64/128 VIEW

he results are in and tabulated for the 1990 Gazette Readership Sur- vey. Thanks to all of you from around the world who took time to participate. We published some preliminary figures last month; now we'll look at the final figures.

It’s interesting to note that 77 percent of you own a 64 and 42 per- cent own a 128. Looking back at re- sults from previous surveys, these figures have changed little over the years. (Since many readers own more than one computer, the figures total more than 100 percent.)

It looks as though 20 percent of you are planning to buy another com- puter this year. Early figures had 28 percent of you moving toward IBM or its clones, but as surveys continued to arrive, that figure topped out at 38 percent. The big surprise is that 24 percent of computer shoppers say they'll buy a 128. Another 18 percent plan to buy a 64, 16 percent plan to buy an Amiga, and 4 percent say they'll buy a Macintosh.

The survey reports that 59 per- cent of you own modems and 25 per- cent of you use them to access a commercial online service. Quantum- Link, which is Commodore-specific, is the service of choice for 50 percent of those reporting. CompuServe is next with 13 percent. Many readers reported calling local bulletin boards and smaller services. At least one reader taps into the St. Louis library computer five hours a month, and an- other spends at least half an hour a day logged on with the A/buquerque Tribune newspaper.

A joystick is the most frequently owned peripheral (93 percent), fol- lowed by a dot-matrix printer (84 per- cent), a modem (59 percent), a mouse (49 percent), an REU (36 percent), and a letter-quality printer (26 percent).

Subscribers to the magazine ac- count for 89 percent of those re- sponding. Of the 8 percent who get Gazette on newsstands, I hope those who live in this country have heard that now it’s only available by sub-

scription in the U. S. Friends pass their copies on to 2 percent, and the remaining fraction get the magazine some other way.

Those with family incomes of less than $20,000 account for 3 per- cent of the replies, and those with family incomes of more than $100,000 account for 2 percent. The biggest share (40 percent) falls in the $30,000 to $50,000 range. Advertisers like to know how wealthy readers are. I hope they’ll take notice that 96 per- cent of you say that you’d be interest- ed in buying 64/128 disk products at affordable prices and that Gazette ads affect 83 percent of you. A whopping 97 percent of you buy computer prod- ucts by mail, with 3.6 products per year the average. One person (in the $100,000+ category, naturally) says he buys at least 40 titles a year.

The majority of Gazette Disk subscribers (63 percent) are satisfied with the product, but many of you said you'd like for us to lower the price. In case you haven’t noticed, we’ve recently done just that. The subscription price is now $49.95, down $20.00 from last year. That’s about $4.00 a month for 12 disks and magazines. PC and Amiga Resource Disk subscriptions cost the same, but subscribers get six disks for that price.

Many of you (40 percent) want more GEOS coverage, 24 percent don’t, 24 percent are undecided, and 12 percent didn’t answer.

CONTENTS

64/128 View G-1 TOM NETSEL Gazette Readership Survey

results are tabulated.

News & Notes G-2 EDITORS

New titles include Metal Gear and DragonStrike.

Video Digitizers MORTON KEVELSON Digitize graphics with Video Byte and ComputerEyes.

Keyboard Art DON RADLER Low-resolution art may not get much respect, but it’s fun.

Reviews G-12 REVIEWERS

Word Writer 5, CastleVania,

Earth Disk One, Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure, Check-

book, and Ghostbusters II.

Feedback

EDITORS and READERS Questions and answers, com- ments, and complaints.

G-4

G-17

Finally, what about our new for- D’Iversions G-20 mat? Since October we’ve received a FRED D’'IGNAZIO lot of mail about our new look. Some = of you have praised it; others have ex- Machine Language G-21 pressed disappointment. At least one JIM BUTTERFIELD reader threatened legal action unless we returned to the old format. We Beginner BASIC G-22 were curious what readers in general LARRY COTTON would say when asked their opinion.

According to the survey, 40 percent of Programmer’s Page G-24 you like it, 29 percent don’t, and 31 RANDY THOMPSON percent are undecided.

Next month we'll discuss what all TYPE-IN PROGRAMS G-25 these figures tell us and how they’ll af- SciCalc 64 G-25 fect Gazette in the future. Once again, CoilCalc G-31 thanks for sharing your comments geolnfo Editor G-33 and suggestions with us. a Star Strike G-36

JUNE 1991 COMPUTE G1

NEWo & NOTES

Welcome to Metropolis

Metropolis is an online service for adult interactive-game enthusiasts, now available on Minitel (2900 West- chester Avenue, Suite 101, Purchase, New York 10577). Presented as an imaginary city rather than a database of services, Metropolis offers a wide range of interactive entertainment, in- cluding 21 multiplayer games, shop- ping, messaging, and chatting. The city contains Citizens’ Directories, a Visitor's Centre, a Communications Centre, a Recreation Centre, anda Library.

