Even preschoolers are not ex- empt. They are unremittingly bombarded with programis to help them learn shapes and numbers. Where will it end? People from every
UO aaa
social stratum fall victim daily. Soft- ware madness doesn’t respect race, re- ligion, national origin, or financial status. It can strike anyone wherever software is peddled, seducing even the thriftiest of consumers.
What can be done to combat this newest social malaise? Perhaps a Soft- ware Compulsives Anonymous (SCA) could be formed to provide group support. At SCA, people with similar problems would be able to discuss their addiction openly, secure in the knowledge that they weren’t alone. Members could monitor each other’s progress using a buddy system. A 24- hour SCA hotline could be instituted for those whose self-imposed re- straints are constantly tested by names like Electronic Arts, Abacus, and Mindscape.
Ihave a long way to go to recov- ery. But a journey ofa thousand miles begins with a single step. Yes, ’'ma software compulsive, but I’ve met the enemy and I know that I can lick this in time. If you're like me or know someone like me, I counsel you to re- member that | program is too much and 50 programs are not enough. Once you give in, you open the floodgate. So hang tough and fight the urge. Just say No! Qo
Doug Buchanan has been a software “user’ for many years. In deference to his family, he requests that we reveal nothing more about him than this. We wish Doug success in controlling his habit.
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rograms that are written in BASIC often run slowly com- pared to machine language
programs. The BASIC inter- preter has to spend time reading each line of the program and then translat- ing it into the correct set of machine language codes for the computer to perform the instruction. If instruc- tions have to be repeated many times (for example, inside a FOR-NEXT loop), the time delays add up and real- ly become noticeable.
In this article, we'll discuss how you can write or even rewrite BASIC programs to make them run faster. To see how much time the different in- structions take, enter the following simple timing program.
10 REM TIMETEST
100 A=1:B=2:C=3:D=4:E=5:F =6:G=7:H=8 110 1=9:J =10:K=11:L=12:M=13:N=14:0=15 120 P=16:Q=17:R=18:S=19:T=20:U=21
130 V=22:W=23:X=24:Y =25:Y%=26
140 Z=.00134796247
160 TS=TI
200 FORI=1T01000
300 NEXT
310 TF=TI:TT=INT((TF-TS)/6)/10
320 PRINT“TIME WAS”;TT—1;“SECONDS” 330 LIST 200-300
After you’ve set up some vari- ables, this test program reads the com-
A N TH O° Neey
puter’s jiffy clock, goes through a FOR- NEXT loop that repeats itselfa thousand times, and reads the jiffy clock again.
The empty loop, without any in- structions inside, takes about one sec- ond to run. There’s room to insert ad- ditional instructions between lines 200 and 300, and the difference between the two clock readings minus one is the time it takes to repeat the inserted instruction 1000 times, or the time in thousandths of a second (milliseconds) to execute the instruction. once.
This program uses the 64’s TI function to read the start and finish times. For other models of computer, a different command may be required to access the internal clock.
Run the program, and you'll see the final message giving a time of 0 seconds. Now try adding a line inside the loop.
210 V=V + .00134796247
It takes 46,3 seconds to execute this statement 1000 times. (Your time may vary slightly.) Each time BASIC encounters the number in line 210, it has to read the decimal point and
each of the 11 digits, convert them into a 6-byte floating-point number (+1.34796247 E—3), and add that number to the value assigned to V.
Assign Constants to Variables BASIC can handle variables much faster than it can handle numbers. This is the most important timesaver of all. Replace line 210 with
210 V=V+Z
Because the variable Z has already been set to a value of .00134796247 in line 140, this new line performs the same operation. Running the program shows a time of 5.1 seconds—nine times faster.
When the variable Z was as- signed in line 140, BASIC converted the value into a 6-byte floating-point number and stored it in a list of vari- ables. Each time BASIC reads line 210, it has only to read one character, Z, instead of a decimal point and 11 digits. Having read Z, it then looks up the floating-point value directly from the list of variables. This avoids hav- ing to perform the cumbersome float- ing-point conversion 1000 times. >
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Define Frequently Used Variables Early
The program will run even faster if you move the statement assigning a value to the Z variable from line 140 to an earlier point in the program, say line 90. When BASIC reads a variable name such as Z for the first time, it writes the name and its assigned value ina list. (A similar list is built up for string variables such as W$).
The first variable encountered in the program is entered at the top of the list, followed by the next one, and so on. Z is the 27th variable in the list. When it appears in line 210, BASIC has to search through the other 26 variables until it finds the right one. Obviously, it’s quicker to find a vari- able near the top of the list than it is to find one at the bottom. To test this, let’s enter a new line.
90 Z=.00134796247
When the program is run, the variable Z will now be placed at the top of the list. The runtime will be re- duced from 5.1 seconds to 4.1 sec- onds, the difference being the time taken by BASIC to search through the other 26 variable names in the list. Line 140 is now unnecessary, but its presence does not alter Z’s position in the variable list.
Repeat the process with variable V by entering
95 V=22
This puts variable V in second place
on the list. When the program is run, you'll find that the time is shortened
to 2.7 seconds because both variables are now found quickly.
Omit the Count Variable from NEXT Statements
Whenever you have a single FOR loop, terminate it with the word NEXT instead of specifying the vari- able name, such as NEXTI. This saves time because BASIC does not bother to check that the count vari- able, I, is the same as that in the last FOR statement. To see how much dif- ference this makes, change line 300 to
300 NEXTI
Running the program will show an in- crease in time from 2.7 seconds to 3.3 seconds.
If there’s an inner loop nested in- side an outer loop, it isn’t always es- sential to specify the count variable. Enter the follwing lines, and note the differences in running times.
210 FORJ = 1to5 300 NEXTJ:NEXTI
Giz COMPUTE APRIL
With the count variable given for each loop, the time is 12.1 seconds. Line 300 can also be written this way:
300 NEXTJ,I
This cuts the running time by only 0.1 seconds. Now change line 300 again and notice the change.
300 NEXT:NEXT
At 8.3 seconds, this is decidedly faster than the alternatives NEXTJ,I and NEXTJ:NEXTI.
Multiplying a number by itself is
faster than squaring it by exponentiation.
210 D=C*C 300 NEXT
This takes 3.8 seconds, but watch what happens when you square C.
210 D=CtB
The processing time increases to 53.1 seconds.
Multiplying is faster than dividing. 210 A=B*C This takes 3.5 seconds. 210 A=B/C Now the computation takes 4.9 sec- onds. It’s faster to multiply by 0.1 than it is to divide by 10.
Adding the same number twice is faster than multiplying by 2. 210 C=A+A
Adding the variables that represent | + | takes 2.4 seconds.
210 C=B*A
Multiplying the variables that repre- sent 2 X | takes 3.5 seconds.
210 C=2*A
Using the number instead of a vari- able takes even longer: 3.8 seconds. Integer variables are faster than the integer function. If the number in- volved is less than 32,768, defining an integer variable takes less time than calculating an integer.
210 Y%=A This takes 2.8 seconds. 210 Y=INT(A)
Writing it this way increases the time to 3.6 seconds.
WS Gar
Avoid Subroutines Within Loops When you have a loop that repeats many times, try to avoid having a GOSUB inside the loop. Try the effect of adding the following statements.
400 RETURN 10000 RETURN
Then change line 210. 210 GOSUB400
Simply going to and returning from the empty sub 400 adds 1.7 sec- onds to the time. You can save this (at the expense of using up more memo- ty) by copying the subroutine’s in- structions inside the loop.
Use low line numbers as far as possible. Change line 210 again.
210 GOSUB10000
The time is increased from 1.7 to 2.0 seconds, Extra time is needed simply to read the five digits of 10,000 in- stead of the three digits in 400. The same principle applies to GOTO statements. The fewer digits in the line number, the faster the program.
Remove REM Statements
While REM statements make it easier to follow a program and understand what’s happening, programs will run faster if you eliminate them—particu- larly within loops. If you must include REM statements, keep them short.
210 REM
This adds 0.3 seconds to the loop without line 210,
210 REM THIS IS A TEST
Adding additional words to the REM statement doubles the time to 0.6 seconds,
You can use this test program to check the timing of other instructions and compare their speeds. You may be surprised at how different expres- sions and the way they’re used affect running time.
When you write a program, do it in your usual way. Get all the bugs out and make sure it’s running properly before you try to improve its speed. Then, take a look at it and see where you can make speed improvements. Start with the most-used and longest FOR-NEXT loops, replace constants with variables, and revise expressions, putting definitions of these variables early in the program. Reuse variable names for different purposes wher- ever possible. This keeps the variable list short and results in faster access times and more memory space. 8
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A Note from New Zealand I enjoy your magazine, but it seems to cater more for the 64 than the 128, which is a much more versatile ma- chine. I’m not really into games, so I would appreciate more utilities. More information on using the 128 as a con- troller of household functions would be of interest, as would a program that would let my printer print sideways. Incidentally, I was struck with some problems with Stars I] (COM- PUTE!’s Gazette, August 1989). There was no way to produce a sky as seen from the southern hemisphere. Why is this?
NOEL RICKETTS AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND
We try to supply a variety of pro- grams for both computers in each issue, but we rely on submissions fiom our readers. Since we're al- ways eager to publish good utility programs for both the 128 and the 64, we encourage programmers to send such programs to our submis- sions reviewer. Programmers have asked about resubmitting programs that we may have rejected in the past. Ifthe program is fairly bug free and you feel it has merit, submit it again. It may have been rejected simply because it was similar to a program we had recently published. For example, in November 1990 we ran Right/Side, a printer program that does just what you ask. There- Sore, if someone sends us a similar program tomorrow, chances are it won't get published. If a program is too large, that’s also a strike against it— although we may offer it as a bonus program on disk only. Stars Il had that problem. By including all the code needed to produce views in the northern skies, the program would've been much too large to offer as a type-in.
In response to your question about Stars Il, author Robert A. Mulford says, “The east, south, and west views are calculated by the same subroutine. A north view would have required a separate one.
Since the planets are never seen in the northern sky by people in the northern hemisphere, I decided not to include a northern view to save a Sew lines of code.” We apologize for the inconvenience this may have caused readers who live south of the equator; a new version of the pro- gram that should solve that problem is in the works.
Transformer Needed
My BMC monitor, model BM 919U, died recently, and a service technician told me it needs a new high-voltage flyback transformer. The schematic diagram with the monitor gives no information to help him in ordering a new one, and the company that sold me the monitor no longer handles computer hardware. Can anyone help me locate a replacement for this transformer?
KARL HALTINER 507 SMITHSON AVE. ERIE, PA 16511
How about it, readers?
Anything but Games?
I have a 128 with a 1571 and an MPS- 803 printer. I have noticed that Com- modore software seems to be leaning more to games than to nongame pro- grams. Do software companies plan on ignoring us nongame users? I would like to see more productivity programs such as Fleet Systems. May- be they should survey us Commodore owners and ask us what we'd like to see in new releases.
ROLAND A. DUPONT SUSANVILLE, CA
New software releases jor the 64 or 128 have slowed dramatically, but software companies are still inter- ested in what the market wants. That’s one of the reasons why we published the readership survey in the February issue. In addition to helping us produce the kind of mag- azine you want, we share the results with software companies to help them in their marketing decisions.
So if you haven't responded yet, it’s not too late to send it in and let your voice be heard. We'll also publish the survey results as soon as they are tabulated.
Some European software com- panies are introducing some of their hits to the U.S. market. One pro- gram that may interest you is from England's Database Software. Mini Office II is an integrated package Sor the 64 that contains a word pro- cessor, spreadsheet, database, graphics program, terminal pro- gram, and label maker—all in one package. We'll print a review of this product in an upcoming issue.
Fool Your 1571
Ihave a 128 with a 1571 disk drive. I have several programs that specify a 64 and a 1541 disk drive that are giv- ing me problems. Is there some way I can fool the drive into thinking it’s a 1541?
ROY N. KELLEY HAMILTON, OH
After you've turned on your monitor and 1571, turn on your 128 while pressing the Commodore key. This boots the 128 in 64 mode, and it makes the 1571 think it’s a 1541.
_ Give this a try and see if it helps.
An Index and Show Schedule I would like to see a yearly Gazette in- dex in either the December or January issue. It would be helpful when look- ing for information on various sub- jects. Also, a column on future shows and seminars might be helpful. If it were published in a column, it would be quick and easy to review. That would give us a little advance notice, and I could possibly make plans to at- tend. I might have even made plans to vacation in Las Vegas to coincide with the Consumer Electronics Show.
FRED BLANCK LANSING, MI
We do publish a Gazette Index on disk each year. It not only covers the year just past, but all the previous
APRIL
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years as well. It’s now availabale through our Greensboro office for $7.95 plus $2.00 shipping and handling.
As for shows of interest to Com- modore owners, we'd be happy to print such a listing for national or larger regional shows if we get the information in time. Our produc- tion deadlines require us to have the information three to four months prior to the event.
As for shows such as COMDEX or the Consumer Electronics Show, they are trade shows not open to the public. Entry is restricted to exhibi- tors, people in the industry, and the press, although there is some talk of opening such shows on at least one day to the public.
Missing SYS
I have a problem with one of my 64 programs. I have forgotten the SYS address needed to run it. How can I find it?
ELIUD CAMPOS RIVERA
ARECIBO, PUERTO RICO
The problem is simple to state, but the solution could be difficult. Be- gin, though, by assuming that the machine code loads to one of the common locations. They are the
cassette buffer at address 828 ($33C), the upper 8K of BASIC RAM at 32768 ($8000), the upper 4K of BASIC RAM at 36864 ($9000), and the 4K RAM window at 49152 ($C000). The most likely spot is the last listed. Simply load the machine code with a ,8,1 and SYS to these addresses. The com- puter may lock up, requiring you to turn it off and on again.
If none of these addresses pro- duces results, either of two things are likely: The program doesn’t load to that address, or the starting address of the load is not the start- ing address of the actual program.
In the first case, the disk itself must be examined for the load ad- dress. Several programs will do this for you, including MetaBASIC (COMPUTE!’s Gazette, February 1987). The alternative to running a load-address program is to use a disk editor to examine the directory for the starting track and sector of the program. You can then go to that sector and read the load ad- dress from the third and fourth bytes, where it will be in low-byte, high-byte order.
If the executable address isn’t the load address, you'll need to ex- amine the code with an assembler
program (once the location of the code has been determined). Some- times the code resides beneath BASIC or Kernal ROM, and you'll need a separate machine code pro- gram to remove the ROM to run it. Less often, the code has a specific load address known only to a boot routine which, for whatever reason, you may not have. Occasionally, the program may make use of the CBM80 cartridge test during ini- tialization. If so, a cold-start call may start the program. You can call the cold-start routine with a SYS 64738. Happy hunting!
Messed-Up Graphics
In 64 mode, I’m having problems with graphics in a lot of games on my 128. When I run a newer game, the graphics never show up, but a mess of characters fill the screen. The game works; the sound comes up; the demo still works. It’s not the drive or the
disk. Older games still work, though. JASON FRITZ LITTLETON. CO
From your description of the prob- lem, it sounds as though your video interface chip (VIC) isn’t creating a bitmapped screen. The “mess of characters” that you refer to are
ACP R ICL
1 ROMO
COMPUTE G15
z 5 Q = = 8 wy = - TT) N q )
FEEDBACK
symptomatic of a bad VIC because color information for bitmaps is stored in the same memory location as normal text. If the software thinks it’s supplying color infor- mation to a bitmap, and the VIC actually hasn't left text mode, you wind up with a bunch of characters that make no sense. Go to 128 mode and type in the following program. When the program is run with a working VIC and a 40-column dis- play, you will see a white spiral emerging from the center of a dark blue background. But with a bad VIC, the screen will instead be filled with strange characters.
10 POKE 53280,6:POKE 53281,6
20 GRAPHIC 1,1
30 COLOR 1,2
40 LX=160:LY=100
50 FOR X=0 TO 400
60 PX=160+X/4*COS(X/8):PY = 100+X/4*SIN(X/8)
70 DRAW 1,LX,LY TO PX,PY
80 LX=PX:LY=PY
90 NEXT
100 GRAPHIC 0
To check the video interface chip in a 64, type in and run Chaos in the Program section of this issue.
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3 Wi 5 ° = = 8 MW I = uy N i Lo)
DIVERSIONS
EIR Seep)
el GE NIA ee Zend
fe)
ave you ever imagined what
computers would be like if you
lived inside them like rooms?
You know what I’m talking about if you’ve been to a game arcade recently. It used to be that to play a game you’d walk up to a box, pop ina quarter or two, and stand in front of the box watching the display screen and pumping some buttons.
That's all changed. Now you don’t walk up to a box, you climb in- side! And when you do, you leave the game arcade behind, and you enter another world.
Recently my son, Eric, and I were in a shopping mall in Cheyenne, Wyo- ming. In the center of the mall was a vehicle that looked like a cross be- tween a passenger van and an icebox. On closer inspection we discovered that this box was indeed a vehicle—a vehicle of the senses and the imagina- tion, a vehicle without wheels.
Inside the vehicle were eight rows of seats, all equipped with shoulder harnesses. In the front was a projec- tion screen that covered the entire wall. Spread evenly around the walls were surround-sound speakers. The motto of this vehicle was displayed on a sign hung over the narrow doorway. It read: “Swear You Are There!”
Eric and I were curious, We each paid our two-dollar entry fee and crawled into the vehicle. Once inside, we found two seats together and strapped ourselves in. We noticed that our armrests had handholds, All this seemed a little bit silly. After all, this vehicle had no wheels! It was stuck in the middle of a shopping mall. Where could we be going?