For more effective interaction, Metropolis offers more than 75 action commands that include the use of body language and the expression of feelings and emotions. Subscribers can blush, dance, pinch, pout, whistle, whimper, scream, shrug, and create their own action commands.

Metropolis costs 16 cents per minute in the U.S. and Canada, but it can be reached by users in more than 20 countries. It’s just one of the many online services offered by Minitel's worldwide network. Call (914) 694- 6266 for free ‘‘Getting Started” soft- ware for the 64 or IBM.

Fly a Dragon

If you liked playing Dragons of Krynn, you'll love flying them into combat in DragonStrike ($39.95) from SSI (675 Alamanor Avenue, Suite 201, Sunny- vale, California 04086).

Learn to fly dragons as you at- tempt more than 20 different missions in the DragonLance game world. Pro- gress through three different orders of Solamnic knighthood, gaining bigger and more powerful fire-breathing mounts as you go. Collect all the magi- cal items you can find; you'll need them in the fierce heat of dragon combat.

Seek and Destroy

Put on your camouflage fatigues and test your mapping skills with Metal Gear ($14.95), a new release from Ultra Software (900 Deerfield Parkway, Buffalo Grove, Illinois 60089), a subsidiary of Konami.

Wind through five levels as you search for 20 special weapons and equip- ment to seek and destroy the title character and end the terror spree of the evil CatTaffy. Discover the weapons and equipment in enemy trucks and store- houses, or get them from certain soldiers of fortune.

As you try to capture weapons in your quest to rescue hostages, little do you realize that CaTaffy has unleashed against you the most powerful weapon of them all: Metal Gear. Luckily, you do have a few high-tech allies.

Your most vital tool is your transceiver, which lets you communicate with Commander South, who is at Fox Hound's Headquarters and feeds you crucial information on Metal Gear's location. The mission ends when you destroy Metal Gear—or he destroys you.

Far Out by Jack Modjallal of Encino, California, is this disk’s Picture of the Month.

Welcome to “Gazette Gallery.” Each month Gazette Disk features a collec- tion of the best 64/128 artwork submitted by our readers. We pay $50 for each piece of art we accept and an extra $50 for the one selected as Picture of the Month. Send original art to Gazette Gallery, COMPUTE Publications, 324 West Wendover Avenue, Suite 200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408.

WE INVITE CORPORATE & EDUCATIONAL CUSTOMERS DISCOUNTS FOR QUANTITY ORDERS RUSH, 2ND DAY & NEXT DAY AIR SERVICE AVAILABLE!

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C-128D w/Built-in Disk Drive 64C COMMODORE | COMMODORE esigas Vaud TEST PILOT |64¢ COMPLETE| 64C COLOR PACKAGE PACKAGE PACKAGE * Commodore 64C - Commodore 64C - Commodore 64C Computer Computer Computer “Commodore 1541 | . Commodore 1541 * Commodore 1541 ; Abs eetek Disk Drive Disk Drive 128D COMPLETE 128D DELUXE Quantum Link ; peri a d ta ; a na PACKAGE PACKAGE 5 SOFTWARE - Quantum Link - Quantum Link *Commodore 128-D Computer *Commodore 128D Computer PACKAGES INCLUDES: Software Software with Built-in Disk Drive with Built-in Disk Drive “Advanced Taciel Fight « Inflate *80 Column Printer *RGB Color Monitor atin - Crazy Cals + Tomoha *12" Monitor *80 Column Printer * FREE Game (a $19.95 Value) *FREE Game (a $19.95 Value)

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COMMODORE 1700 RAM Expansion.......$79.95 INKWELL LIGHT PEN...... COMMODORE 1764 Expansion Module..$99.95 SUPER SNAPSHOT 5.0... CARDCO G-WIZ Interface...... $49.95 XETEC S. Graphix Jr. Interlace.... COMMODORE 1660 Modem... $ XETEC S. Graphix Sr. Interface... COMMODORE 1670 Modem... Micro C-128 Power Supply XETEC LT. KERNAL 20MB HA! oe XETEC LT. KERNAL 40MB HARD DRIVE FOR 64, 128... EXCELLERATOR PLUS FSDII Power Supply.....

Circle. Reader Service Number 187

VIDEO DIGHTIZERS

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3 WW o Q = = 8 a = fuo ( NM cs OS

WANT A QUICK AND EASY WAY TO OBTAIN GRAPHICS YOUR 64 CAN USE? GET A DIGITIZER.