Suddenly the lights went out. We were in absolute darkness. Then the front screen lit up. It seemed to fill the room. We heard grinding noises, me- tallic scraping. Our seats began to Tock.
We were on a roller coaster! Slowly, swaying side to side, the roller coaster left the station and began climbing a monster hill. It picked up speed. The people beside us began to moan in fear and anticipation. I found
myself clutching the handgrips as my seat tilted farther and farther back. Were we going straight up?
Inch by inch, foot by foot, we climbed that terrible hill. Finally we arced over the top and fell, down, down the other side, rapidly gaining speed. Now our seats were tilted for- ward. I felt like I was going to fall on my nose! Thank goodness for the se- curity of my shoulder harness!
VIRTUAL REALITY:
OWEAR YOU ARE THERE!
The wind whined past my ears. People screamed. I heard myself screaming. Beside me Eric sat, gritting his teeth, his eyes wide, a huge smile on his lips. “Awesome!” he said.
The roller-coaster box in Chey- enne was actually a NASA space-flight simulator that had been acquired secondhand by an entertainment company. The company converted the simulator into a ride that tours shopping malls around the far west. Eric and I went on the roller-coaster ride, but that was only one of the many “virtual experiences” that the simulator offered. At different times of the day you could ride dangerous white-water rapids, ski downhill, or. jump out of an airplane with a dinky parachute in the middle of a typhoon. By playing a movie on the front
screen, immersing you in surround- sound, and tilting the box up to 45 de- grees in any direction, the simulator could make your body and your imagination swear you were there. There was anywhere the game design- er wanted to you be.
These days you hear how com- puters are getting smaller and small- er—so small, in fact, that pretty soon you won’t even be able to see them. We all have visions of carrying around powerful laptop computers, pocket computers, and even wrist-top computers and playing games on in- creasingly powerful Game Boy-style arcade machines that fit into the palm of our hands.
Now take a second and turn this idea upside down. What if we don’t end up carrying computers around? What if, instead, we go inside com- puter rooms where the entire room is a giant computer that can synthesize reality on walls covered with video wallpaper and surround-sound speak- ers that immerse us in a pine forest, a stormy sea, or a busy city street?
Computer rooms like the NASA simulator in the Cheyenne shopping mall aren’t just science fiction. They’re reality. The new theme parks now on the drawing boards for the twenty-first century will all have vir- tual reality environments controlled by multimedia computers.
Classrooms, too, are under con- struction where the walls become the world. Students can watch wall-sized video projections of computer graph- ics and laser video and hear powerful micro-speakers recreate a moon launch, a civil rights march, a nuclear explosion, or a simulated voyage in- side a DNA molecule. If your entire room is a computer vehicle, then you're inside a Starship Enterprise that can take you, via your senses and your imagination, to any place or any time. Classroom learning would no longer be a dry and dreary affair. In- stead, you'd be an explorer, an eyewit- ness reporter, an adventurer. What you’d learn would seem so real, you’d swear you were there! ia]
Gis COMPUTE AyPaReil
Te]
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Send your order to Gazette 1991 PowerPak, 324 W. Wendover Ave., Ste. 200, Greensboro, NC 27408.
a 3 Wi 5 9 = = 8 ee he = WW N § 6
MACHINE LANGUAGE
G20 COMPUTE
|
N= 8 0s tien E+ Rest
he usual way to trap the interrupt
is to divert the interrupt vector
(address $314/5 on the 64) toa
task. When the task is complete, it jumps to the interrupt routine. That’s preinterrupt, but work may need to be done after the routine.
Standard interrupt routines scan the keyboard, placing any keypress in the keyboard buffer. Some keys must be detected immediately. You may not be able to wait a whole interrupt interval (1/60 second) before a check.
You can set up a postinterrupt with a preinterrupt. Suppose you want to print the word LIST when F1 (character code $85) is pressed. This program is for the 64. The same thing can be done on other 8-bit machines, but the addresses might be different.
First, write a routine to point the interrupt vector to your special prein- terrupt code; then write a similar pro- gram to restore the interrupt vector, disabling the program.
033C LDA #$56 033E LDX #$03 0340 SEI 0341 STA $0314 0344 STX $0315 0347 CLI 0348 RTS 0349 LDA #$31 034B LDX #$EA 034D SEI 034E STA $0314 0351 STX $0315 0354 CLI 0355 RTS
Next comes your preinterrupt program that sets up a postinterrupt. You'll fake an interrupt event on the stack to make the computer think it’s executing a normal return from an in- terrupt: the postinterrupt program at $0365 and a fake status register entry.
0356 LDA #$03 0358 PHA 0359 LDA #$65 035B PHA 035C LDA #$00 035E PHA
EaLeD
The three items faked onto the stack match what would be put there during an interrupt, but the computer will then push three more things to the stack: the A, X, and Y registers. When a normal interrupt concludes, it pulls six bytes off the stack, so you need to push three more bytes.
035F PHA 0360 PHA 0361 PHA
OP RING Tit
TRAP
AFTER THE QUARRY RUNS
Now give control to the interrupt sequences (at $EA31). When complete, that code will perform an interrupt- return sequence. Instead of returning to the interrupt point, the program will be switched to address $0365.
0362 JMP $EA31
The code at $0365 will be run postinterrupt. If the buffer count (held in address $C6) isn’t exactly one char- acter, skip to the exit at $0380.
0365 LDX $C6 0367 BEQ $0380 0369 DEX
036A BNE $0380
If the character that’s detected in the keyboard buffer isn’t F1, skip to the exit.
036C LDA $0277 036F CMP #$85 0371 BNE $0380
The X register has been set to 0 in earlier code, so we can copy the char- acters LIST into the keyboard buffer.
0373 LDA $0383,X 0376 STA $0277,X 0379 INX
037A CPX #$04 037C BNE $0373
The X register now contains a 4. Put this into the buffer count at ad- dress $C6.
037E STX $C6
Now go to the ROM code in the 64 that will do the rea/ interrupt exit and include the characters L/ST.
0380 JMP $EA81 0383 4C 495354 ; ASCII “LIST”
Here’s the whole routine placed in a BASIC program.
1@ REM POSTINTERRUPT DEMO 20 REM JIM BUTTERFIELD
30 DATA 169,86,162,3,120,141 4® DATA 20,3,142,21,3,88,96
50 DATA 169,49,162,234,120,141 6@ DATA 20,3,142,21,3,88,96
70 DATA 169,3,72,169,101,72
8G DATA 169,0,72,72,72,72,76 98 DATA 49,234,166,198, 240,23 108 DATA 202,208, 20,173,119,2 116 DATA 201,133,208,13,189 126 DATA 131,3,157,119,2,232 138 DATA 224,4,208, 245,134,198 14@ DATA 76,129,234,76,73,83 15@ DATA 84
200 FOR J=828 TO 902
210 READ X
220 T=T+X
230 POKE J,X
249 NEXT J
250 IF T<>6211 THEN STOP
300 PRINT "TO ENERGIZE Fl:
318 PRINT "SYS 828
320 PRINT "TO RESTORE:
330 PRINT "SYS 841 a
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BEGINNER BASIC
Er Ase Hess rene
Cn Omnitele OheN
et’s take a new look at how to
handle BASIC’s multidimension-
al arrays. As you may recall from
an earlier column, an array is a flexible way of expressing and ma- nipulating variables. I compared mul- tidimensional arrays to pigeonholes, where numbers which represent col- ors or names or musical pitches can be stored, ready to use.
We'll begin a program with which you'll be able to point to a name ina directory of up to 22 names and then press Return to get the computer to actually dial your telephone for you! (The program works only with tele- phones that generate the 12 standard tone-dialing frequency pairs, such as AT & T’s touch-tone.)
On a touch-tone telephone’s key- pad, each number key, when pressed, generates two accurately controlled tones. We can generate those same tones on the 64 by poking musical pitch values to each of the two fre- quency-control registers for the com- puter’s first two voices. (See Figure 1.)
For example, when keypad 5 has been pressed, two tones with frequen- cies 770 and 1336 Hz (cycles per sec- ond) are “played” simultaneously by the phone. Equipment at the tele- phone company’s central office de- codes these tones and dials the phone you're calling.
These tones can be generated on the talented 64 by poking the numbers 87 and 49 into voice 1’s frequency control registers and 156 and 85 into
voice 2’s frequency control registers.
Where did these pokable values come from? As we’ve seen in previous columns, any tone—within limits— can be produced on the 64 as long as we know its decimal value. Appendix E of the Programmer's Reference Guide lists the decimal values (and pokable numbers) for a wide range of equal-tempered musical pitches, such as those produced by a piano.
OUR 64 AS A
DIGITAL DIALER
Touch-tone frequencies, based on an internationally accepted standard, don’t coincide with standard musical pitches. After a little detective work, I came up with a constant (slightly more accurate than recommended in the Programmer's Reference Guide) to calculate the decimal value for any musical frequency.
Figure 1.
Keypad
Number| Frequency (Hertz) | Decimal Equivalents | Poke into Voice 1 Poke into Voice 2 1 697 and 1209 11434 and 19833 77 2 697 and 1336 11434 and 21916 85 3 697 and 1477 11434 and 24229 170 94 4 770 and 1209 12631 and 19833 87 7 5 770 and 1336 12631 and 21916 87 85 6 770 and 1477 12631 and 24229 87 94 7 852 and 1209 13977 and 19833 153 Ul 8 852 and 1336 13977 and 21916 153 85 9 852 and 1477 13977 and 24229 153 94 0 941 and 1336 15437 and 21916 7 85
DECIMAL VALUE = FREQ IN HERTZ/.0609593
Round the result to the nearest whole number. The decimal value is then converted to pokable values as follows:
SECOND POKABLE VALUE = INT(DECIMAL VALUE/256)
FIRST POKABLE VALUE = DECIMAL VALUE — SECOND VALUE * 256
Continuing with our example, we convert 770 to the decimal value 12,631 by dividing it by the constant .0609593 and rounding. Next, we con- vert 12,631 to pokable values 49 and 87 by first dividing it by 256 and then dropping the remainder, resulting in 49. Then we multiply 49 by 256 to get 12,544, which we subtract from 12,631, yielding 87. Likewise, 1,336 is converted to decimal number 21,916, then converted to pokable values 85 and 156. These numbers are reversed in the table because of the order in which they’re poked.
We begin the program by setting up the screen with blue printing on a white background.
10 PRINTCHRS(147):POKE646,6:POKE53280,1: POKES3281,1
Next, we dimension two arrays to correspond to the number of names the program can handle and the num- ber of digits in the longest phone number.
20 DIMNUS(22),DS(14)
NU3&( ) will be the telephone number in string format. We'll use the first two of the 64’s three voices to gener- ate the tones. Define their frequency registers.
30 F(1)=54272:F(2)=54273:F(3)=54279:F(4)=54280
Define the memory registers that turn voices | and 2 on and off.
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40 G=54276:H=54283
The square waveform simulates the phone’s dialing sounds. Define two constants to turn that waveform on and off.
50 VN=65:VF=64
Clear the sound chip, turn up the volume, and define the shape of the square wave.
60 FORL=54272T054295:POKEL,0:NEXT 70 POKES4296,15 80 POKES54275,8:POKES4282,8
The envelope (how fast a sound begins and ends, among other things) was chosen by trial and error to emulate the sounds produced by a telephone.
90 POKES4277,20:POKES4284,20 100 POKES4278,192:POKES4285,192
Now for the tricky part. We'll fill a two-dimensional array with the pok- able values from the chart above. The telephone keypad itself can help us fill the array: All of the three keys on any horizontal row share a common fre- quency, and all of the three keys on any vertical column share another common frequency. For example, the 1, 2, and 3 keys share frequency 697; the 1, 4, and 7 keys share frequency 1209.
Let’s do the keypad rows first. Since phone keys 1, 2, and 3 share the first two pokable values 44 and 170, we can use a FOR-NEXT loop to sim- plify loading the array with charted values. N is the keypad number.
120 FORN=1TO3:W(1,N)=170:W(2,N)=44:NEXT
The two frequency-control regis- ters for voice | are represented by the 1 and 2 inside the parentheses. After the FOR-NEXT loop has run, W(1,1), W(1,2), and W(1,3) will contain 170; W(2,1), W(2,2), and W(2,3) will con- tain 44.
Keys 4 through 9 are loaded simi- larly, but with another frequency.
130 FORN=4T06:W(1,N)=87:W(2,N)=49:NEXT 140 FORN=7T09:W(1,N)=153:W(2,N)=54:NEXT
The 0 key is a special case. 150 W(1,0)=77:W(2,0)=60
Now we'll load the frequencies that correspond to the columns of keypad numbers. The first column contains the keys 1, 4, and 7. Use STEP3 in the FOR-NEXT loop.
160 FORN=1TO7STEP3:W(3,N)=121:W(4,N)=77: NEXT
The 3 and 4 inside the parenthe- ses represent the third and fourth fre- quency-control values—the ones that control voice 2. The second and third keypad columns’ frequency values are loaded into the array next.
170 FORN=2TO8STEP3:W(3,N)=156:W(4,N)=85: NEXT 180 FORN=3TO9STEP3:W(3,N)=165:W(4,N)=94: NEXT Again, the 0 is a special case. 190 W(3,0)=156:W(4,0)=85 Figure 2 is a picture of the two-
dimensional array, all loaded with pokable values.
Figure 2.
W(1,0)
ToWice1 To VWice2 W(4,0) That’s all we have space for this
month. Next month we'll create the
directory and dial the phone. a
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id you know that the 64 doesn’t care whether a number or a string is put between the parentheses in a PEEK function? Did you know that the test IF S$ will not produce a syntax error? Did you know that the INPUT statement can be used with- out an accompanying input variable? Yes, it’s time for more weird computer facts. All the following tips are not useful, but they are unusual.
DIM-Witted Programs
Did you know that you can dimen- sion nonarray variables? The com- mand DIM X, for example, is perfectly legal. So is DIM S$. In fact, you can sprinkle DIM X and DIM S$ all throughout your program without risking a REDIM’D error. The DIM statement doesn’t affect the value of the variable being dimensioned.
Although it may appear as if nothing happens when you dimension anonarray variable, BASIC does per- form some elementary recordkeeping duties the first time a variable is used ina DIM statement (or any other statement, for that matter). Commo- dore BASIC keeps track of variable names and values using’a table that’s located just above the BASIC work- space. Every time you use a variable, BASIC searches this table for the spec- ified variable. When BASIC can’t find an entry for a variable, it creates one. This happens whenever a variable is referenced for the first time. So by placing the command DIM X as the first line in your program, you force BASIC to make room for the variable X in memory. Of course, you could just as easily use the command X = 0 to get the same results.
Now the obvious question: Why would you want to use DIM on any- thing other than arrays? There really is no good reason—unless your goal is to confuse anyone who might be peek- ing at your program listing.
REMless Remarks Not all program remarks have to be preceded by a REM statement. For
example, you can type anything you
want after a GOTO command. Try it—BASIC won’t mind. This little quirk comes in quite useful for insert- ing short comments about the destina- tion of the preceding GOTO state- ment. For example,
90 GOTO 210 -> JUMP TO PRINT ROUTINE
makes for quite readable code.
The reason this works is simply because BASIC is never given the op- portunity to evaluate the characters that follow a GOTO statement. For the same reason, you can dedicate an
oT RANGE BUT
TRUE
MORE WEIRD COMPUTER FACTS
entire BASIC line as a REMless re- mark as long as that line is never exe- cuted by the program. A good example of this would be a subroutine where the initial remarks appear in program lines that are skipped by the calling GOSUB statements.
Missing Parameter
The MID$ function requires three pa- rameters, or does it? Without the third parameter, MID$ returns all the char- acters to the right of, and including, the character specified by the second parameter. In the example
LNS = MID$(“WALTER HEGO”,7)
LN$ is set equal to the last name HEGO.
This shortened version of MID$ is useful when you want to perform a RIGHTS and know only where in the string the characters begin, not how many characters you need.
Dead End You've heard of the CONT state- ment: You use it to restart a BASIC program after a STOP command or after you've hit Run/Stop. As you might expect, CONT was designed to work from immediate mode only (that is, from the READY prompt). Surprisingly, you can use CONT from within a program, if you want to. When used within a program, CONT is what you might call a dead end command. As soon as BASIC en- counters this statement, the program hangs. It’s the same as if you ran the line 10 GOTO 10. You can still press Run/Stop to abort the program, but if you then enter CONT to continue running it, your program will go right back into its blind alley.
Commodore Slang
If you learned BASIC by taking a class or reading a book, you probably use a lot of IF-THEN statements that look like this:
100 IF YN$=“Y” THEN GOTO 10 There’s an easier way to do this on the 64 and 128, however: Simply remove the THEN. 100 IF YN$=“Y” GOTO 10 Or, if you prefer, put THEN back in and remove the GOTO. Now we're left with the following: 100 IF YN$=“Y” THEN 10 By using one of the contracted
forms of IF-THEN, your program is made shorter and slightly faster. ia}
G24 COMPUTE AGP RE IIE
oO. Omad
PROGRAMS
DANN Y
EX NaGeiLat
he crew of the Starship Explorer
has been stranded on a distant
planet, and you're in charge of a
rescue mission. You must pilot your ship beneath the planet’s surface, through an underground alien strong- hold. Try to rescue all nine crew members as you dodge lasers, crush- ers, and force fields.
That’s only half the danger, how- ever; you'll also have to deal with the aliens. You won't be able to find all the men and win the game until you’ve met the mother alien.
Getting Started
Stronghold is written entirely in ma- chine language, so you'll need to use MLX, our machine language entry program, to type it in (see “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this section). When MLX prompts you, respond with the values given below.
Starting address: 0801 Ending address: 1D00
Although Stronghold is written in machine language, it loads and runs like a BASIC program. When you're ready to play, plug a joystick into port 2, load the program, and type RUN. The title and a list of options should appear in a few seconds.
The Options
Play options are displayed on the title screen. The first one allows you to choose normal, high, or low gravity. If you're a beginner, low gravity is rec- ommended; for more of a challenge, try high gravity. Press fl to change gravity conditions.
The second option is to choose the number of aliens you’ll encounter; press f3 to make your selection. You can choose normal, fewer, or many aliens. You should choose fewer aliens until you gain more experience as a pilot.
After all the options have been set, you must press the fire button to start the game. At any time during the game, you can press f5 to pause and f7 to quit and start a new game.
The Fortress
You begin the game with four pilots. You'll lose one pilot every time you crash, and you'll restart from the be- ginning or from the last platform you landed on. Every 1000 points, you'll be awarded a bonus pilot. When all of your pilots have been lost, the game is over. Press the fire button at this point if you want to begin a new game.
oT RONGHOLD
THIS RESCUE GAME FOR THE 64 TAKES
YOU THROUGH DANGEROUS CAVERNS ON AN ALIEN WORLD. JOYSTICK REQUIRED.
The stronghold is a made up of two levels with 32 screens on each lev- el. You must navigate through many tunnels and caverns and over rocky terrain. Maneuver your ship in all di- rections by using the joystick. Press the fire button to shoot.
When you fly to the edge of one screen, the next screen will appear. As you explore the stronghold, you'll en- counter many objects. Some of these will be white platforms. These are the only places where you can land your ship. As explained earlier, it’s a good idea to land on these from time to time as you move deeper into the fortress.
You'll also encounter lasers and crushers, which, respectively, fire and open and close at regular intervals. Watch their timing to pass by safely.
You'll also find colored security boxes. To take advantage of these color codes, gently touch the box with your ship. You'll notice a security dis-
SoH
play at the lower right side of your screen. This indicates your security clearance. Many times during the game, you'll find that your path is blocked by a colored security barrier. You may pass through a barrier only when the color of your security clear- ance matches that of the barrier. If you do not have the proper security clearance, you must search for a secu- rity box of that color.
The stranded crew members are scattered throughout the two levels of the stronghold. When you locate a man, gently touch him with your ship, and he'll be rescued. In the lower cen- ter of the screen, a display shows how many men are yet to be rescued. A rescued man gives you 250 points. If you accidentally shoot a man, no points will be awarded.
Sooner or later, you'll discover an alien that resembles a jellyfish digging through the ground beneath you. It may enter your cavern. If you shoot the alien, it will collapse and die, and you'll be awarded 50 points.
The Ice Stronghold
Complete the first level, and you'll en- ter the ice stronghold. Here, the graph- ics become more detailed and the maze of catacombs more complex. When you enter this level, your secu- rity clearance is reset. When you leave the ice level, it will be restored to its original color.
The ice level is very difficult to complete. The passageways are nar- row, and the men are lost deep in the ice caves. When you've found all six security codes, you'll reach the final screen and possibly find the wreck of the Starship Explorer. The huge mother alien will be moving from side to side to side, guarding the last man. It will require careful timing to avoid her. You may find that violence is not always called for when dealing with aliens.
By this time, if you haven’t locat- ed all nine men, you must go back and search for the rest. Once you've res- cued them, fly back to the start of the first level and land on the platform to win the game. >
APRIL
I g9 9287 COMPUTE G25
aN 3 Ww 4 ° a 2} = = ° a) hud i= fs ul N <_ 6
PROGRAMS
6A51:07 1C GF 92 6B 9C B3 17 47 | BCB1:36 18 39 19 69 4D C6 G6 STRONGHOLD GA59:5B 2C @1 5A 21 CB 12 52 9A | 6CB9:22 89 GC CE 11 AD 16 17 @801:GB G8 70 17 9E 32 34 30 6E | GA61:3G 3B 89 AB 22 GA 82 AG F6|GCC1:60 84 86 CE 87 AD GC 97 6869:37 GG G0 GG 26 20 20 20 96 | GA69:A2 33 28 G3 G8 BF GB CD 33 | BCC9:25 EG 20 3A 41 CD 23 CF 6811:26 20 20 20 26 AG C4 BO G6 @CD1:A6 CE 18 21 CF 26 8F 04 6819:3C 68 99 F8 G6 BY FD G8 F6 @CD9:86 DC 8D G5 CG AA 8A 29 6821:99 33 @3 88 DG Fl AG G9 4c GCE1:D@ AD 17 @1 3A Cl 38 AD 6829:B9 GC G8 99 FF @3 88 DO Al GCE9:22 E9 64 20 96 62 CO 1c 6831:F7 AQ EF 85 2D A9 26 85 DF GCF1:CF D2 44 86 99 85 40 B9 6839:2E 4C G6 G1 15 68 Gl EF 9F GCF9:88 99 85 40 CG 44 1C FF 6841:26 73 1B B9 6E G9 99 ES F3 @DG1:00 66 GA G7 BO 2A CE 4A 6849:07 C8 DO F7 EE @2 G1 EE 19 6D69:68 66 44 83 EF 71 @3 G1 6851:85 G1 C6 F9 DB ED A2 G3 23 @D11:AD 49 80 87 CA 7A 1lE 40 6859:26 34 63 FB 33 C9 97 DB 95 @D19:AD 49 12 EG Al C9 1E 11 6861:16 A2 G1 20 34 03 DO BA AB @D21:1@ AD 96 G4 96 AB C8 G7 6869:A2 64 26 34 G3 18 69 G7 65 6D29:20 CB 42 EE 5B AD 40 12 6871:16 65 A2 GA 20 34 G3 85 1D 6D31:C9 3A 28 37 36 8D C7 87 6879:A8 A5 A7 85 A9 AS FE 85 FB 6D39:EE C6 FB A8 8C 8A GA 20 6881:F7 A5 FF 85 FB 26 6C @3 73 6D41:64 42 AC FD 9F 98 12 F2 6889:A5 F8 85 FF AS F7 85 FE 72 6D49:AD 58 69 96 B9 91 47 62 6891:E8 20 34 63 DO 1E A2 OB 21 GD51:C8 4C 65 44 AD 42 OF C9 6899:20 34 3 AG G2 84 AB 85 2A @D59:39 D@ 6C EE DB 82 A6 8D @8A1:A6 18 A5 FC 65 A6 85 F7 58 @D61:FE 9F CO El G2 43 91 C9 68A9:A5 FD 65 A7 85 F8 20 6C EF 6D69:3C BO 60 EG 1E 3B 56 8G 68B1:03 4C 13 G1 E8 26 34 63 FB @D71:C9 F9 DG 10 AD F8 CO GF @8B9:DG 1C AG G3 84 AB ESB 26 36 @D79:FD 39 GF F6 39 GF AX FI 68C1:34 G3 FO G8 A2 G8 26 34 F4 | gp21:55 55 55 50 Fl C7 1D 8F 5F | 9D81:8D FD 99 64 FE 8D FC D6 68C9:03 4C 5C G1 A2 GB 20 34 BF | gB29:9F 3A 78 7E £6 10 7C 28 2p | 9D89:F7 8D FA 67 BA 54 1B 84 68D1:63 E6 A7 4C SC Gl E8 20 AF | gB31:39 76 04 12 44 3C 46 G4 Ba | 9D91:1B 77 83 C3 AG A2 LE CA 68D9:34 03 DO GA EB 26 34 83 B2 | gB39:GA G1 78 11 BS 19 G1 38 F4 | 9D99:23 11 3D FO FG G5 C9 Fl @8E1:18 69 04 A8 DG D6 EB 20 37 | gB41:11 28 G4 28 44 6C 4G 2G 61 | BDA1:5C 6E 28 C9 38 4C 43 AG 68E9:34 G3 DO GA A2 G2 26 34 21 | gB49:42 97 7C 3C 7E 3C 1E 42 1p | 9DA9:32 12 7C GO 39 G5 DO ol 68F1:03 18 69 G6 DG ED A2 88 A2| gB51:3C GE FA 18 C8 G8 GG OG 4E | GDB1:DG 8D 63 52 FE F2 88 59 @8F9:26 34 G3 D@ E6 AY BG 85 F7 | 6B59:FF 4C 22 47 13 GB BE 90 £] | 9DB9:21 62 6B 73 4c 65 26 C5 G901:A7 A4 FB FG OC G6 FA 2A 37 | GB6 1 51 10 C7 5F ES 53 43 B7 | 9DC1:61 G1 54 60 26 D1 FO 17 @969:26 A7 C6 FB CA DO F2 AB D8 | gB6 F 52 45 65 80 60 30 3@ 4F | 9DC9:GA CE G2 12 FF OF CB IC 0911:60 48 Bl FE 85 FA A9 @8 FE | @B71:30 43 28 BA 89 9E 39 B5 13 | @DD1:40 GO 92 31 14 67 CE 60 0919:85 FB 68 A4 FE DO O2 C6 4A | gB79:50 C8 52 9E 34 AE E6 53 9B | BDD9:EE 96 AD G2 GG 4D 90 38 0921:FF C6 FE CO E7 DO DE A4 B5 | gp81:45 43 55 52 Bl GE 20 8D 6E | BDE1:29 3E 32 62 G3 4c B6 43 6929:FF CO 67 DO D8 AY 37 85 BA | gB89:A4 GE A2 GO CA DO FD CE 2E | GDE9:51 AG EE 91 1D @1 73 51 6931:01 58 4C 28 G8 A4 AB FO FA | 6B91:06 CF 84 1F 8A AD 21 29 94 | GDF1:44 86 F9 8D B8 61 67 CF 6939:22 AS F7 38 E5 A8 BO 63 7E | @B99:FE AG A7 AS G1 29 FB 92 DD | GDF9:AD 83 25 BG 69 G1 53 62 0941:C6 F8 38 85 F7 AS FC ES 8A | GBA1:A8 EG FA 90 18 AQ DO B2 28 | GEG1:08 CF 2C 81 CE 10 DO 2E 6949:A8 BO 62 C6 FD 85 FC Bl 3A | @BA9:A9 38 AG GF 28 Bl FA 91 37 | GEG9:C3 AB 99 OG D4 C8 CO 18 6951:F7 88 91 FC 98 DO F8 C4 42 | GBB1:FC 41 G6 FA 61 FA 68 24 F2 | GE11:D6 F8 14 3F AB 46 66 31 6959:A9 FG GA Bl F7 C6 FD C6 76 | gBB9:88 Al FB 18 AS FC 69 Gl GE | GE19:8A GA FE 4F 67 31 9E 8A 6961:F8 C6 AY 10 EC 66 78 E6 98 | gBC1:85 FC A5 FD 69 GG 85 FD C2 | GE21:A9 28 8D GF G9 58 G6 9C 6969:G1 4C 16 68 66 GG OB 08 73 | gBC9:A5 FB C9 D4 DG DC ED 7F 8D | GE29:C9 68 98 AA 2G 3C 42 BA 6971:GA GG 9E 32 36 38 38 80 52 | gBD1:BG 83 99 G8 3A ED 80 9F FE | GE31:A8 E2 FB 35 CO C9 69 88 6979:26 G8 14 GG 8F 26 44 41 E9 | GBD9:FC 37 85 G1 75 51 GE DC E6 | GE39:8A B2 DD AA 4C GE 44 92 9981:4E 4E 59 20 31 31 2F 39 61 | GBE1:15 B7 88 BD DB 32 71 C5 95 | GE41:34 BD F5 45 C9 40 3A 2F 9989:1B 7C E4 26 2G 26 20 20 C8 | GBE9:G2 8D 22 53 G8 8D 23 30 CA | BE49:CG G7 BB E6 CO DB CB EB 6991:26 E8 CF GC G8 6A 85 FB 99 GE51:CG 28 DG E8 C5 FG 8F 59 6999:69 85 85 25 AO 1E 85 FC 92 GE59:78 E4 88 4C 58 42 9D 94 G9A1:69 68 85 26 18 AQ EA OF 5A GE61:E8 88 CG B4 Cl 1l BE C2 @9A9:FB 85 27 AQ 3C 65 FC 85 91 GE69:E5 44 72 67 C8 AB 92 4C 69B1:28 A2 FE C8 FD @1 98 8C 9D | gcl1:8D 8D 28 75 29 20 E3 2B 6C | BE71:52 44 68 43 2A G9 23 67 99B9:02 G8 FO 64 Bl 25 91 27 99 | GC19:39 91 2D 52 9F 91 AY 68 FB | BE79:C3 FA A7 21 G8 9E 9C 46 99C1:C6 25 E4 25 4B F4 83 26 CA | GC21:8D 17 88 64 58 32 64 CC 37 | BE81:78 1A E2 76 82 9C 1E 8D 99C9:C6 27 E4 27 DO G2 C6 28 5C | 6C29:44 72 DB 29 21 CO G3 46 FE | GE89:22 BD 8E GF 9C 9C 8D 12 69D1:C6 FB E4 FB DO £6 C6 FC 4F | 6C31:6A Bl 47 4E 8B 51 19 2 BE | GE91:60 FO G9 El E5 9D 13 C9 G9D9:E4 FC D@ EG AS 28 C9 AG C7 | 6C39:68 CA E7 DB GA GB CF 8D 6C | 6E99:62 FG 1D 66 AY D2 El GD G9E1:B@ GA 85 34 85 38 AS 27 42 | GC41:GA 29 F7 A2 Cl 1B 81 8D DC G9E9:85 33 85 37 4C BC 52 A2 4c | Gc49:12 D4 F2 D4 4B BO 86 Al OB G9F1:FG 26 1F 50 3E G2 64 22 D3 | 6c51:48 C9 DC 20 AC 1D 78 96 FE O9F9:59 20 F9 Cl 50 Bl 8F 6A EE | 6C59:2A C4 24 83 41 AD FG 21 38 6AG1:55 6A AF 2B FE B6 56 88 13 | 6C61:C9 F3 FG 6B AO F3 BG 42 EA GAG9:9F 28 G5 1F G1 19 89 65 6E | GC69:96 G8 8C F4 E4 38 14 1E B5 GA11:65 20 61 BG GD 31 55 FA AD | 6C71:05 A2 G1 4C 83 81 98 FA E7 GA19:A9 55 3F FF E8 06 1C 23 El | 6C79:8D FB F3 86 65 E8 CC EG 84 GA21:C6 E3 26 G4 48 8D 87 4 9D | 6C81:28 14 E2 AO G5 BD 2A DG 2C 6A29:21 EE D@ AG E4 97 F8 44 69 | 6C89:8D 19 EG F3 20 18 BA G4 84 GA31:7D 78 C@ 67 C9 A3 25 C3 95 | BC91:C9 G6 DA G8 1B CF AD 7C DB GA39:FF C7 24 C6 G3 21 8E 90 7A | 6C99:62 80 BG GD 4D CD 36 26 FB GA41:42 AG 65 41 1E Bl 76 El CD | @CA1:FG 64 96 24 BG G8 AC CD 54 6A49:51 16 87 46 G1 7F C@ F7 7E | GCA9:DG B4 BG 1A EE 5B 46 1C 9C | GFG9:49 54 59 CB 98 38 16 21 G2 COMPUTE APRIL 1991
PROGRAMS
@F11:66 C4 48 49 4B 1D 62 9A 5F | 1171:A9 GF19:1A 83 5B 46 33 5D D2 AS 4F | 1179:F6 GF21:9F B9 49 96 4D 53 3A 1A F5 | 1181:5E GF29:1F 91 63 46 45 57 53 D8 G7 | 1189:A9 @F31:80 52 97 G3 46 92 26 12 ES | 1191:7F GF39:B2 EF 59 26 92 3C F6 1C 69 | 1199:61 GF41:1D A2 50 1C 8A A2 42 55 1B | 11A1:78 @F49:54 C6 66 CO AE D8 45 47 BA | 11A9:78 GF51:AB 14 81 6B 8E 28 49 53 2C | 11B1:60 GF59:53 A3 GG 2G 47 41 2E 8D 35 | 11B9:61 GF61:00 14 AA 52 G5 62 72 32 46 | 11C1:50 GF69:38 36 2A EG G2 CE 26 2E 3E | 11C9:82 GF71:C3 83 71 20 50 49 EF 1E 28 | 11D1:64 GF79:DC 41 57 41 52 44 54 63 G5 | 11D9:9C GF81:03 EA 8E D@ 8C D4 22 B2 69 | 11E1:CD @F89:GE AC E2 19 E2 52 64 G9 69 | 11E9:3C GF91:4A 4D 9B E8 8C 64 53 45 GC | 11F1:79 @F99:GA BO G3 54 45 98 68 Cl CF | 11F9:78 GFA1:B5 49 43 3A CC F@ 9G DD 22 | 1201:6C GFA9:18 C8 28 29 2E AG 27 53 33 | 1209:B4 GFB1:07 54 4E 98 E2 A8 4E 13 25 | 1211:B6 GFB9:24 66 G2 85 42 GD F8 26 F2 | 1219:26 @FC1:55 42 36 8A 17 93 B9 CA CF
GFC9:98 G5 26 43 32 A2 52 66 D4
@FD1:55 4C 41 54 49 40 73 53 AG
@FD9:A4 67 2E 26 48 41 56 4A 12