G4 COMPUTE YALU 1S) Po

THE IMAGE BANK

f you’re the type who can operate a camera but has trouble drawing a straight line, you’ll appreciate a dig- itizer. With a digitizer and your 64, you can create your own custom graphics without having to master a drawing or painting program.

A digitizer is an electronic device which can convert a photograph, drawing, or video image into digital data (binary numbers) that can be stored and manipulated by your com- puter. These images can then be sent to a printer, combined with docu- ments, or used as you’d use any other computer graphic.

There are two types of digitizers available for the 64. One is a scanner, an optical device used primarily for digitizing artwork, photographs, or other flat or printed material. (See “Take a Scan at This,” an article about the Handyscanner 64, in our December 1990 issue.) The other type—the kind we’ll examine in this article—works with a video signal, such as you might get from a video camera.

Video digitizers that operate with the 64 are not finicky; they'll accept a standard composite video signal from just about any video source, including camcorders, VCRs, and laser-disc players. Users must supply their own cameras or other video sources with the digitizers examined here.

Digitizers discussed in this arti- cle—ComputerEyes from Digital Vi- sion and Video Byte II from the Soft Group—consist of cartridges that plug into the 64’s user port, appropriate software, and instructions.

As a video signal enters a digitiz- er for processing, it requires from sev- eral seconds to as much as two minutes to digitize an image. These currently available video digitizers for the 64 are of the slow-scan variety. Even three seconds is a relatively long time in the video world, since a stand- ard video display is completely updat- ed at a rate of 30 frames per second.

If you work with either of these, in view of their slow-scan operation, a good freeze-frame feature on a VCR would be helpful. Since these digitiz- ers work in black-and-white, a low- cost security camera would be a good choice for a video source. A simple black-and-white camera may even have a higher resolution than any of the color sources mentioned above.

M0 »R.siiO2N A.

JUNE

ComputerEyes

ComputerEyes consists of a hardware module, which plugs into the comput- er’s user port, and supporting software on disk. Input of a video signal is through a standard RCA-type phone jack located on the side of the mod- ule’s case. Two adjustments are pro- vided; the first synchronizes ComputerEyes to your video source. This setting is easily done with the help of the supporting software. The second adjustment compensates for the brightness of the image or the in- tensity of the video signal. This rather sensitive setting has a direct bearing on the overall appearance of the im- age. A special scan mode lets you make a coarse adjustment of this con- trol. The fine adjustment will have to be done very carefully by trial and er- ror during the actual digitization pro- cess for best results.

The menu-driven software lets you capture an image in several for- mats. A single scan digitization cre- ates a high-contrast black-and-white image in about six seconds. Four-level and eight-level captures can also be performed, requiring about 25 sec- onds and 50 seconds to complete, respectively.

All of the images are pure 8000- byte bitmaps in the 64’s high-resolu- tion mode, which results in an image that is 320 pixels wide by 200 pixels high. The separate color data, which is always black-and-white, is not saved to disk; instead, the gray levels are generated by dithering the pixels. This type of bitmap image is well suited for printing with a dot-matrix printer.

Although you can use the digi- tized images in your own programs, the basic ComputerEyes software doesn’t save the images in a format compatible with any of the commer- cial graphics packages available for the 64. To generate a compatible file format with ComputerEyes, you'll also have to buy one or more of Digi- tal Vision’s compatibility modules.

Compatibility modules are avail- able for a variety of graphics pro- grams. The high-resolution modules support Doodle- and Flexidraw-for- mat files. These modules add low- contrast and high-contrast capture modes to the three modes already built into the basic software. These ex- tra capture modes make use of all five of the 64’s gray levels (black, white,

KE Vee ES 20. N

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This is a ComputerEyes four-level capture in Koala format.

Here’s a ComputerEyes eight-level capture in Doodle format.

Video Byte can capture an image in about three seconds.

Video Byte can create pseudocolor images in Koala format.

G6 COMPUTE

JUNE

and three shades of gray). Since these modes don’t rely on bitmap dithering to generate their shading, they have more detail and finer gradation than the basic capture modes.

The multicolor module supports the Koala file format. Images in the 64’s multicolor display mode are only 160 pixels by 200 pixels. The 64 trades off the lower resolution of the image for greater color flexibility in the dis- play. As a result, the gray-scale cap- tures in Koala format can produce a more natural-looking screen display than any of the high-resolution cap- ture modes.