@FE1:14 52 D9 55 68 38 41 4C 22 | 1241:76 GFE9:4C 3A 94 26 59 4F 55 12 16 | 1249:64 @FF1:4D 45 4E C6 4E 41 4E E8 3B | 1251:568 GFF9:45 53 43 41 50 45 8@ 2B CF | 1259:94 1061:Cl 45 26 53 C6 42 66 A3 36 | 126 ri) 1009:48 4F 4C 44 21 65 81 G8 98 | 126 (] 1611:11 11 72 4E 4F 57 2C 2@ 81 | 1271:81 10619:46 4F 52 20 41 20 4C 4F EE | 1279:78 1621:4E 47 84 9E 52 49 58 2@ 2D | 1281:8c 1029:42 41 43 4B 20 54 4F 20 E8
1031:45 41 52 54 48 2E 2E 2E 59
1639:28 26 14 12 G1 69 BE G5 62
1641:12 A@ 83 7F G@ 85 AO 15 79 |12A1:B4 1649:8D 18 E7 D7 21 76 BG@ DG AD | 12A9:8D 1051:CC 6C 16 GA 85 1A 2C 26 63 | 12B1:D8 1659:56 56 36 58 62 GD DB AO E7 | 12B9:3A 1061:AA 2C OB SF E@ 36 G8 BE GF | 12C1:46 1069:67 @3 63 38 1B C@ G6 D9 A3 | 12C9:A8 1671:68 C6 G1 26 DS BO 64 61 40 | 12D1:1D 1079:44 26 9B 44 D4 17 68 C7 17 | 12D9:8D 1681:73 F2 26 E8 47 AS C5 C9 DO | 12£1:65 1689:16 GA FE 77 64 F@ 1A 8E 35 | 12E9:906 1091:9C 2B 8C GD E8 E6 AY 93 F6 | 12F1:04 1699:28 D2 FF 8E 81 4C 0G 49 ED |12F9:84 1GA1:DE 3F 50 C@ G2 50 54 GG 1l | 1361:CA 10A9:F8 506 EE E4 68 40 CE C9 2F | 1399:3c 10B1:63 B4 65 97 38 28 44 CE 68 | 1311:76 10B9:4C 6F C4 51 40 FF 9F 26 F@ | 1319:F7 106C1:D9 1B 47 99 16 64 B4 42 54 |1321:A5 16C9:67 F2 4C 82 47 66 BB 71 98 | 1329:69 10D1:2C 14 68 C9 C8 F@ GB BB 6D | 1331:E0 10D9:FC 9F AD DD 21 C9 F6 FO G3 | 1339:86 10E1:98 F6 86 14 AO F7 64 Fl G6 | 1341:F8 16£9:68 35 86 D8 45 C9 41 98 4A |1349:F8 16F1:03 38 E9 46 A2 38 G6 81 66 | 1351:38 1GF9:98 9D GE DA 62 1D D@ EI 5G | 1359:85 1141:31 16 4C 21 63 68 @8 8F 39 |1361:EE 1169:11 7F C8 8D 16 3D 62 8C 7C | 1369:D1 1111:28 51 62 21 D@® 8C E6 7C EC | 1371:FB 1119:E2 B9 95 46 Cl BO C8 CB 55 | 1379:FO 1121:87 D@ F5 CF 12 6D D4 GE F4 | 1381:66 1129:43 F6 C4 55 FF 33 61 AY Dl |1389:8D 1131:8C EA C2 64 41 Fl 75 62 @C | 1391:92 1139:1C 48 18 8F Al 75 GF A6 1F |1399:96 1141:ED 6B 38 87 C7 5@ 25 AO 19 |13A1:62 1149:07 16 DC 31 A4 4F FC 93 13 |13A9:AD 1151:AA Cl 86 B9 6B 28 9B 46 38 | 13B1:4B 1159:38 61 71 El @1 Fl 21 63 Bl |13B9:4B 1161:24 G2 41 7C 80 D4 34 EA BO | 13C1:8C 1169:48 EC 11 5A D@ Fl CF FO 91 | 13C9:AG
i
8D BF 75 8D 78 7A 81 7A 76 82 pc @5 83 7D 86 36 52 7c eG 60 48 90
3A 19 G6 46 80 94 AC 38 4D
6A cé Dg 96 E6 08 88 6a 8 8E 68 36 A2 4A FC FE 28 AS De 84 F9 GA F9 AS 65 46 AG c8 De Dg 26 E9 Bo B7 86 97 EG D4
Do 1l 64 63 38 2A 78 AA cs 6c 1c 51 o7 c7 88 8c cc 78 62 7c 98 91
82 98 66 61 55 13 6 BE AG
8D 4F 02 8D 61 4c 8D 26 G6 D4 FE Fc CF 4c FE 31 FE D2 D4 58 9E F8 AS 69 G1 48 31 A2 EE AC 4B 12 a2 PL GE DB c3 98
16 DG OG E7 00 FE the Ey 82 91 5A B2 E2 75 13 AG 41 5B 12 07 FF BO EE 06 63 27 30 82 88 CG 64 68 co 88 5A B4 25 78 83 86 co 66 2c pc 86 36 AG 82 8C 36 83 56 C2 CB 86 58 G1 80 c8 c8 AG 61 18 50 65 06 B4 a6 81 8F 61 A7 CO 8D @C EA 81 78 4D 07 81 DS OF 82 AG @3 E8 21 8D FF AG FD AA 8B 4A 4A 9D 61 82 85 FE FC 18 FD E8 19 2B PA A6 46 9C F9 61 69 G1 85 FB AD DO FA 84 @4 A2 33 AG AQ 1B 39 AE @D F4 F8 Bl AG 68 4c 8B C3 93 22 DB
D1 C9 9C 18 36 AS
19 61 37 E3 AT AA 60 35 F7 38 B4 2F D8 EG AB 6c 8a 9B E6 F3 GE 9 E8 cl D7 46 37 8F ll AE 83 8F E7 76 E6 5E 64 F4 6B 11 63 71 E9 CF 8D E4 8c 42 6c 18 59 2E co 84 FB B9 BS 37 95 33 12 c7 45 56 35 ED TE @5 66
4A 8E
7A 33
25
PRUNVUIVOR OSE BQUABANEP ADH 2 >
1499:07 14 14A1:4B CA 14A9:99 D4 14B1:E9 92 14B9:AD Cl 14C1:6A 38 1409:04 43 14D1:0E 15 14D9:16 DC 14E1:04 DO 14£9:51 50 14F1:43 EG 14F9:10 39 1501:36 84 1569:4D 36 1511:AD 80 1519:81 2F 1521:0F D9 1529:9A 4D 1531:GE C9 1539:06 68 1541:EC EF 1549:84 OF 1551:62 07 1559:4C 61 1561:40 09 1569:CF 4E 1571:F1 93 1579:3D 10 1581:20 3F 1589:14 00 1591:FF E3
1599:0D Cl 15A1:A3 @3 15A9:23 59 15B1:31 4B 15B9:8D 7B 15C1:63 A7 15C€9:83 20 15D1:33 C7 1509:53 2B 15E1:D4 96 15E9:4E D4 15F1:5C 38
1611:E2 1619:Bl D9 1621:14 A2 1629:48 E9
29 6C GA 1A 9D 9A 15 2C 8C 89 E2 AS 68 D3 76 18 4B 32 D8 OC @D 44 2F 83 47 27 03 1E 79 5A BA 83 1E Al 5B 86 c5 FC 14 14 3F 3E Fl 30 23 53 38 17 B4 62 C2 OE 2D 69 52 69 @4 GE BC 85 c8 c8 C8 4C @5 CF FO 64 2D 6E BO 66 C8 B9 DF 49 A9 65 12 99 C9 3E FO 47 42 60 97 45 A2 69 AG 50 @l 81 Al 62 69 6B 28 AD C6 FO 8A GE 20 38 BY BD 71 4D AD 2D FC 8D FF 07 21 1D 67 64 8D 17 B4 29 A4 85 D8 2C 6F OB EE AS 1F 2F 68 AD @4 C5 G2 4B 34 21 20 04 62 16 18 C5 35 62 OA 5C 58 4C 53 56 A8 50 EE 98 22 CF 98 4B AD 30 12 60 81 B9 41 2c 43 EE 5A 60 E2 OC 62 88 Al 30 62 69 B6 42 63 C2 B7 C9 GD 46 C9 6B FO 1F F8 41 69 3C @7 60 CE 57 87 4C 93 32 A6 Al 50 69 67 EE EG 21 4F GE 41 64 74 68 41 6D B2 66 77 72 15 11 G1 OB AA 20 63 Al C8 67 4E 26 EG 3C CO 27 9D El 46 2E DA AA 4E AG @1 BE B6 61 46 18 69 65 1c A9 C9 2D 69 66 G6 1D CE DA 85 C7 4E 76 89 EO
APRIL
TOS
MPUTE
G-27
PROGRAMS
1631:E9 D2 65 CF CE @A 43 8A 54 | 1891:E4
1639:4E A9 46 26 7D 34 Gl SE SE | 1899:A9 1641:F8 84 EE E9 GC 52 4B 85 4D | 18A1:68 1649:16 O61 GF A2 6G 8E 82 25 2E | 18A9:AE 1651:86 506 66 EE A2 87 82 61 69 | 18B1:CF 1659:46 94 1A 84 68 AQ G8 8D 7C | 18B9:64 1661:26 CF AD 1F 86 97 62 FO CG | 18C1:EG 1669:1C 98 3B 88 G1 G1 FO 11 BB |} 18C9:61 1671:53 6D 6B A4 69 1A AD 65 53 | 18D1:8D 1679:66 CE 65 D@ B6 CD 41 26 CC | 18D9:3A 1681:41 Al 20 G1 B@ GD 85 BC 9B | 18E1:48 1689:E9 3A 6E AD 45 CD OA CF 27 | 18E9:A9 1691:F8 65 BG 63 GC 78 71 D1 B4 | 18F1:B9 1699:2C D4 68 66 GA G7 GBB DG 65 | 18F9:52 16Al1:A2 14 4C 4E 77 AD 1E 68 AQ | 1961:85 16A9:41 FO 4F C9 81 FH 21 C9 15 | 1999:85 16B1:21 F@ D2 C9 11 FO 61 C9 7A | 1911:Ba 16B9:12 FG 48 C9 69 FO 3E C5 1F | 1919:FC 16C1:05 AF GC 3D C9 G5 FO A2 98 | 1921:A7 16C9:C9 22 FO A4 C9 GBA FO AB CF | 1929:25 16D1:66 AD A2 47 C9 FG 16 5F F3 | 1931:FC 16D9:8D E7 DB A2 64 CB 93 F®@ D6 | 1939:62 16E1:F3 D@ AD 6B CF 8@ GD AE EB | 1941:E6 16£9:18 CF E@ 26 BG G4 21 BB C4 | 1949:28 16F1:41 66 98 82 18 5A 5D 51 G8 | 1951:38 16F9:4C 9D 5@ 4C A8 CB 53 2G 91 | 1959:00 1701:£3 C3 AG G4 8B A6 A2 C8 6B | 1961:66 1769:28 83 8C FF 8D FC B3 1F A@ | 1969:5E 1711:26 68 12 22 69 69 82 5G 77 | 1971:98 1719:A9 PA 4C 53 22 AC 17 E2 6E | 1979:78 1721:81 99 OC CF 41 9E CE 46 1D | 1981:6C 1729:AD 46 66 26 AG G2 4C G5 AB | 1989:E2 1BE9:@D 53 68 E@ Cl 4E 94 C7 CE 1731:44 AD 19 67 77 87 SA B@ BF | 1991:78 3 1BF1:@1 64 6D D4 14 65 19 G1 A4 1739:B9 4F A2 @1 20 EG 43 AJ 31 | 1999:21 26 EE GA 56 CO Fl 1A 66 | 1BF9:4E 4F 4F C6 BS Bl BD E4 56 1741:F5 8D FA 2F B9 50 A5 FO 6B | 19A1:6D 85 E2 29 G3 26 63 BC 2E | 1cG1:21 66 DF C5 4C Al 84 4E 62 1749:C4 64 23 65 28 58 CF A9 3B | 19A9:74 F8 76 78 FC 76 78 28 85 | 1¢99:37 27 75 4C C4 71 G6 C2 D4 1751:32 26 AB 68 A9 B6 43 4C 17 | 19B1:60 83 21 C3 21 3E 8F 3A Cl | 1C11:@D 72 4c 41 48 GE G8 D6 6B 1759:26 42 A9 79 86 GF AD GA 95 | 19B9:7E 41 76 C4 Al 14 8C 47 93 | 1019:8D A3 4F 9C 84 3B 8C AG TF 1761:8D 27 95 12 62 C2 26 48 97 | 19C1:D8 31 1B GC GF 36 CH 41 26 | 1C21:4F F3 5A GC 64 BC 14 39 81 1769:4A A9 96 Dl 3E 14 62 45 A2 | 19C9:3F 87 50 1C F9 31 38 5B 88 | 1¢029:85 C5 41 4E G3 78 CO C4 E2 1771:44 46 62 64 14 GC 19 19 F5 | 19D1:35 GA 42 16 62 23 8E 4B D2 | 1031:43 4E 43 83 14 44 34 62 5B 1779:48 EE Dl 36 82 5A 89 CE 20 | 19D9:1@6 92 GA GB Al 1C 36 9E 33 | 1¢39:45 46 95 G3 14 14 62 42 BF 1781:68 22 A9 GC 8D 26 9G GF 97 | 19E1:Al 31 86 6D 76 3D 39 1E 5@ | 1¢41:47 48 56 56 8C 65 44 14 95 1789:8D 25 DG GG 35 36 GE 31 72 | 19E9:EA 38 63 C6 G2 38 C9 39 69 | 1¢49:76 19 62 @5 5D 46 14 4c 18 1791:51 B2 8A 86 9F 51 A9 27 2B | 19F1:22 GB 86 GC 8D 38 A4 82 A2/jC51:41 57 44 A3 G6 G7 4A 22 C5 1799:63 AS @6 26 FB 72 4C 62 5A | 19F9:21 17 38 1E EE 76 2C 18 15 | 1¢59:4p 46 4E DG A5 46 CB 23 85 17A1:52 AD FF 9F C9 81 BB 8@ AA | 1AG1:E6 AG 88 1D BE 73 DC 87 38 | 1c61:¢1 38 1E @7 1B 76 4D F2 9C 17A9:CE 82 @8 AD 48 C9 2F G2 85 | 1AG9:EE 4C 63 23 GG E6 32 5C B6 | 1c69:5B B4 65 54 14 G9 90 9B EF 17B1:69 36 8D DB @7 A9 E8 8D 1B | 1A11:E3 88 CC D8 64 34 DB El F4 | 1c71:91 G6 35 AG 53 G8 BO Bl 18 17B9:67 FO SE 26 GF 48 33 DC 82 | 1A19:62 2A 81 FG 62 3A 7C E3 ED | 10c79:88 41 4B Dl 51 £1 Bl 9B DD 17C1:29 16 C9 66 DG F7 Gl 4E 78 | 1A21:E@ 2B 64 E7 F8 37 1C 78 36 | icgl:£2 41 BG 11 506 50 50 60 67 17C9:AD 6D DO 18 69 G6 8D 5B 87 | 1A29:2G 6E AG El 97 71 98 Fl DB | 1c89:66 45 BG G4 42 B8 58 Al GB 17D1:78 @D AD @1 DE AD @4 2A 21 | 1A31:@6E 3A 36 22 C7 18 36 DE @1 | 1¢91:73 c7 42 1D 1D 19 49 30 OF 17D9:66 62 AD Fl 8D 97 6@ AD AE | 1A39:2B 3C 14 66 7F 3E A5 82 9E | 1099:12 41 42 43 42 A7 @5 5C BE 17E1:60 2A @@ 66 AD G1 52 84 3B | 1A41:65 C4 EA G66 77 D1 3D 47 AB |1CAl:41 4D G1 E4 F5 14 2F BO 4B 17E9:DF G1 26°A8 26 21 4A AD SF | 1A49:43 1C DA 1B 1A 19 @D @1 83 | jca9:41 26 @3 4C 4D A4 44 4C 81 17F1:D4 C9 G4 A4 83 AD Dl 67 45 | 1A51:39 GC BG GB 83 5G 78 C8 54 | 1cB1:4c 62 57 4D F7 34 CD 4c EG 17F9:C9 36 56 AD 4C 2D 48 8B Fl | 1A59:C@ 81 87 62 6F 3E 87 BD 37 | 1cB9:93 14 @7 44 1c 39 19 16 EC 1861:03 6A G4 G7 44 G6 4G G4 FC | 1A61:BF 42 AG 78 G3 47 16 6F 66 | 1cCl1:41 4c 74 GG 2C 4D F2 43 FB 1809:62 44 68 4G G4 1C 44 69 72 | 1A69:GB 39 83 GA 32 98 71 B7 EG | 1cCc9:44 43 4D 4E 4D 4C 41 58 F9 1811:46 64 17 44 19 4G G4 21 7C | 1A71:41 91 31 9A Al 96 Fl 93 41 | 1CD1:44 4D 8G 3C 43 41 41 49 3E 1819:44 1B 46 64 1D 44 1E 40 FG | 1A79:41 BO Gl 78 G8 CF 48 C6 2B | 1cp9:44 46 13 4B 9A G1 4B 26 EA 1821:064 1F 44 2A 46 G4 2B 44 F2 | 1A81:5E @6 8E SD Fl 106 C7 48 AD | 1cE1:12 49 49 AG G3 49 39 28 8G 1829:2C 46 AA 2D CF 60 4C 22 62 | 1A89:C6 GG 1C G4 36 Gl DG BB 3C | 1CcE9:04 4A 44 AG 4A 79 GB Fl 83 1831:FG 65 6B A4 19 19 81 8B 8E | 1A91:13 96 63 G1 1A CF 71 5C 3F | 1icF1:38 A8 63 26 23 26 26 FF B8 1839:EE 1C 65 AG G6 D@ F2°E8 D4 | 1A99:C5 Fl 57 G7 52 GC 13 BA 7B | 1cF9:CG BO BG BO BG GB BB GO 92 1841:2A 8A 16 86 4C 16 C9 63 CC | 1AA1:6B 46 3D 19 7F AG 59 BC EL 1849:A6 Bl A5 C5 C9 G3 FO Gl 87 | 1AA9:G2 G5 G5 74 36 BB B2 GO 1B = 1851:68 EG 3C 15 CD 16 DG G2 15 | 1AB1:AF 15 1E ED @5 4C G6 EB 2 Coming Next Month... 1859:19 86 20 9F 51 8D 26 D5 GB | 1AB9:1C 94 71 9C C4 66 73 5B ¥ 1861:21 D@ 23 66 99 GC CF C8 26 | 1AC1:C7 D3 C6 E8 C6 E5 G6 50 60 Commodore graphics guru Paul
1869:CG @9 D@ F8 AY G4 E3 4F 5A | 1AC9:C6 41 C6 GB 78 DD El 96 CA Hughes takes readers on a roundup 1871:8D 4D 26 58 40 AG 7F A2 6B | 1AD1:F1 3A C7 41 G6 G6 G1 11 F5 || of some ofthe exciting drawing and 1879:EG 8C 92 FG 19 8E 99 AO 7E | 1AD9:1D 14 67 C5 C3 1C 27 FG BB inting programs available for the 1881:84 8D 31 26 A9 8F 8D GB 31 | 1AE1:70 El El 51 3C 14 GE 70 D6 64: We'll also look at video diaitizers. 1889:82 A4 1A 46 2E 46 G4 2F 75 | 1AE9:95 11 @9 G9 46 GF FO 57 56 al al digi 5 ES
G28 COMPUTE ASPAR LIES Ao 9.1
1AF1:30 14 3A 30 60 56 FG 17 DF 1AF9:C7 5D @6 C4 1C 37 19 GF 75 1B61:19 1E 28 85 49 C6 53 1c DO 1B69:1A G4 GD G1 86 3C C4 Bl SF 1B11:53 10 64 3C 64 34 OF 75 C9 1B19:B8 62 G4 G4 64 G9 B4 2E CB 1B21:1B 63 G2 GA G1 G1 28 GA EC 1B29:6B 69 60 G1 G6 52 69 18 E6 1B31:61 39 @D G9 C2 5G 18 GO EF 1B39:43 C6 G8 68 BG GD GC aC 9C 1B41:G1 58 @2 62 G2 12 88 7D 55 1B49:85 82 C8 9C 99 89 BD 96 C2 1B51:60 98 80 F4 2B 80 8A 69 17 1B59:B8 55 BA 96 1A 30 90 84 39 1B61:E8 AQ 1E 9A AY E9 3F GO 57 1B69:BF AF B6 A5 DG 30 FE FA DC 1B71:D@ 42 5A A5 A5 AS AF BF 29 1B79:7D 5A 5A 5A FA FE @@ @@ C9 1B81:60 59 59 69 65 55 55 64 5F 1B89:54 18 18 14 2c DO 76 10 D5 1B91:30 30 14 AS 4c F4 @5 50 59 1899:2B 86 G0 96 98 28 AE 6D BE 1BA1:29 B8 GG G1 G6 10 G1 29 46 1BA9:E6 84 96 26 F8 86 DC 10 F4 1BB1:16 60 4C 22 23 G4 10 G6 @3 1BB9:62 63 2A FC 46 46 DD DD 7B 1BC1:00 15 42 CF A3 22 18 19 71 1BC9:D@ 51 54 CC 11 51 G8 84 76 1BD1:D0 4F 68 7E GB G1 98 07 CD 1BD9:61 91 Fl 05 4F 86 G1 4D 67 1BE1:GC 1D 30 GA GA C8 BC D9 72
a 3 rs ° a Ce) = = 9 a) WW = = Wl rl of 6
PROGRAMS
| Sl Pal fwd | Gah AO MICE
evices to time and activate
alarms for multiple events can be
costly. Why buy one when your
64 can do the job, plus provide features to make things even easier?
AlarmCALC can moniior up to five events, each with different start- ing and stopping times. These times are displayed in a table along with the duration of each event. This program is a useful timer for general use, such as cooking or photographic processing.
The display table also contains a memo area where text may be entered to describe or name each event. Alarms can be enabled for the starting and/or stopping time for any event. Each alarm is announced by a bell and/or the flashing memo.
Getting Started
AlarmCALC consists ofa BASIC pro- gram and a machine language subrou- tine. To help eliminate typing errors, enter the BASIC program with The Automatic Proofreader and the ma- chine language program with MLY (see “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this section). When MLX prompts you, re- spond with the values given below.
Starting address: C083 Ending address: C47A
The BASIC program loads the machine language program, so be sure to save the latter with the filename ALARMCALC.ML.
Using AlarmCALC
When you load and run AlarmCALC, you'll be asked to enter the current time. Enter the time in HH,MM,AM/PM format. For ex- ample, 10:35 in the evening would be entered as 10,35,PM. After the time has been entered, a table of alarm set- tings and memos will appear. The ac- tive cell in the table is highlighted in light green. Use the cursor keys to move the highlight.
Any of the three categories for an event (starting time, stopping time, or time difference) can be set, Use the plus (+) or minus (—) key to change
the minutes; press the plus or minus key while holding down the Shift key to change the hours.
Enable the alarms by moving to the asterisk (*) column next to the Start or Stop times. Press the F key to enable a flashing alarm, or press the B key to enable a flashing alarm witha bell. Type any short message you want in the memo column, and in any other column, press the Q key to stop the program,
ALARMGALG
THIS TIMER FOR
THE 64 WILL KEEP TRACK OF FIVE DIFFERENT EVENTS
AlarmCALC automatically sets the duration of an event whenever you set the starting and stopping times. Conversely, if you enter any two events, such as a stopping time and the duration, AlarmCALC will automatically calculate the third event. In this case, the starting time. This allows you to enter times in the most meaningful way. For example, suppose you want to have dinner at 6:18 p.m., and your roast needs to bake for an hour and 12 minutes. You would enter 6:18 p.m. for the stopping time and 1:12 for the time of dura- tion. The starting time would be set automatically at 5:06 p.m. Enable the Start Alarm option and make a memo, and you'll be reminded to put the roast in on time. Enable the Stop Alarm option, and you'll be reminded when to take it out.
ALARMCLAC PROGRAM 1
KH. @ REM COPYRIGHT 1991 COMPUT E PUBLICATIONS INTL LTD - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
APRIL
AP 10 IFA=QTHENA=1:LOAD"ALARMC ALC.ML",8,1 KG 20 POKE53286,0:POKE53281,0 RB 30 TTS="{CLR}ALARMCALC (C)1 991 COMPUTE PUBLICATIONS {DOWN} ” EP 46 PRINTCHRS (14) ;CHRS (154) ; TTS FS 5@ INPUT"HOUR,MINUTE ,AM/PM" 7H,M,AS DQ 60 HS=H/10:HH=H%*16+H-H&*10 -128* (LEFT$(A$,1)="P") z1 FH=12THENHH=164-HH KQ 65 POKE56331,HH EJ 76 M%=M/10:POKE56330, (M8*16 +M-M$*1G) :POKE56329,@:PO KE56328,0 PA 80 PRINTTTS$:PRINTTAB (3) ;"US E CRSR KEYS TO MOVE HIGH LIGHT, {DOWN}" SP 85 PRINT"Q TO QUIT/RESET, + - SHIFT TO SET TIMES {DOWN}™ GC 90 PRINTTAB (14) ;"{A}*xe*ERA *eqSp" —— AM 160 PRINTTAB (14) ;"-00:60:60 A" HF 116 PRINTTAB(14) ;"{Zpe***** REREX}" —_ FQ 120 PRINT" {A}***#RAHHERD AEH Ae LR} ARAKERRR ERD EAHA R RR HRRKERE SS | RC 136 PRINT"- START *-TIME — {SPACE}STOP{2 SPACES}*- {4 SPACES }MEMO 7 {5 SPACES}=" AC 140 PRINT"{QP***AA*LRPRERRE HK ERHKKHKKT RY RPE R REAR RRR ETI TRY RK +156 FORR=1T09 ME 166 IF (RAND1)THENPRINT"=122 OGA-X-06: 00-12: 00A-X- {13 SPACES}=":GOTO186 xc 1708 PRINT"{Q}*** KHER ERK KKH PRKKKK KER ER RRR RR RRR RRE {Wp" MR 180 NEXT GI 190 PRINT"{Z}******LED*{ED*® KHKKLE pRRER ERLE DALE RRR ERREKKKERREXP(DOWN}" CG 266 PRINT"{2 SPACES}* X=OFF , E=ELASH, B=BELL AND F LASH™ DS 210 POKE650,128:SYS49365:PO KE650,0 ALARMCLAC PROGRAM 2 C683:12 20 20 26 20 20 206 26 ED CG8B:20 20 20 26 28 5F 92 O08 CE CG93:43 53 63 73 83 63 83 03 6G CG9B:G3 G3 83 03 03 G3 03 0 1A CGA3:03 G2 G1 G6 B2 G1 G2 BO SF CGAB:60 G1 96 86 81 OO G1 BC 83 COB3:GE 16 12 14 G1 68 BA 10 10 1991 COMPUTE G29
a 3 rs ° a re) = = 8 Lg - ke Ee N | Le)
PROGRAMS
C@BB:17 19 42 Gl G1 46 G1 BO BA
C9C3:58 60 66 2B 2D DB DD 86 B8 CG@CB:63 G6 69 GC 91 12 G1 11 1A CGD3:92 81 A2 4F AG 3F BD 43 69 C@DB:CG 99 43 CO CA 88 19 F6 28 CGE3:A9 68 A2 3C 9D BB CB CA 8B CGEB:16 FA A9 12 A2 68 9D OF EY COF3:CO E8 9D OF CO E8 E8 EG ll COFB:GF 90 F3 A2 18 9D 80 D4 DD C163:CA 16 FA A9 2A 8D G1 D4 48 C10B:A9 F7 8D G6 D4 AY GF 8D 6C C113:18 D4 A9 G1 8D 3E C@ AY AD C11B:66 8D 3D C@ 85 FE 85 FD E6 C123:28 2E C2 26 34 Cl 26 86 OC Cl2B:Cl 26 A2 C2 C9 FF DG F3 FB C133:66 AG G3 BY 68 C13B:C@ 88 10 F7 18 A2 G7 AG BC C143:GF 26 FG FF A9 9A 26 D2 3F Cl4B:FF AD 42 C@ 29 7F 26 74 8A C153:Cl AD 41 C@ 26 6D Cl AD 3F C15B:46 C@ 2@ 6D Cl AD 42 CO 14 C163:36 63 A9 Cl 2C AO DG 4C B7 C16B:D2 FF 48 AQ 3A 26 D2 FF F3 C173:68 48 4A 4A 4A 4A 09 30 E8 C17B:26 D2 FF 68 29 GF G9 38 12 C183:4C D2 FF AE 3D C@ E8 8E 1A C18B:3D C®@ E@ 2D BG G1 C193:00 8D 3D C@ AD 3E CO 49 SF C19B:@1 8D 3E CO AB GB A2 BO 21 C1A3:86 FC A9 66 85 FB BD @F 85 C1AB:C@ CD 42 C@ DG 16 BD G6 Bl C1B3:C@ CD 41 C@ DG BE BD 1E 97 FG 09 85 FB BD 2D C@ 47 @2 85 FC E8 AD 3D C@ FO @1 8D 3D C@ DG D7 AS 58 FO 68 AD 3E CG FG B3 47 12 2C AY 92 99 43 CO 1B 98 69 16 A8 E8 EG B8 A5 FC FO G5 AD 3E 9F 69 16 8D 64 D4 A2 BB AD Ag
two- and three-dimensional puzzles. These puzzles print » the words horizontally, vertically and diagonally, hiding them within a ma-_ trix of random letters. They’re in plain sight, but they’re hard to spot. Depending on the level of diffi- culty you select, Word Find 3D can handle between 15 and 150 words, with words up to 15 characters in length. You’ve probably seen this kind of puzzle in books or magazines. At level 1 the program creates a puzzle 20 columns wide by 20 rows high and can handle up to 15 words. At this level words are stored in one of eight directions: up, down, left, right, and diagonally up and to the right, down and to the right, up and to the left, and down and to the left.
At level 2 you can create a three- dimensional puzzle consisting of ten separate 20 X 20 puzzle layers. The ten seperate layers are stacked one on
G30 COMPUTE AebaRa lac
C263:A4 FD CO 85 DG G2
C213:19 18 20 F@ FF A4 FB B9 82 C21B:93 CO AB CO 26 1E AB AG 32 C223:FB E8 EB G5 98 D2 68 AD 87 C22B:9A D@ 62 AO 99 48 AG FE 47 C233:BD B2 CO AA A4 FD B9 B7 4F C23B:C@ A8 18 20 FO FF 68 20 C8 C243:D2 FF A4 FE A6 FD EG G5 AA C24B:D8 G8 BI 93 CB AB CH 4C G2 C253:1E AB A4 FE B9 CA C6 A8 7A C25B:E0 G1 FO 65 EG 64 DO 16 CE C263:CB B9 2D CB DB O8 BY 1E AS C26B:C@ DO G6 AI DB 2C AY C2 GE C273:2C A9 C6 4C D2 FF EG G2 71 C27B:D8 16 CB C8 BY GF CO 29 C7 C283:7F 20 74 Cl B9 96 CG 4C 17 C28B:6D Cl EG 63 DO Gl C8 26 CO C293:7F C2 B9 GF CO 36 G3 AD 28 C29B:Cl 2C AI DG 4C D2 FF 20 1D C2A3:E4 FF DO Bl 66 C9 1l DG E2 C2AB:11 26 2A C2 A6 FE E8 EO 17 C2B3:05 98 G2 A2 66 86 FE 4C AE C2BB:2E C2 C9 1D DG 11 26 2A 49 C2C3:C2 A6 FD E8 EG 66 98 62 E4 C2CB:A2 9G 86 FD 4C 2E C2 C9 BD C2D3:91 DG GF 20 2A C2 A6 FE E2 C2DB:CA 16 62 A2 64 86 FE 4C B9 C2E3:2E C2 C9 9D DG OF 20 2A 71 C2EB:C2 A6 FD CA 16 G2 A2 G5 BB C2F3:86 FD 4C 2E C2 A6 FD EG 36 C2FB:65 D@ 2D C9 26 98 G8 C9 97 C363:81 98 65 C9 AG BB Bl 68 D6 C30B:48 A4 FE BI 93 CO 85 FB G2 C313:A9 C@ 85 FC AG G2 Bl FB 8C C31B:88 91 FB C8 C8 CO OD 96 4B C323:F5 88 68 91 FB 4C 2E C2 1E C32B:C9 51 DO G3 AOD FF 68 EG 25 C333:64 FO 64 E@ G1 DO 2F AG D1 C33B:68 D9 BD C@ FG G8 C8 C8 FE C343:C8 66 C8 B9 FD
Ue cee er Oo IN JOHN S O
GENERATE WORD PUZZLES WITH THIS OUTSTANDING PROGRAM FOR THE 64
top of each other like a layer cake, with layer 1 on top and layer 10 on the bottom. Up to 150 words may be en-
A9 99 3E | C34B:BD C@ 48 C8 BY BD CO 48 06 C26B:28 D2 FF BD B2 C@ AA AO BF G4 3F
C35B:D@ G1 C8 68 99 2D CG 68 96 C363:99 1E CO 4C 2E C2 AG 63 DC C36B:D9 C6 CO FG 64 88 10 F8 14 C373:68 84 FB BD A2 C@ 85 FC C7 C37B:8D 3C C@ 26 D2 C3 A4 FE EO C383:B9 98 CG C5 FC D@ 63 BOY 6D C38B:9D CO AA AB BO CA CO 18 84 C393:65 FC A8 B9 A6 C@ 85 FC FD C39B:E@ Gl DG 06 AS FB 49 Gl FE C3A3:85 FB A4 FE B9 98 CG CD FO C3AB:3C C@ FG G9 99 9D CB AD A2 C3B3:3C CO 99 98 CO 24 D2 C3 36 C3BB:A6 FD 8E 3C C@ A6 FC BD 04 C3C3:A2 CO 85 FD 26 2A C2 AE 3B C3CB:3C C6 86 FD 4C 2E C2 A4 97 C3D3:FE B9 CA CO 18 65 FC A8 A7 C3DB:F8 A6 FB FO 7F CA FG 69 8A C3E3:CA F@ 31 B9 GF CO AG FC 94 C3EB:E6 62 FG 1E A2 65 DD CF 19 C3F3:C8 FO 16 CA EG 63 DB G1 7c C3FB:CA E@ 06 DO Fl 38 E9 G1 73 C463:4C 47 C4 CA BD CF C@ 4c C4 C4GB:47 C4 38 E9 G1 16 35 AQ 6B C413:23 4C 47 C4 BS GF CO AG AB C41B:FC EG 62 FG 1E A2 6G DD 64 C423:CF CO FO 16 E8 EG 82 DO 83 C42B:01 E8 EG 05 DO Fl 18 69 C3 C433:01 4C 47 C4 E8 BD CF CO 24 C43B:4C 47 C4 18 69 61 C9 24 DD C443:D6 G2 A9 GG 99 GF CO DB 4E C44B:66 BO 9G CO DB G8 AD 59 D2 C453:99 G6 CG 4C E6 C3 38 E9 27 C45B:01 4C 71 C4 B9 66 CB C9 GC C463:59 DG G8 AI BG 99 BG CB 90 C46B:4C 17 C4 18 69 61 99 6G 7D C473:C8 DB 68 G6 OG BG BO GO OF
ord Find 3D is a word puzzle- tered. They'll be scattered across the generater capable of creating ten layers in the eight directions men-
tioned above.