ComputerEyes compatibility modules are also available for captur- ing clip-art images that can be used with The Print Shop and The News- room page-layout programs. GEOS users have access to what is arguably the best ComputerEyes compatibitity module. The GEOS ComputerEyes driver, which was created by Berkeley Softworks, is available for download- ing from Quantum Link, or on disk from Geoworld magazine. This driver creates super bitmaps that are 640 pix- els wide by 400 pixels high. The im- ages are saved to disk in geoPaint format. Three scan modes are avail- able: a high-contrast black-and-white mode, a four-level dithered gray-scale mode, and an eight-level dithered gray-scale mode. The four-level and eight-level modes produce images that print out very well. Scanning times are approximately 20 seconds, one minute, and two minutes, respective- ly, for the three GEOS capture modes.

If you’re interested in buying ComputerEyes, you'll have to hustle to get one. Digital Vision has indicat- ed that it’s ceased production of the 64 version of ComputerEyes. It will no longer be available once the cur- rent stock of hardware and software runs out, although Digital Vision will continue to provide user support as required. Used cartridges should be available from private sources.

Video Byte Il

Video Byte II from the Soft Group consists of supporting software and a standard-size 64 cartridge that plugs into the computer’s user port. The video signal is fed in via a three-foot length of shielded cable, which termi- nates in a standard RCA-type phone plug.

There are no external adjust- ments, since the unit comes preset from the factory for a standard video signal. The lack of external adjust- ments could be a problem if your vid- eo source is slightly out of calibration. One solution is to buy a low-cost vid- eo enhancer to adjust the level of the signal. If you’re the adventurous sort

ORO.

and don’t mind violating your war- ranty, you can pry open the Video Byte plastic cartridge to make adjust- ments. Inside are both coarse and fine adjustments for the video signal level.

The menu-driven software lets you capture an image in only the mul- ticolor format, which is 160 pixels wide by 200 pixels high. The initial scan is in black-and-white, using four of the five available gray levels (black, white, and two shades of gray). The image capture time is only about three seconds. The short scanning time makes it possible for Video Byte to digitize live video if the action is rela- tively calm.

The software lets you adjust the overall tone of the image by shifting it into the third shade of gray. The soft- ware can also generate pseudocolor images by cycling through the 16 available screen colors. Colors can be cycled either one at a time or with all four colors at once. The digitized im- ages are saved to disk in Koala for- mat.

Video Byte can keep two digi- tized images in memory at once. The color map of the displayed image can also be stored for subsequent recall. This lets you quickly restore the origi- nal appearance of the image in case you’ve drastically modified it by the program’s color controls.

Conclusions

ComputerEyes and Video Byte II pro- duce comparable images in multicolor format, which are suitable for display on the monitor or for modification with a paint program. Video Byte’s three-second capture makes it the one to use for digitizing live video. Com- puterEyes is the more versatile unit, as it supports both of the 64’s graphic display modes and a variety of file for- mats. GEOS users in particular will find that ComputerEyes can be a good source of clip art for their projects.

On the other hand, Video Byte is still readily available and sells for about $50 less than ComputerEyes. For the money you save, you might want to invest in the Soft Group’s Ex- plode V.5 cartridge. This disk drive and printer cartridge allow you to print pictures both in color and sideways on your color dot-matrix printer. oO

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270 Bridge St.

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WH 1] graphics are not created equal. ® High-resolution and multicolor graphics Mwy get all the praise and respect, but what & & about low-resolution (lo-res) graphics? They’re the Rodney Dangerfield of graphics.

Lo-res graphics may not get much respect from serious computer artists, but they can be fun. Lo-res art is not as beautiful or as complicated as hi-res and med-res art, but it’s quick and easy on a 64 or 128, and it’s right there on your keyboard.

The standard letter and number keys provide 40 or so characters, in- cluding +, -, <, >, and /, but there are another 56 graphics characters avail- able to Commodore users. These symbols, which you see printed on the front of many keys, can be accessed by pressing either the Shift key or the Commodore key while depressing the desired key. For example, in immediate mode you can create a circle by press- ing the Shift key and the U and I keys, pressing Re- turn, cursoring up to the line just beneath the semi- circle you’ve just created, holding down the Shift key again, and pressing J and K to complete the circle.

Screen-capture programs such as Printmaker (COMPUTE’s Gazette, January 1986) and Screen Store (May 1990) can be used to design a lo-res display. For many beginning pro- grammers, however, the simplest ap- proach could be typing the graphics directly into a BASIC program.

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Let’s create a simple face to begin

’ with; then we'll try something larger.

Start by creating six lines of print statements with ten spaces between the quotation marks. Type in the fol- lowing line and then press Return.

10 PRINT“(10 SPACES)”

To quickly duplicate this line, cursor up to the 10, type 20, and Re- turn. Repeat this process, changing the number each time, until you have six lines numbered 10-60.