On level 3 the program creates a ten-layer puzzle similar to that on lev- el 2, and it, too, can handle up to 150 words. Things get really tough here. Level 3 words are placed in the basic eight directions mentioned above plus two more directions, ascending and descending.
Words that are stored in the as- cending direction start at a lower layer and work their way to an upper layer. For example, if the word cake were entered in an ascending direction on layer 10 (the bottom layer) with the letter C at column A, row A, then the letter A would be found at column A, row A on the next layer up (layer 9), and so on.
The descending direction is just the opposite; words start at an upper layer and work their way straight down. In all levels, the direction of
each word is chosen randomly.
99; 1
Getting Started
Word Find 3D is written entirely in machine language, but it loads and tuns like a BASIC program. Enter the program with MLX, our machine lan- guage entry program; see “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this section. When MLX prompts you, respond with the values given below.
Starting address: 0801 Ending address: 1900
Be sure to save a copy of the program before exiting MLX.
When the program begins, the opening screen appears with the three difficulty levels explained. Select a dif- ficulty level by pressing 1, 2, or 3. You'll then be prompted to enter a word. At this prompt, type in a word up to 15 letters in length, ending with areturn. Words may contain only the letters A-Z, with no spaces or punctu- ation marks.
When you’ve entered all the words you want, press the Return key again. At this point, the screen will blank briefly while your puzzle is be- ing generated.
Starting to Play
After your puzzle has been created, you'll be presented with the main screen, On the bottom two lines, you'll find the status of your puzzle, indicating the number of words you've entered, the number of words you’ve found, the current layer of the puzzle you’re viewing, and the diffi- culty level you’ve chosen.
In the upper left corner of the screen, you'll see a list of eight op- tions. More about these later.
In the upper right portion of the screen, you'll see a 20 X 20 matrix of letters in black. Surrounding this ma- trix will be the letters A-T in blue. These letters indicate the columns (across) and rows (down) and are used to solve the puzzle when you locate hidden words.
About Those Options
Access the first option, Print, by press- ing P. This will send to the printer all ten layers of the puzzle followed by a complete list of the words you’ve en- tered. This listing will take two sheets of paper. Make sure your printer is on before you start to print. A number
will be printed after each word. This ———F
PROGRAMS
number indicates in which layer the @889:A9 C2 85 C3 AQ BB 85 C4 49 word appears in the puzzle. Each layer | 9891:26 79 12 26 2F 98 CO GG GF is also num We ; ; @899:FG 26 98 A GG 91 FD E6 Fl Aas ur ies i eragong basalt @8A1:74 AS 74 C5 86 FG 19 A5 16 alyaySIDUD CAR ei a yeCDUZZIe EYED. @BA9:B4 18 69 16 85 B4 96 G2 6A on difficulty 1, ; @8B1:E6 BS AS FD 18 69 G1 85 25 The second option, Give Up, G8B9:FD 96 G2 E6 FE 4C 89 68 DF may be accessed by pressing G. You'll gpcrge ze 38 i uo =o A 28 ie be prompted to press G again if you G8D1:44 20 2D 3B 26 0G 93 BE 4c really want the program to solve the | ggp9:08 90 FF 16 D7 58 4F C6 98 puzzle for you. All the words in the G8E1:58 4F 58 4F GD FF 16 58 D2 bute will fouls bentanes. deriier 10 $8 aP D2 ce SB 4 D7 The third option, Help, maybe | ggro:5g 47 OD FF 10 58 4F 58 84 accessed by pressing H. This printsa | g9g1:c4 58 4F 58 4F OD FF 10 B9 list of all the words that can be found 9969:58 4F 58 4F 58 4F C2 4F EF on the current puzzle layer. 6911:6D FF 16 58 4F 58 4F 58 64 : : 6919:D9 58 4F GD FF 106 58 4F 29 Press U to move upalayer. This | 9921:58 4r 58 47 58 CA GD FF 3B option only works on levels 2 and 3 6929:16 58 4F 58 4F 58 4F 58 9B and is used to move up from a lower @931:CF OD FF 10 58 4F 58 4F 6F layer to an upper layer. For example, 9939:58 4F 58 C8 OD FF 10’ 58 C3 if you were currently on layer 6 and aes © e a ae & 0 3 you pressed U, layer 5 would appear | g951:58 D3 GD FF 10 58 4F 58 FE onthescreen, 0959:4F 58 4F 58 CF OD FF 10 5B The fifth option, Layer Down, 6961:58 4F 58 4F 58 4F 58 CE F2 may be accessed by pressing. This | 9369700 99 #8 9B 18 44 49 46 08 option moves you down a layer. @979:4C 45 56 45 4c 53 OD FF EB Access the sixth option, Solve _ @981:12 1F 4C 45 56 45 4c 2@ C2 Word, by pressing the S key. Use this 6989:31 OD 1E 55 53 45 20 4F CF option when you've located a hidden | 9991:4E 4c 59 26 54 48 45 26 79 word. You'll be asked to enter the 9999234 Sel) AENENS CBE GE) hes F fthe word you've found, | 2242352 26 4F 46 20 54 48 45 SB starting row oO} you've - | @9A9:26 50 55 5A 5A 4C 45 GD CB This is the letter on the right side of G9B1:FF GA 28 4D 41 58 20 31 FC the puzzle. You'll then be asked toen- | 99B9:35 20 57 4F 52 44 53 29 Cl ter the starting column of the word. PETIA Pie Io ci) BIS FD Ey This is found at the bottom of the LICE LON Lis eae pb ecard i dd J @9D1:2G 41 4C 4C 20 54 45 4E BD puzzle. If you’re correct, the word will | g9p9:26 4c 41 59 45 52 53 26 67 be highlighted in the puzzle. Also, G9E1:42 55 54 26 4B 45 45 50 41 words found in the status section will SOSA aa au Es an 3 ar a an Lis sua ieis dle POSS G9F9:4E 45 20 4c 41 59 45 52 99 correct, the program will inform you. | gagi:oD FF 12 1F 4c 45 56 45 39 Press any key to continue. GAG9:4C 26 33 GD 1E 55 53 45 B4 The seventh option, Restart, may | 9A11:26 41 4c 4c 20 54 45 45 FE be accessed by pressing R. Use this to red Ae op Be aA Pyne aes eaeace start the program over. _ GA29:57 26 57 4F 52 44 53 GD 28 The last option, Quit, may beac- | ga31:26 54 4F 20 41 53 43 45 79 cessed by pressing Q. This option will | 6A39:4E 44 26 41 4E 44 26 44 AS reset the computer. GA41:45 53 43 45 4E 44 OD 1F 46 GA49:5G 4C 45 41 53 45 26 53 98 @A51:45 4C 45 43 54 26 41 26 BD WORD FIND 3D GA59:4C 45 56°45 4C BG AD D7 91 @8G1:GB G8 GA G@ 9E 32 30 36 2B | GAG1:85 C3 AI GB 85 C4 4C 79 36 6869:31 G6 GG GG 4C GA GA AQ 7B | GA69:12 26 16 G8 AD 5B 8D ll F7 85 FE AS G@ 85 FD 85 D4 | GA71:D@ AO G1 85 84 BD 26 DG 3C 85 74 85 79 AB 91 FD C2 | GA79:A9 GF 8D 21 DG AY GE 8D CO D@ FB E6 FE A6 FE E@ 29 | @A81:23 DG AO FF 8D G6 DD AQ 7A F@ 62 DG Fl 60 AG GG 65 | GA89:G1 8D GF DD 26 5F GA 20 F3 7A 20 E4 FF A4 7A C9 C5 | GA91:E4 FF C9 G6 FO FO 38 ED 1B FG F7 C9 GD FG 1B C9 4D | GA99:38 C9 G1 3G F2 C9 G4 1G 32 F@ 1A C9 41 30 EB C9 £3 | GAAL:EE 85 73 C9 G1 FO 67 AD 1D A4 7A 91 B4 26 D2 FF 64 | @AA9:96 85 86 4C B3 GA AQ GF 28 84 7A C@ GF FG G3 4c DG | @AB1:85 86 AO FO 85 C3 AD BA G7 68 84 7A 66 A4 7A CO 88 | GAB9:85 C4 29 79 12 26 71 G8 59 F@ @8 88 26 D2 FF AS 2D | GAC1:26 DE GC A5 73 C9 G3 30 72 91 B4 84 7A 4C 33 G8 3@ | 8AC9:67 AD GB 85 85 4C D5 BA 98 06 85 B4 A9 86 85 B5 62 | GAD1:A9 G9 85 85 26 9E BC 26 BO 6879:A9 F8 85 FD A9 8E 85 FE BE | GAD9:F4 GC 26 1B 13 2@ 2B GC 9C 6881:A2 18 AG 26 18 26 F@ FF 82 | GAE1:A9 GF 8D 21 DG 26 E9 GC 39 APRIL 1991 COMPUTE G31
PROGRAMS
GAE9:A9 FF 85 83.4C 9A 13 FE AD |@D51:AC GE C9 64 DG G3 4c 26 10 |GFB9:76 20 7B BC 91 AA 20 E4 GAF1:78 14 FE 50 14 FE 58 14 7D | @D59:GF C9 @5 D@ G3 4C 9C GF AC | GFC1:12 AG GO Bl B4 FG G3 4c 6D61:C9 66 DG G3 4C 17 16 C9 D4 | GFC9:2F GD C6 7F FG GE AS B4 GD69:07 DG 63 4C 8F 16 C9 G8 BB | GFD1:38 E9 13 85 B4 BG G2 C6 @D71:D8 63 4C GF 11 C9 69 DB Cl | @FD9:B5 4C C2 OF AS 7C 85 B4 $D79:@3 4C 7F 11 4C F8 11 £6 78 |@FE1:A5 7D 85 B5 AG GO 84 7F 6B19:4F 4E 53 FF 1E 1F 42 @D D3 |GD81:7A CA DB AA 6G 84 7A C8 23 |GFE9:A4 7F Bl B2 FG 26 48 AS 6B21:05 56 20 1F 50 52 49 4E 70 |GD89:A9 FG 85 B2 AI 7F 85 B3 9A |GFF1:83 FG G6 68 G9 8G 4C FB 6B29:54 FF 1F 43 @D 05 47 20 AC |@D91:18 A5 B2 69 16 85 B2 AS AF |GFF9:GF 68 AG GB 91 B4 E6 7F GB31:1F 47 49 56 45 26 55 5@ DC | gp99:B3 69 OG 85 B3 88 DB FG 92 |10G1:A5 B4 38 ED 13 85 B4 BG @DA1:A9 66 85 B4 AS 96 85 BS DC |1609:02 C6 BS 4C EO GF A5 83 GDA9:A4 7A Bl F9 AB 88 FG 12 £5 |1611:DB G3 4C 86 BD 66 20 86 6DB1:E6 B5 18 A5 B4 69 96 85 FB |1619:GD A9 G1 85 76 Bl FD 85 6DB9:B4 A5 BS 69 G6 85 BS 4C B2 |1021:81 AO 15 38 E5 81 85 75 @DC1:AE GD A4 7A 66 26 86 GD 5G |1029:26 7B GC 91 AB 20 7B GC 6DC9:Bl FD 85 76 A9 15 85 75 76 |1031:91 AA 26 E4 12 AG GO Bl GDD1:26 7B GC 91 AB AD G1 85 ES |1039:B4 FG G3 4C 2F BD C6 7F @DD9:76 26 7B GC 91 AA 26 E4 C3 |1041:FG 16 AS B4 18 69 15 85 G@DE1:12 A@ GG Bl B4 FO G3 4C G4 |1049:B4 A5 BS 69 GB 85 BS 4c @DE9:2F GD C6 7F FG GE AS B4 GF |1051:36 10 A5 7C 85 B4 AS 7D @DF1:38 E9 14 85 B4 BB G2 C6 BG |1059:85 B5 AG GB 84 7F A4 TE GDF9:B5 4C E2 @D AS 7C 85 B4 GE |1061:B1l B2 FG 22 48 AS 83 FG GEG1:A5 7D 85 B5 AG GG 84 7F EB |1069:G6 68 G9 8B 4C 71 16 68 GE09:A4 7F Bl B2 F@ 26 48 AS F6 |1071:AG GG 91 B4 E6 7F AS B4 GE11:83 FO G6 68 G9 8G 4C 1B 76 |1679:18 69 15 85 B4 A5 BS 69 GE19:GE 68 AG GG 91 B4 E6 7F 17 |1081:60 85 BS 4c 5F 10 A5 83 GE21:38 A5 B4 E9 14 85 B4 BG CB |1089:D8 G3 4C 86 BD 66 20 86 GE29:02 C6 BS 4C G9 GE A5 83 C2 |1091:0D AO Gl 85 76 Bl FD 85 GE31:D0 63 4C 86 GD 66 26 86 B8 |1099:81 AO 15 38 ES 81 85 75 GE39:0D A9 G1 85 76 AJ 15 85 C8 |1GA1:26 7B GC 91 AB AD 15 85 6£41:75 26 7B GC 91 AS Bl FD EG |16A9:75 Bl FD 85 76 26 7B GC OBEL:FF 18 43 4F 4C 55 4D 4B FB | 6f49:85 7F A9 15 38 ES 7F 85 6C |10B1:91 AA 26 E4 12 AG GO Bl @BE9:53 GD FF 26 OD 20 57 4F 36 | GE51:75 26 7B GC 91 AA 26 E4 BC |10B9:B4 FO G3 4C 2F OD C6 7F GBF1:52 44 53 26 45 4B 54 45 FF | @E59:12 AG GO Bl B4 FG G3 4C 7D |10C1:FG 16 A5 B4 18 69 13 85 OBF9:52 45 44 FF G5 57 4F 52 89 | G£61:2F OD C6 7F FG G9 E6 B4 57 |16C9:B4 A5 B5 69 GG 85 BS 4C @cG1:44 53 20 46 4F 55 4E 44 29 | @E69:D0 G2 E6 B5 4C 5A BE A5 34 |10D1:B6 16 A5 7C 85 B4 AS 7D GCG9:GD 20 43 55 52 52 45 4E 22 | GE71:7C 85 B4 AS 7D &5 B5 AG 2C |16D9:85 B5 AG GO 84 7F A4 7F @C11:54 20 4C 41 59 45 52 FF 7D |GE79:06 84 7F A4 7F Bl B2 FO GA |1GE1:Bl B2 FG 22 48 AS 83 FB GC19:05 44 49 46 46 49 43 55 85 |gE81:22 48 AS 83 FG G6 68 G9 27 |19E9:G6 68 G9 8B 4C Fl 10 68 @C21:4C 54 59 26 4C 45 56 45 GB | gE89:8G 4c 8E GE 68 AG GG 91 G3 |1GF1:AG GO 91 B4 E6 7F AS B4 6C29:4C 6G AD G1 85 C3 AI GB 46 | GE91:B4 E6 7F A5 B4 18 69 Gl ES |1GF9:18 69 13 85 B4 A5 BS 69 6c31:85 C4 20 79 12 AD 1F 20 6E | gE99:85 B4 A5 B5 69 GG 85 B5 Cl |1101:66 85 B5 4C DF 16 AS 83 6C39:D2 FF 18 A2 17 A@ GF 206 61 | gEA1:4C 7C BE AS 83 DB G3 4C DB |1199:DH G3 4C 8H BD 6G 26 86 @C41:FG FF AI 6G A6 74 26 CD 1C | gEA9:80 GD 60 26 86 GD Bl FD 21 |1111:6D Bl FD 18 69 G1 85 76 6C49:BD A2 17 AG IF 18 26 FG 68 | gEB1:85 7F AI 15 38 ES 7F 85 D4 |1119:A9 15 85 75 26 7B GC 91 OC51:FF A9 GB A6 79 26 CD BD E3 | gEB9:75 AD Gl 85 76 20 7B GC AA |1121:A8 26 7B GC 91 AA 20 E4 6C59:A2 18 AG GF 18 26 FG FF FG | gECl1:91 A8 AJ 15 85 75 20 7B 15 |1129:12 AG 6G Bl B4 FG G3 4c GC61:A9 GG AG 84 26 CD BD A2 Cl | gEC9:GC 91 AA 26 E4 12 AG OG 58 |1131:2F GD C6 7F FG GE AS BA 6C69:18 AG 24 18 26 FG FF AQ 2A | geD1:Bl B4 FG G3 4C 2F GD C6 42 |1139:38 E9 15 85 B4 BB G2 C6 8C71:66 A6 73 28 CD BD 26 44 8D | ggD9:7F FO GE A5 B4 18 69 14 FA |1141:B5 4C 2A 11 AS 7C 85 B4 6C79:13 66 38 AD 66 DD 85 A2 6A | gEE1:85 B4 90 G2 E6 BS 4C CF 96 |1149:A5 7D 85 B5 AG GG 84 7F 6C81:A5 78 65 77 85 78 AS A2 AA | gEE9:GE A5 7C 85 B4 A5 7D 85 1B /1151:A4 7F Bl B2 FG 26 48 AS 6C89:C5 76 36 G7 C5 75 16 G3 BF | GEF1:B5 AG 00 84 7F A4 7F Bl 98 |1159:83 FO G6 68 G9 8G 4c 63 6C91:85 77 66 E6 78 69 G5 38 74 | gEF9:B2 FO 22 48 AS &3 FG G6 97 |1161:11 68 AG GG 91 B4 E6 7F 6C99:E5 78 4C 89 GC AI AG 85 B2 | grgl:68 B9 80 4C G8 GF 68 AG 58 |1169:A5 B4 38 E9 