Now list your program. These six blank lines will be your workscreen for creating a lo-res drawing. Cursor up to line 10, and just to the right of the first quotation mark, hold down the Commodore key and press A and then S. Cursor to the right five spaces and press Commodore-A and Com- modore-S again. Then press Return. These will be our face’s eyebrows.

On line 20, start to the right of the first quotation mark and press Shift-U and Shift-I. Cursor five spaces to the right and press Shift-U and Shift-I again, followed by Return. These will form the top halves of the eyes.

On line 30, complete the eye by pressing Shift-J and Shift-K. Then move one space followed by a Shift- M, a space, a Shift-N, a space, and then Shift-J, Shift-K, and Return.

On line 40 we'll continue the nose. From the first quotation mark, cursor over four spaces and press Shift-Y, space, Shift-T, and Return.

On line 50, move in four spaces and press Shift-J, space, Shift-K, and Return to complete the nose.

On line 60 we’ll create a mouth by moving in two spaces from the first quotation mark and, while depressing the Commodore key, pressing Q, E, R, E, R, E, and W. Then press Return.

By this time you should be able to see the simple face you’ve drawn in the listing. Now run the program and see if a face appears. In case you got lost in the previous instructions, here’s the listing in our usual format.

KR 10 PRINT"{A}{S}{5 SPACES} {Ay{S> "

BC 20 PRINT"UI{5 SPACES}UI "

SH 30 PRINT"JK MN JK "

EF 4@ PRINT"{3 SPACES}Y T {4 SPACES}"

MH 50 PRINT"{3 SPACES}J K {4 SPACES}"

GQ 6G PRINT" {Q}{EF{RP{EP{R} {E}{W}{2 SPACES}"

With a few simple modifications, a FOR-NEXT loop, and a delay to slow the action, you could easily make the face blink its eyes or change its ex- pression. You might want to try add- ing color to your design. This will

G10 COMPUTE JUNE

require heavy use of the Inst/Del key. Doing a drawing in this order, howev- er, keeps it from getting too confusing when you start to modify it. Of course, text can be added at any point to turn your sketch into a title screen. Touches like these are limited only by your imagination.

Now let’s try a bigger example by drawing a polar bear. First, set up 20 lines of print statements as you did earlier, but this time start from 130 and insert 25 spaces between the opening and closing quotation marks. By keeping the line length less than 40 characters, we’ll prevent confusion with wrapping lines.

As before, instead of typing in each line 20 times, just cursor back and increase the line numbers by 10 each time, pressing Return after each one. This will give you a screenful of print statements on which to create your lo-res drawing.

Now go back to line 130 and be- gin typing in the items listed between the quotation marks. The picture may be difficult to discern from this listing, but it should appear in your print statements as you type them in. The Shift key and the Commodore key are used quite frequently.

HH 166 POKE53280,15:POKE53281, 15 BF 11@ REM BY DON RADLER RG 126 PRINT" {CLR} {DOWN} {6 SPACES}POLAR BEAR {DOWN} CM 130 PRINT"{6 SPACES}N{U}N {£4 Y}M{U}M{8 SPACES}™ KF 146 PRINT"{6 SPACES}MN {6 SPACES}MN{8 SPACES}" BH 158 PRINT"{7 SPACES}{H}NP {2 SPACES }OM{N} {9 SPACES}"_ HX 160 PRINT"{7 SPACES}{H}GN {2 SPACES}MG{N} {9 SPACES}" CM 176 PRINT"{7 SPACES}{H} {2 SPACES}UI{2 SPACES} {N}{9 SPACES}"

COMPUTE

We9e oe

BA 1806 PRINT"{7 SPACES}M {2 SPACES}JK{2 SPACES}N {9 SPACES}" RX 196 PRINT"{6 SPACES}N M JK {SPACE}N M{8 SPACES}" BC 206 PRINT"{5 SPACES}N {3 SPACES}{Y}PO{Y} {3 SPACES}M{7 SPACES}" QC 210 PRINT"{4 SPACES}N {12 SPACES}M{6 SPACES}" AJ 226 PRINT"{4 SPACES}{H} {3 SPACES}{H}{4 SPACES} {N}{3 SPACES}{N} {6 SPACES}" QJ 236 PRINT"{4 SPACES}{H} {3 SPACES}M{4 SPACES}N {3 SPACES}{N}{6 SPACES} "

HK 246 PRINT"{4 SPACES}{H} {4 SPACES}M{2 SPACES}N {4 SPACES}{N}{6 SPACES}

GH 2506 PRINT"{4 SPACES}{H}M {2 P}{2 SPACES}MN {2 SPACES}{2 P}N{N} {6 SPACES}" AM 260 PRINT"{4 SPACES}M {3 SPACES}M {M}{H} N {3 SPACES}N 3 @} {2 SPACES}* XB 270 PRINT" {2 T} N{2 U}M{M} {M}{H} {H}N{2 UPM {4 @}> " AR 286 PRINT"{4 SPACES}{H} {2 SPACES}{N}{2 SPACES} NM{2 SPACES}{H} [2 SPACES}{N}{6 SPACES}

EX 296 PRINT"{4 I}L{2 R}@M 44 P}NL{2 R}@{6 I}*

Once you have your basic draw- ing, it’s easy to add a little action. For example, add a simple FOR-NEXT loop and a line of text to show how cold a bear can be.

125 FORI=1T0O6

300 NEXT

310 PRINT: PRINT“GOSH, IT’S COLD!”

Elegant? No. Sophisticated? Not exactly. But with a little thought, you can be quite creative just by tapping a few keys. And it’s fun. o

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All Gazette disks are menu-driven for ease of use—and they feature complete documentation. Just load and you're ready to go!

SpeedsScript $11.95 COMPUTE Publications’ most popular program ever. Powerful word processing package includes SpeedScript for the 64, SpeedScript 128, spelling checkers for both 64 and 128 versions, plus an additional dozen support programs, including mail-merge and word-count utilities.

Gazette Index $7.95 Every article and department from Gazette—July 1983 through December 1989 issues—is indexed: features, games, reviews, programming, ‘‘Bug- Swatter,’’ “Feedback,” and the other columns. Disk features pull-down menus, help screens, superfast searching/sorting capabilities, and much more.

Best Gazette Games $9.95 Best dozen arcade and strategy games ever published in Gazette all on one disk. All games for Commodore 64, Titles: Crossroads II: Pandemo- nium, Basketball Sam & Ed, Delta War, Heat Seeker, Omicron, Powerball, Q-Bird, Trap, Arcade Volleyball, Mosaic, Power Poker, and Scorpion II.

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64 ever published in Gazette. For serious users. Titles: MetaBASIC, Disk Rapid Transit, Mob Maker, Ultrafont+, Quick!, Disk Editor, Basically Music, PrintScreen, 1526 PrintScreen, Fast Assembler, Smart Disassembler, Comparator, Sprint Hl, and Turbo Format.

The GEOS Collection $11.95 Gazette’s best 13 programs for GEOS and GEOS 128 users. Selection includes utilities, applications, and games. Titles: Super Printer Driver, Skeet, File Saver, Help Pad, Word Count, Directory Printer, Quick Clock, SlideShow, File Retriever, Screen Dumper, Font Grabber, GeoPuzzle, and GeoConverter.

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REVIEWS

WORD PROCESSOR UPDATE ¢ VAMPIRE ADVENTURE COMPUTER CHECKS # AWESOME DUDES IN HISTORY

WORD WRITER 3

veryone has a pet (not necessarily a PET) word processor. It may be the first one you used or perhaps one whose unique features meet your special needs. For most people, learning to use a new word processor is a headache—too much time invest- ed for too little return. Not so with Timeworks’ Word Writer 5.

Word Writer 4 was a winner. It had all the features found in a good word processor—plus a calculator, a basic outline processor, an expandable 85,000-word spelling checker, a word counter, a basic form-letter printout, a 60,000-word thesaurus, eight ready- made fonts, and the ability to import fonts from GEOS.

Word Writer 5 offers these fea- tures and more. It has two more fonts, a second macro capability (handy for predefining often-used phrases or functions), automatic linking of files, forced page breaks, letter case change, and variable text layout.

The most significant change is one that takes Word Writer 5 beyond the standard word processor. It comes with its own Art Library and a con- verter program that allows you to im- port graphics from GEOS or Doodle. Included are two conversion tables and a special program to help you place any graphic in a specific location without a lot of trial and error.

There are a few limitations. While text can be placed to either the right or left ofa graphic, it cannot flow around a graphic. Two graphics can’t be placed side by side. Still, it’s an ex- cellent way to handle small jobs with- out pulling out a desktop publisher.

Two templates and a help screen allow you to work almost manual free, although the manual is thorough and logical. It even includes a segment on understanding your printer—some- thing we all could use a little help with. Quick-Start Mini-Manual lives

Gi2 COMPUTE JUNE

up to its promise to get you up and

running within an hour, and customer

support is available by telephone.