15 85 B4 BO GCA1:F9 A9 8C 85 FA A6 74 AG B7 | GFg9:GG 91 B4 E6 7F AS B4 18 A4 |1171:G2 C6 BS 4C 51 11 AS 83 GCA9:GG A5 73 C9 G1 DG GA AD 3F | gF1l:69 14 85 B4 AS BS 69 G0 BB |1179:DB @3 4c 80 GD 60 20 86 GCB1:01 91 F9 C8 CA FG 25 D@ AF | gF19:85 B5 4C F6 GE AS 83 DG 3F |1181:6D AY Bl 85 76 AD 15 85 G@CB9:F8 AQ G1 85 76 AD GB 85 27 | gF21:83 4C 88 BD 60 20 86 BD 52 |1189:75 26 7B GC 91 AB 206 7B 6CC1:75 26 7B GC AG GB AG 74 93 | GF29:A9 G1 85 76 AD 15 85 75 96 |1191:GC 91 AA 26 E4 12 A4 7A @CC9:A5 77 91 F9 E6 77 AS 77 3C | gF31:26 7B GC 91 AB A4 7A Bl 57 |1199:Bl FD C5 84 18 86 AD BO GCD1:C9 GB 3G 64 AI Gl 85 77 AB | GF39:FD 18 69 G1 85 76 20 7B 5B |11A1:Bl B4 FG G3 4C 2F BD C6 CA D@ EC 66 AQ Gl 8D 2B | gF41:GC 91 AA 20 E4 12 AG BG D1 |11A9:7F FO 16 C6 BS A5 B4 38 D@ AD GB 8D 11 DG 69 DP | gFr49:B1 B4 FO G3 4C 2F GD C6 BB |{11B1:E9 96 85 B4 BO G2 C6 BS 0G 8D 30 D@ AO 5B 8D FC |GF51:7F FG GE AS B4 38 E9 G1 E2 |11B9:4C 9F 11 AS 7C 85 B4 AS D@ 60 AD AG 85 FO AD 26 | gF59:85 B4 BG 62 C6 BS 4C 47 BA |11C1:7D 85 B5 AG OO 84 7F A4 85 FA AQ 36 85 FB AQ 1D | gF61:6F A5 7C 85 B4 AS 7D 85 15 |11C9:7F Bl B2 FO 22 48 AS 83 85 FC AQ F8 85 FD AQ Gl | gF69:B5 AG GO 84 7F A4 7F Bl 12 |11D1:FO G6 68 B9 8G 4C DA 11 GF71:B2 FO 26 48 A5 £3 FG G6 DG |11D9:68 AG BG 91 B4 E6 7F C6 85 A9 AQ 62 85 AA AD 4B | GF79:68 G9 80 4C 80 GF 68 AG 94 |11E1:B5 AS B4 38 ED 9G 85 B4 85 AB AQ GA 85 2D AO 56 |GF81:66 91 B4 E6 7E AS B4 38 3D |11E9:BG G2 C6 BS 4C CB 1l AS 85 2E AG GG 84 7A AS SF |GF89:E9 Gl 85 B4 BG @2 C6 B5 AY |11F1:83 DO G3 4c 86 GD 66 20 FG G1 66 A6 74 AS 85 3F |GF91:4C 6E GF A5 83 DG G3 4C 5F |11F9:86 GD AD G1 85 76 AD 15 75 AQ G1 85 76 26 7B 72 |G6F99:86 GD 60 20 86 GD Bl FD 13 |1201:85 75 20 7B GC 91 AB 20 A4 7A 91 FB C9 G61 DO C4 | gFA1:18 69 G1 85 76 AI 15 85 AB |1209:7B GC 91 AA 26 E4 12 Ag 63 4C C6 GD C9 G2 DG G3 94 | GFA9:75 26 7B GC 91 AB AD 15 52 |1211:0A E5 84 85 81 A4 7A EG 4c 37 GE C9 63 DG G3 4C 63 | GFB1:38 E5 76 85 75 AO G1 85 66 |1219:81 Bl FD C5 81 10 36 AG
a 3 r 8 ° = = 8 ae ie = Wl a ei )
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G32 COMPUTE AREER USI 969]
1239:B5 1241:A5 1249:A4 1251:83 1259:12 1261:E6 1269:B4 1271:A5 1279:A9 1281:B1 1289:C9 1291:A5 1299:69 12A1:12 12A9:A9 12B1:4C 12B9:85 12C1:4C 12C9:B1 12D1:4C 12D9:85 12B1:4C 12£9:88 12F1:85 12F9:4C 1301:E9 1369:B5 1311:7C 1319:7F 1321:85 1329:85 1331:B4 1339:D0 1341:D6 1349386 1351:A6 1359:Bl 1361:36 1369:14 1371:4B 1379:AA 1381:C4 1389:A5 1391:62 1399313 13A1:C9 13A9:38 13B1:E7 13B9:15 13C1:C9 13C9:64 13D1:D0 13D9:63 13E£1:4C 1369385 13F1:C8 13F9:22 1461:14 1409:FF 1411:63 1419:A0 1421:BD 1429:C9 1431:85 1439:3C 1441:F6 1449: FF 1451:C4 1459:15 1461:26 1469:A9 1471:20
PROGRAMS
26 85 Bl 06 Ag AS G2 De 85 FO FO 69 85 AA 20 12 AS 12 26 12 AS 12 16 AS 12 18 Go BS Ag AQ AG 04 E6 66 AG 18 26 E6 c3 60 76 90 18 c4 E4 36 40 cg 68 DB 03 4c Bl 17 AG FB ys} c4 Go AA 20 20 Ag 20 95 1c FB wy F9 18 85 12
FO 16 85 12 BS B2 68 Oo B4 E6 93 82 1D 37 G1 c4 60 D2 AS c4 c8 D2 AS c4 A4 18 BS A4 65 85 85 41 Ci) 06 AS BS 4c 7c 20 D2 7c 98 A5 85 20 69 CA FE FS co o7 DO 63 4c Tid 17 4c U1) E6 Ag 26 FO 14 BA co pc 79 F9 18 85 12 E8 Ag C3 A2
@3 E6 B4 AS AG FO 99 91 18 BS 4c 8A cg 26 85 E6 c8 FF C3 69 Bl FE c3 69 7A AS 69 7A B4 BS 7D 85 85 26 77 AS 74 EG FO BE AS 62 84 c3 D2 90 Da cg cg 10 ba @3 4c 66 16 cg 9A 84 FA B8 79 FQ AQ FE EE 85 12 E8 AQ c3 A2 EG 8D AQ 90
4c B5 96 7c ao 22 86 B4 69 4c 8a 48 FF D2 c3 82 Bl CA 18 oo c3 CA 18 oo Bl B4 oo Bl 85 AS Bl 76 B4 7B 91 BS 13 14 FF cs c3 E6 8D Ag FE 85 FG oo 56 DO 3 4c 5B 16 cg 11 13 F9 A6 85 12 co G1 Ag A2 C3 A2 EO 6D AQ 60 6 26 15 BD
2F AS @2 85 84 48 4c E6 98 49 @D AG FO FF AS 4c c3 FO 69 85 AA FO 69 85 Ag 69 85 AA B4 B4 FD Ag Ag gc B4 cg A2 16 AG co 18 c4 26 8E E6 (ee 4c FG 10 03 4c Ad 16 cg 12 DG Ag 91 FA c3 26 56 A2 ao G1 ag C1) 66 20 14 BD DO D2 85 48
479:95 F9 E8 EG 06 DO F6
Lisnisie te a9 69 20 oa
1481:1C 18 A9 BD 26 D2 FF
@D B4 E6 B4 TE AS 5B 7E 85 12 68 6a 1c 18 C4 TF AA 63 62 c4 cs 63 63 C4 A8 14 BS 38 AS 85 85 5B 96 Bl c8 AG oo 22 oo 14 69 4c Da 85 C4 98 47 F9 Fl 4c 54 15 (i) 13 De G3 26 F9 EG Ag E4 FO a4 20 20 14 BD Da D2 85 42 F6 FE c4 15 20 AQ
1489:31 1491:79 1499:F9 14A1:18 14A9:18 14B1:FF 14B9:FE 14C1:4B 14C€9:52 14D1:56 14D9:4E 14E1:26 1469245 14F1:59 14F9:6A 1501:37 1569:26 1511:52 1519:45 1521:59 1529:41 1531:FF 1539:31 1541:9A 1549:94 1551:96 1559:15 1561:FF 1569:63 1571:7A 1579:26 1581:A9 1589:E6 1591:50 1599:54 15A1:55 15A9:8C 15B1:61 15B9:79 15C1:D90 15C9:C3 15D1:C6 15D9:26 15E1:26 15E9:74 15F1:16 15F9:FF 1661:13 1669:56 1611:FF 1619:FE 1621:9D 1629:FF 1631:FE 1639:11 1641:50 1649:59 1651:26 1659:45 1661:C6 1669:01 1671:62 1679:6C 1681:C4 1689:87 1691:C4 1699:88 16A1:85 16A9:12 16B1:4C 16B9:FF 16C1:F5 16C9:F9 16D1:D90 16D9:D8 16E1:84 16E9:DG
85 12 E8 AQ Ag 26 16 20
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aD,
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APRIL
16F1:26 16F9:2D 1761:Bl 1749:9D 1711:¢c9 1719:64 1721:D8 1729:63 1731:4C 1739245 1741:11 1749311 1751:53 1759:28 1761:54 1769345 1771:41 1779:4F 1781:2D 1789:11 1791:48 1799345 17A1:4B 17A9:4F 17B1:A9 17B9:26 17C1:FO 17C9:6A 17D1:1¢c 17D9:26 17E1:41 17E9:A9 17F1:E4 17F9:D9 1861:13 1869:53 1811:51 1819:4C 1821:F9 1829:F6 1831:C4 1839:26 1841:A9 1849:20 1851:87 1859:EG 1861:FF 1869:F9 1871:69 1879:A5 1881:62 1889:86 1891:68 1899:29 18A1:FF 18A9:A9 18B1:A9 18B9:DG 18C1:62 18C9:0F 18D1:A4 18D9:48 18E1:AA 18E9:20 18F1:D2 18F9:96
es E6 FB co @3 De 93 4c D3 il 4c ac 54 52 29 4E 52 4c 54 4E 20 53 45 4E cD 79 9 4c 58 54 52 18 EE 63 FE 53 55 9A 20 ag 26 87 FS 79 18 14 66 96 14 FD E6 FO 48 86 66 86 8c ol Ag DG 7c Ag Ag D2 is G2
16 79 co 62 DG 63 4c 53 16 co 3D 45 41 4F 26 54 54 55 29 4F 208 53 59 54 85 12 c9 16 52 4F 54 85 co 4c 16 20 49 13 87 F8 79 18 85 12 c8 De AS 62 85 18 FE 65 29 FO ag 85 85 66 2E F2 Bl 6G 6G FF AS E6
A4 4c 61 DS G3 4c DD 16 co 69 12 4E 52 57 oo 45 49 4D 26 26 20 26 26 49 c3 26 52 18 45 20 66 c4 0G E2 ll ak 54 A2 18 85 12 c8 (e<] AG cé G6 F9 E6 FB 69 4c Ag 7E o5 oo FC FA AG 20 Ag FQ AA 26 E6 FB FC
Attention Software Programmers
Gazette wants to buy your best games, utilities, and productivity programs for the 64 or 128. Submit them with the documentation on disk to our Greensboro office.
ORS!
1
COMPUTE
G-33
a 3 tu 5 8 = = 8 ul - ee W N | 6
PROGRAMS
-————
his popular pencil-and-paper game has been adapted several times for computers, but Hang- man 128 provides a few twists. It automatically keeps count of how many games you’ve won and how many the computer’s won. You can easily update and increase its vocabu- lary, and it incorporates a large vari- ety of background graphics that change with each game you play.
Typing It In
Hangman 128 is written entirely in BASIC 7. To avoid typing errors when entering the program, use The Auto- matic Proofreader (see “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this section). When you've finished typing in the program, be sure to save a copy of it.
Guess My Word
When you run the program, it picks a word at random from its vocabulary. An asterisk appears in the place of each letter in the word. Whenever you guess a correct letter, that letter takes the placé of the asterisk representing it. Guess all the correct letters, and the complete word appears along with a message from the computer asking if you'd like to play again.
If you guess an incorrect letter, the hangman’s gallows appears. Con- tinue to guess incorrectly, and parts of the unfortunate victim appear. After eight incorrect guesses, you lose the game. When you’ve had enough, the computer announces how many games it won and how many times you cheated the hangman.
The program puts its more than 400 words into an array and selects them at random for each game. The program is dimensioned for 500 words (see DIMB$ in line 20), but you can use more if you like. Simply increase this figure to a number higher than the actual number of words in your vo- cabulary. Continue to add words as DATA statements. Just be sure that your last piece of data is -999-.
If you don’t wish to type in all the words in this listing, you can quit at any time, and the program will work
PAV D \ fieal
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just as well. Just be sure that your last data statment is -999-.
If you examine the program, you may notice a few interesting items. For one thing, many CHAR and CIR- CLE commands start with a comma. In line 70, for instance, you’ll see CIR- CLE,58,158,11,9. This is an accepted syntax. What I’m doing is leaving the first parameter unchanged. To leave it at its default value, you can either type the default or simply skip over it by entering a comma.
In line 20, however, you'll see COLOR..,12. Why the period? Well, I wanted COLOR 0,12. BASIC inter- prets a period or decimal point as a 0, but it does it slightly faster than with the number itself.
HANGMAN 128
HERE'S A SOPHISTICATED VERSION OF THE POPULAR GAME FOI THE 128
HANGMAN 128
DB 106 REM COPYRIGHT 1991 COMPU TE PUBLICATIONS INTL LTD
- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
AG 26 COLOR4,14:COLOR.,12:CLR: PRINT"{6}{CLR} PLEASE WAI T!":DIMBS (5G) :1=0
RB 36 READ BS(I):IF BS(I)="-99 9-" THEN N=I-1:2=RND(-TI ):ELSE I=I+1:GoTO 30
HQ 40 IF I=0 THEN PRINT" {CLR}
{5 DOWN}":AS="NO WORD DA TA YET!":FOR X=1 TO (20-
FS
FG
PH
FK
XB
Js
BX
GG
SE
BE
SF
XK
RS
Dx
PF
50
6G
76
86
LEN(AS)/2):PRINT" ";2NEX T:PRINTAS:END =.:XR=E:COLOR1,11:GRAPH IC1,1:Z=INT (RND (1) * (N+1) ) :X=INT(RND(1)*5@) : IFX=. THENFORL=250TO1STEP-2:CI RCLE1,160,1066,L,L,0, 360, L,9G:NEXT IFX>1THENI=INT (RND (1) *25 @) +1:A=INT (RND(1)*359)+1 tR=INT(RND(1)*9)+2:V=INT (RND (1) *15) :DOUNTILXR>10 6:XR=XR+R:A=A+V:CIRCLE1, 160,100,XR,,,,A,1:LOOP IFX=1THENBEGIN:CIRCLE,58 7158,11,9:CIRCLE,111,158 711,9:CIRCLE,162,158,11 9:DRAW, 49,153T0186,60TO2 73,606T0151,154:DRAW,174, 166T0273,86T0273,60 DRAW, 76,160T0184,75T0234
~ ,75T0123,160:DRAW, 106,15
96
166 116 115
126
136
146
145
156
168
176
3T0184,90T0184,75:DRAW,1 84,96T0215,96:BEND COLOR1,16:2$=B$(Z) :CHAR, G,0,"HANGMAN{8 SPACES}CO MPUTE PUBLICATIONS 1991" ,1?A$=STRS(LEN(Z$))+" LE TTERS":CHAR,@,5,AS$:FORA= 1TOLEN(Z$) :CHAR,A-1,7,"* "SNEXT CHAR,@,23,"INCORRECT LE TTERS USED:":POKE208,. GETKEYAS: IFASC (A$) <650R ASC (A$) >90THEN110 A=INSTR(BS$(Z) ,AS$) :IFA=. THENBEGIN:E=E+1:CHAR,AS C(AS) -64,24,A$:0NEGOSUB 146,166,176,186,196,200 , 210: IFE=8THEN220:ELSE1 10:BEND CHAR,A-1,7,AS$:PRINT"{G} "MIDS (ZS,A,1) ="*":FORX =1TOLEN(Z$) : IFMID$(Z$,X 11) <>"*"THEN136: ELSENEX T:GOTO25G A=INSTR(BS$(Z) ,AS,At+1) 21 FA=.THEN116:ELSE126 COLOR1,1:FORA=3T05:CHAR 726,A," ",1:NEXT:CHAR, 2 7,3,"{1l SPACES}", A=3T018:CHAR, 37,A, :NEXT CHAR,25,18,"{13 SPACES} ",1:V=32:FORA=18TO15STE P-1:V=V+1:CHAR,V,A,"_", 1:NEXT COLOR1,16: RETURN COLOR1,2:CHAR,25,6,"£ {SPACE}{*}",1:CHAR,25,7 ,"{3 SPACES}",1:CHAR,25 78,"{*} £":CHAR, 26,8," ",1:COLOR1,16:RETURN COLOR1,13:CHAR,26,9," " ,1:FORA=16T012:CHAR, 25, A,"{3 SPACES}",1:NEXT:C
G34 COMPUTE APRIL
|
PROGRAMS
ES
EP
DA
MM
JJ
PD
SB
EM
PA
DQ
GQ
RC
GJ
196
208
210
226
236
235
246
256
260
276
280
296
388
OLOR1,16:RETURN COLOR1,13:FORA=.TO2:CHA R,22+A,8+A," ",1:NEXT:C OLOR1,16:RETURN COLOR1,13:FORA=.TO2:CHA R,28+A,10-A," ",1:NEXT: COLOR1,16:RETURN COLOR1,5:CHAR, 25,13," {3 SPACES}",1:FORA=14T0 16:CHAR,27,A," ",1:NEXT =.TO2:CHAR,25-A,14 ,l:NEXT:COLOR1,16 :RETURN COLOR1,13:CHAR,27,17," {2 SPACES}",1:CHAR, 22,1 6," ",1:CHAR, 23,17," 1:COLOR1,16:CHAR,G,3,"T HIS IS YOUR LAST CHANCE !",1:RETURN CHAR,@,19,"IT WAS "+BS( Z) ,1:Q=Q+1:CHAR,16,26," TOO BAD - YOU DIED!!",1 :CHAR,11,21,"PLAY AGAIN, {2 SPACES} (Y/N) ?":POKE2 68,.:COLOR1,15:CHAR,19, 4,"CHOKE!!
GETKEYAS: IFAS<>"Y"ANDAS <>"N"THEN236 IFAS="Y"THEN5SG:ELSEGRAP HICCLR: PRINT" {CLR} YOU W ON"W"AND I WON"Q: PRINT" SO THAT MAKES “;:IFQ>WT HENPRINT "ME"; :ELSEIFW>Q THENPRINT" YOU"; IFQ=WTHENPRINT"IT A TIE !":NEW:ELSEPRINT" THE W INNER!"":NEW W=W+1:CHAR,13,20,"YOU A RE FREE!!",1:CHAR,11,21 ,"PLAY AGAIN{2 SPACES} ( Y/N) ?":POKE268,.:GOTO23 6
DATAEXAMPLE ,CHAIR,HIPPO POTAMUS, ELEPHANT , TABLE, SOFT ,STICK,DESK, POSTER, SHIRT, PANTS ,HOSE, GRAPPL E, SHORT , SMART , SCOUT ,CHI LDREN,CHEEK,GOOD, COUCH, TOYS ,NOVEL,CHURN DATANOZZLE, ZEBRA, CHUNK, SLOW, SLIP, REST ,WRETCH,O CTET ,ODDS, INSIDE,HAND,H OOK, HOOKED, PIPE,HOPE,FA T, FREE, FLASH, FLANK, FLAM E,FLARE ,COIN, BLANK ,META L, INSANE, FLOWER DATABEACH ,COURT ,BASKET, BEAM, DATA, AWFUL, AWOKE,S PEAK, AXIS , BABY , KNACK, NO TCH ,NOTE, PARENT , ROCKET, SKATE , STRIKE, NECK, ROMAN , RODENT , ROGUE, ROCK, MUTA NT, TRAUMA , TRAVEL DATATRAPEZE, TREAD, TRAY, TRAWL,TRAIL,CIVIL,UNCIV IL, ETHICAL, DOUBT , UNDER, ATTACK, SUSTAIN, DECAY, RE LEASE , UNDO ,WEATHER , WEEK / WHALE ,WHACK, WENCH ,CELL ,WEPT , YOUR, YACHT DATALOCAL, TOURIST , LOADE D, SAVED, INTERIOR, EXTERI OR,HIGHER, LOWER, HIMSELF ,YODEL, DOUBLE ,NOTHING,S
SP
RR
DB
DM
QM
pc
Qx
SM
AC
CF
XH
=
316
328
330
346
358
368
376
388
399
406
416
CROLL, NUMBER, ADDRESS, VE RTICAL, HORIZONTAL, SUPPL ¥, PARTS ,WALL ,MEN DATADESTROY , DEEPER, LABE L, EXAMINE, INTERACTIVE ,D ISK, TAPE,OPTIONS ,MENU ,F ILE, REPEAT ,MESSAGE, INVE RSE, PORTION, PERSON, PERS IAN, POUND, SCALE, SPACE ,W ASTE,FIELD DATAAUTOMATIC, MANLY ,COW BOY ,MANIAC, LEPER,CARDIA C, TALK, NEVER, DREAMED , DR ESSED, STRONG , WEAK, WARNI NG ,WOMAN , OPENED , EDGE, EX ISTENCE , LAUGH ,HAPPEN,DA NCED, SPEEDING DATAIMAGINE , ENEMY, SAINT S, TELEVISION, DRILL,HOUS E,MANSION, HOMESTEAD ,HUT , SHED ,BOX ,DESTRUCTION ,M ORE, ROME ,HAIR, GIRL, FOOD , PHONE, FARM, SHOT ,HOUSE, GRASS , DATE , YOUNG DATATIE, THEATER, WATCH ,V IEW, FOUND, POND, POUND , HO RSE, RADIO ,DOOM, PAPER, NE WS, DEATH ,KILL,CLASS,BUR N,HANDS ,FEET,PRIZE,EDIT , PEEK , CHROMOSOME , DECOMP RESSION, NUMERICAL DATASECURITY ,APPRECIATI ON, NUMERATE ,HORIZONTAL, ENTERPRISE, REGISTRATION , CONVENT IONAL , BOOMERANG , RIFLE, SPRAY, TORCH ,FIRE ;MATCH ,TILT ,WILT ,AMPLE, REALM
DATAMOUSE ,APPLE, JUICE ,H OUSE,BANANA, POEM, VERSE, ROYAL, TURN, NORTH, SPINNI NG, SOUTH ,WEST ,EAST,UP,D OWN, COMPASS , PRINCE , KING , QUEEN, PRINCESS, SHRED ,C ORNER, UNICORN DATASQUARE , CLIMATE , PARA GRAPH, ROSTER, RATIO, SOLI D, ISOLATE, TRIPOD, HYMN,B UTTON, PIGLET ,COW, RAKE,S HOVEL ,HOE,SPADE, BRANCH, TOUCH, SMASH, LAWN,FEASIB LE ,MINUTE DATACOMMA , CLUB, COMPRESS ,REPLENISH,MINE,DIRT,CA R,COMPUTER, RISE, DAMP, SE COND , HOUR, FALL, SINK,DRY , WARM, DILUTE , SYSTEM, TER MINATE ,MAP, BICYCLE, PUZZ LE, RULER, BOUGH DATAJUDGE ,MUSIC,HOSPITA L, VIOLIN, FILE ,CASSETTE, AXIOM, BOOK, SUPERMARKET, REWARD ,COVER, GRAPH, LINE ,CIRCLE, SPIRAL,HANGMAN, ENCYCLOPEDIA, DICTIONARY , VERBOSE , AMUSE DATADRAW, RECORD ,DISK,CO MPACT , CUSTOMER, STATEMEN T ,BANK, WITHDRAWAL , DEPOS IT, INTEREST ,COMMAND , VER SION, KEY, LOCK, RHYTHM, OP EN,CLOSE,ORGANI ZATION, F ORMAT , STRUCTURE
WORLD, GLOBE, PRESS, FOLLO W, STEPS, LADDER,BENCH ,TA BLE ,WIDTH, PEN, LIGHT, DAR KNESS, RESERVED ,WORD, SEN TENCE, PARAGRAPH, STORY,S HORT, TALL, LONG DATAAPPENDIX,LIVER,TYPE WRITER,ARTIST ,AUTHOR, SE RIAL,AUTOMOTIVE, INDUSTR Y, TROUGH , TOUGH , BOAT ,WRE CKED,CRASHED, SMASHED, BA SHED ,BLUDGEONED,HIT,HUR T,BANGED DATARETURN,ENTER,SHIFT, LOCK, RUN, STOP,CONTROL,D ISPLAY, RESTORE ,CLEAR,DE LETE, INSERT ,CAPITAL,COM PLETE, ILLUSTRATED,EDITI ON, PERSONAL, PRIVATE ,CAP TAIN,MASSIVE
DATALARGE ,HEATER,COOLER , TECHNICAL, GIFTED,RESEA RCH, GREAT, SOFT ,HARD, EAS Y¥,GROUP, ULTIMATE ,BEST,G REATEST , ATTENTION, CHANG ING, PERFECT , ELEMENT ,ANI MATION, ROBOT DATAACCUMULATE, REGISTER , INDEX, LOGARITHM, TRIGON OMETRY,ABSEIL DATA -999-
ONLY ON DISK
There’s something new on the Gazette Disk. In addition to the type-in programs found in every is- sue of the magazine, we're putting more features and programs on the Gazette Disk each month. Often, these programs would be too large for readers to type in. Check out the original 64 and 128 artwork on display in “Gazette Gallery,” and look for our bonus programs as well. These programs and their instructions appear only on disk. Here's a description of this month's bonus program.
MQ 426
MI 436
EG 446
GJ 456
BF 468 a
Typing Tutor
David M. Williams This useful tutorial for the 128 in 80- column mode is designed to help you improve your typing speed and accuracy. Try to type the sentences exactly as they are presented; a bell will alert you if you've made a mis- take. Select from a variety of diffi- culty levels. The program also rates your typing speed.
DATAWINDOW,MAP,COUNTRY, ia
APRIL
TAOUuO GET COMPUTE G35
a 3 wi S 9 = = 8 Ww = = ial | <q 6)
PROGRAMS
hat is the nature of the uni- verse? We've all wondered about how we got here and what our purpose is. Is every- thing chaotic, or is there order in the universe?
Answers have been suggested by both science and religion, so don’t ex- pect your 64 or 128 to answer these for you, Whatever your particular preference, however, the recent theory of chaos suggests some interesting possibilities. Public television’s criti- cally acclaimed TV series “NOVA” recently ran a program about this the- ory and how it affects modern thought.
One of the more intriguing ideas presented on the program was that or- der and organization can be produced out of chaos by the repetition of a sim- ple but constant rule. The implication is that our present universe may have arisen out of nothingness as a result of a few simple rules.
So far, our best scientific infor- mation to date indicates that our uni- verse consists of chemical elements, each of which has certain properties predisposing it to behavior of one kind or another. Iron, for example, has an affinity or fondness for oxygen. Other elements have similar charac- teristics. At the beginning of our pre- sent universe, some rules prevailed over others, producing what we now know as the world around us.
About the Program
To illustrate the above point, take a plain sheet of paper and place six dots on it anywhere you like. For best re- sults, place them near the four edges of the paper. Then roll a die twice to select any two of the points. Place a ruler between them, and halfway be- tween them draw another point. From that point roll a die to select any other point and repeat the process. Contin- ue this for about 24 hours. What emerges is phenomenal to behold.
If you don’t want to spend all that time drawing lines to illustrate this point, there is another way. Let your computer do the work for you.
| ed © Jed = fet 0084 1 c.
TeRe= A
Typing It In
Chaos is written entirely in BASIC for the 128. (There’s also a version for the 64.) To help avoid typing errors, enter the program with The Automatic Proofreader (see “Typing Aids” else- where in this section).
CHADS
ORDER COMES OUT
OF CHAOS IN THESE AMUSING PROGRAMS FOI THE
128 AN
For my program, I’ve set up the graphic screen on the 128 and then implemented the above procedure ex- cept I’ve used only three dots. The loop (lines 100-270) identifies the endpoints ofa line, interpolates half the distance between them, and then draws a dot. As the program repeats, patterns will emerge from the seem- ingly random dots.
Feel free to experiment further by changing the number of dots or the position at which the dot is placed along the line.
This simple program demon- strates that order can come from a seemingly chaotic sequence. Now if I could just figure out a way to pick the correct six lottery numbers. . . .
CHAOS 128
DB 10 REM COPYRIGHT 1991 COMPU TE PUBLICATIONS INTL LTD - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
RE 36 COLORG,1
KK 46 POKE 53280,0
EJ 50 AX= 2:BX=319:BY=1:CX =166:CY=199
EJ 8@ COLOR1,2
JX 96 GRAPHIC1,1
BG 91 X=INT([(RND (TI) *319) +1)
G36 COMPUTE ACBAR™ PE
199 1
PR 92 Y=INT((RND(TI)*199) +1) 5 CK 166 FORI=1T016009
SR 116 DRAW1,AX,AY:DRAW1,BX,BY FB 138 DRAW1,CX,CY
MB 146 IFI>1THENX=KX
BE 150 IFI>1THENY=KY
HH 166 P=INT((RND (TI) *6) +1) QB 199 IF P=1THENDX=AX:DY=AY RB 268 IF P=2THENDX=AX:DY=AY DQ 216 IF P=3THENDX=BX:DY=BY XS 226 IF P=4THENDX=BX:DY=BY RM 230 IF P=6THENDX=CX:DY=CY PB 246 KX=(DX+X) /2:KY=(DY+Y) /2 HF 260 DRAW1,KX,KY QX 265 IF I=160G0THENEND JH 276 NEXT I
CHAOS 64
KH @ REM COPYRIGHT 1991 COMPUT E PUBLICATIONS INTL LTD - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PB 163 POKE 53280,0:POKE 53281 6 ' SS 110 PRINT"{CLR}{8}{4 DOWN}" tAS="CLEARING THE BITMA P...":A=LEN (AS)
JQ 126 =1 TO 26-A/2: PRINT NEXT: PRINTAS QC 130 FOR X=8192 TO 16192:POK
E X,@0:NEXT
GA 140 AX=1:AY=1:BX=319:BY=1:C X=160:CY=199
JM 156 POKE 53265, (PEEK(53265) OR 32)
CC 166 POKE 53276, ((PEEK(53276 ) AND 223) OR 16)
CC 176 POKE 53272, ((PEEK(53272 ) AND 246) OR 8)
RE 180 PRINT"{CLR}":FOR X=1024 TO 2624:POKE X,255:NEX
T FH 196 X=INT((RND (TI) *319) +1) QS 260 Y=INT((RND(TI)*199) +1) BS 216 FORI=1T016006 QP 220 P1=AX:P2=AY:GOSUB36G@:P1 =BX: P2=BY:GOSUB360 EH 230 P1=CX:P2=CY:GOSUB360 FJ 246 IFI>LTHENX=KX QS 250 IFI>1THENY=KY QJ 2606 P=INT((RND(TI)*6)+1) BR 270 IF P=1THENDX=AX:DY=AY RX 280 IF P=2THENDX=A DM 296 IF P=3THENDX=B: AM 300 IF P=4THENDX XH 310 IF P=6THENDX JQ 320 KX=(DX+X) /2:KY=(DY+Y)/2 JA 33@ P1=KX:P2=KY:GOSUB360 ED 340 IF I=106GG6THENEND PQ 350 NEXT I AQ 366 BT=8192+INT (P2/8) *326+1 NT (P1/8)*8+(P2 AND 7) SF 376 POKE BT,PEEK(BT) OR 27( 7-(P1l AND 7)) HS 386 RETURN o
“Gazette Gallery,” where each month we present the very best in original 64 and 128 artwork.
So don’t waste another moment. Subscribe to- day to COMPUTE’s Gazette Disk and get 12 issues for only $49.95. You save almost 60% off the single- issue price. Clip or photocopy and mail completed coupon today.
Individual issues of the disk are available for $9.95 (plus $2.00 shipping and handling) by writing to COMPUTE, 324 West Wendover Avenue, Suite 200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408.
YES! Start my one-year subscription to COMPUTE’s Gazette Disk right away for only $49.95.*
Yes, save time and money! Subscribe to the Gazette Disk and get all the exciting, fun-filled Gazette pro- grams for your Commodore 64 or 128—already on
disk! Payment enclosed (check or money order) Subscribe today, and month after month you'll OCharge OMasterCard 1 Visa
I I | | | | | I | I
get all the latest, most challenging, and fascinating I | I | | | | | | | |
programs published in the corresponding issue of Acct. No, __________________ Exp. Date COMPUTE. Signature
New on the Gazette Disk! In addition to the Name ene programs that appear in the magazine, you'll also atone get outstanding bonus programs. These programs, ; which are often too large to offer as type-ins, are Sia] ZIP] available only on disk—they appear nowhere else. Province ___________________ Postal Code
Mail to COMPUTE's Gazette Disk, P.O. Box 3250, Harlan, |A 51593-2430
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——— (0092 Telecomputing on the C-64 ——— (0610 Machine Language Games for the C-64 — (0947 More Machine Language Games for the C-64 —— 0036 First Book of C-64 Games
— 00361 Creating Arcade Games on the C-64 — 0037X C-64 Games for Kids — D040X All About the C-64 Volume 1 —— D054X Beginners Guide to C-64 Sound — 10701 Commodore Collection Volume 2 — D0116 Machine Language for Beginners —— 00531 Second. Book of Machine Language — 00327 Kids and the C-128 C0335 C-128 Machine Language for Beginners
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As another Gazette Disk extra, check out
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Now the magazine of the future can be kept for the future. Store your issues of OMNI in a new Custom Bound Library Case made of black simulated leather. It’s built to last, and It will keep 12 issues in mint condition indefinitely. The spine is embossed with the gold OMNI logo, and in each case there Is a gold transfer for recording the date.
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a 3 ul 5 8 = = 8 in f= - WW N | Lo
How to Type In
COMPUTE’s Gazette Programs
Each month, Gazette publishes pro- grams for the Commodore 128 and 64. Each program is clearly marked by title and version. Be sure to type in the correct version for your machine. All 64 programs run on the 128 in 64 mode. Be sure to read the instructions in the cor- responding article. This can save time and eliminate any questions which might arise after you begin typing.
We regularly publish two pro- grams designed to make typing easier: The Automatic Proofreader, for BASIC programs, and MLX, for entering ma- chine language programs.