My criticism is limited. Word Writer 5 can skip lines only by repeat- ed Returns. Text-formatting com- mands can’t be strung together on a line, and there’s no definable or rela- tive autoindent. On the other hand, some features are accessible in more than one way. Perhaps this duplica- tion could be eliminated, and the freed-up keys could be used for some- thing else. I’d like to see more mac- ros—and see them saved within the

text file so that those pertinent to a file

would reload with it. A criticism of Word Writer 4 not addressed in the fifth edition is the lack of a bridge back to the Install program. Since the Install program is where you convert and load fonts and graphics, it would be more convenient to be able to reach it without exiting and reloading the program.

So, what about us sticks-in-the- mud who like our old word proces- sors? Well, truthfully, I still prefer my original one. It has some features that Word Writer 5 doesn’t have, and be- sides, we understand each other. But is there room in my life for Word Writer 5? Yes, because it has font and graphics capabilities not found in most word processors. It’s a way sta- tion between my word processor and my desktop publisher.

I can heartily recommend Word Writer 5 to those of you new to word processing. It’s a solid product that packs the power of a good word pro- cessor and adds the punch of graphics capabilities. There’s a place on almost everyone’s shelf for Word Writer 5.

ROBIN JOY MINNICK

Commodore 64 or 128—$39.95

TIMEWORKS 444 Lake Cook Rd. Deerfield, IL 60015-4919 (708) 948-9206

MOR OSN

CASTLEVANIA

astleVania is the latest example ofa Konami conversion from an arcade game to a hit for the home computer. This game is very easy to learn, but at times its challenge has made me ready to smash my joystick.

In CastleVania, you are a relent- less adventurer trying to destroy the evil Count Dracula in his castle. In or- der to reach the Count, you must make your way through six progres- sively more difficult levels of his cas- tle. Along the way, you fight bats, skeletons, zombies, ghosts, hunch- backs, eagles, and mummies. There are a lot of other creatures in the game, plus a supermonster waiting for you at the end of each level. More than anything, the monsters lend the game its ghoulish fun. I like games that have a lot of different monsters; they break the monotony of trudging through level after level. CastleVania is far from monotonous.

You view CastleVania from a third-person perspective, moving your character up and down steps and over obstacles. Joystick response is very good, but some levels require the utmost concentration and control that even this game expert found nerve- racking. I finally gave up on stage 10 to write this review, but I’m going back to beat it later. That’s the appeal of CastleVania; it does warrant replay.

REVIEWS

One part of a game that often goes overlooked is the manual. Castle- Vania’s manual is humorous and con- tains a lot of helpful information. The most important part of the manual is its list of objects that you’ll find in the game and a description of how to use them. Kudos to Konami for this. CastleVania’s graphics are a little on the fuzzy side. That doesn’t affect gameplay in any way, though. The music is riveting, and sound effects Na are good. Sometimes I turn off the Ihe gan te sto the rigat Sf the screen sound to prevent it from making me any more tense. Overall, I find Castle- Vania to be a fun and challenging game. It adds another winner to the solid track record for Konami in the home computer game market.

RUSS CECCOLA

EARTH DISK ONE

hen I first got this disk, I thought it was going to be just another educational program like the ones I’ve used in school. I expected it to be really bor- ing. Was I surprised to find a geogra- phy program that was this much fun!

Commodore 64 or 128—$14.95

KONAMI ced peste Fe 3a I like Earth Disk One because it 708) 21 pe 89-45 makes learning geography fun. It does

this by showing you a 3-D, spinning

globe with nice graphics. I also like Earth Disk One because it’s easy to use—it took me only about three min- utes to learn how to use it.

After I loaded Earth Disk One, a menu appeared on the screen. The menu is very well written and easy to use. There are detailed instructions on how to use the program’s five differ- ent modes. After reading all of the di- rections, I chose to go to the control screen.

From the control screen, you can choose to look at the Earth during each of its four seasons. You can also look at the Earth from seven different views: dawn, dusk, day, night, north, south, and plain view. And you can choose to see latitude and longitude lines, as well as the poles.

Next, I decided to see some of the graphics. Earth Disk One has the best graphics I’ve ever seen on any geogra- phy program. I certainly wasn’t ex- pecting a 3-D globe that actually spins on its axis. A feature of the graphics mode lets you see the length of days

Everything’s included!

Features, games, reviews, education/home applications, programming, bug-swatter, feedback, and columns!

A superb interface includes pull-down menus, help screens, and keyboard, joystick, or mouse control. Fea- tures include super-fast searching and sorting capa- bilities. An options screen allows you to choose text colors, drive number, and input device. And there’s full documentation on disk.

Choose from three modes of operation—browse for quick scanning, view for detailed information and descriptions, and edit for adding items from upcoming issues—and

print to any printer. There’s even a turboload option for maximum disk-access speed.

ORDER YOUR 1990 GAZETTE INDEX TODAY!

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Send your order to 1990 Gazette Index, 324 W. Wendover Ave., Ste. 200, Greensboro, NC 27408,

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and nights for different latitudes and longitudes. Another option lets you change the colors, which is entertain- ing but not important.

After looking at the graphics, I decided to check out the quiz mode. It lets you select from seven quizzes, with four questions in each quiz. One frustrating thing about the quiz mode is that you can’t tell which questions you got right and which ones you got wrong—you're given your score, but regrettably, you aren’t told the correct answers.

The information mode gives you facts about the physical features of the Earth. Unfortunately, you have to know a lot about geography to under- stand the information; plus, it doesn’t help you much with the quizzes. In fact, the program suggests using an at- las to find most of the answers to the questions in the quizzes.

Edgeworth Software put a lot of effort into creating this game. Of all the educational games I’ve played, which is quite a few, this one is the best. It helps you learn geography while having fun at the same time. This is the first educational program I’ve ever really liked. I recommend Earth Disk One to anyone who is studying geography or who just wants

Gi4COMPUTE JUNE

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LANDMARK The Computer

Reference Bible offers:

- Complete Old and New Testaments in King James Version or New International Version. Individual verse references, words of Christin color, complete NIV footnotes and a Concordance. - Searching for up to 12 partial words, wildcard characters, words or phrases at once. Search not only the Bible, but also your own files, or even the results of a search, to narrow your search down further. - Creating of your own files, using the builtin text editor to copy Scripture, text or search results into your file. You can also convert your files for use with most wordprocessors, like Paperclip and GEOS to add graphics or different type styles. - Compiling your own Personal Bible containing all your notes, comments, outlining of text in color and keep it organized. Make new references, add to the existing references, or reference your own files! - Compatibility with all disk drives for the C64/128 including 1541, 1571, 1581, SFD1001, and hard disk drives. Also will take advantage of cartridge or hardware speedup products like FAST LOAD or Jiffy DOS to improve performance of the program. Entire Bible with references fits onto eight 1581 disks. C64 v1.2 and 128 v2.0 on same program disk!

KJV $89.95 NIV $99.95 /Both $155.00 plus $4.00/$6.50 shipping in cont. USA

CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE BROCHURE P.A.V.Y. Software P.O. Box 1584

Ballwin, MO 63022 (314) 527-4505 MC/VISA accepted. Foreign orders write for shipping

Circle Reader Service Number 258

to have fun and learn something at the same time.

DOUGLAS BOLE

Commodore 64 or 128—$19.95

EDGEWORTH SOFTWARE 44 Bower St. Bedford MK403RE

England

BILL AND TED'S EXCELLENT ADVENTURE

na most bodacious and ultracool

move, Capstone Software has

brought to computer-gaming dudes

everywhere a most excellent way to travel through time with Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure. This arcade/action adventure is loosely based on the popular movie of the same name.

Bill S. Preston, Esquire, and Ted (Theodore) Logan are truly righteous high school dudes who find them- selves in the most heinous predica- ment of failing history class. Their

Oe On

—— —{jR- ——

Go against the grain. Cut down on salt.

Adding salt to your food could subtract years from your life. Because in some people salt contributes to high blood pressure, a con- dition that increases your risk of heart disease.

9, @ American Heart Association

limited knowledge of historical facts and figures prompts them to reply to comprehensive essay questions with answers such as, “Napoleon is a short, dead dude!” To reverse their sliding grade average and avoid the impend- ing doom that will surely follow fail- ure, Bill and Ted must earn a “most triumphant” A+ on their final oral exam.

At the neighborhood Circle K, our heroes meet Rufus, a messenger from the future who shows them how to use a modified telephone booth for time travel. Their mission (and yours) is to travel through time and space to locate historical dudes and bring them back for the final exam.

Using the game’s small, yellow telephone book, Circuits of Time Di- rectory, you input a year to travel to different periods in world history. De- pending on the level of difficulty, you help Bill and Ted bag the necessary number of historical dudes (and dud- ettes) to pass history class. Some of the famous dudes follow you back to the phone booth as soon as you locate them. Others you must coax into coming back by offering them some- thing they want or need. You’ll find these useful items scattered through- out time, so it’s a good idea to collect

REVIEWS

interesting stuff when you come across it. For example, Joan of Arc (Miss of Arc to you) is tied to a burn- ing stake when you find her in the year 1429. If you have the forethought to collect a fire extinguisher, you can save her and perhaps your grade.

Traveling to 410 B.C. gives you the opportunity to bag the noted phi- losopher Socrates—providing you can answer the question the old Greek dude poses. Helping Billy the Kid ina saloon fight in 1878 will convince him you're his friend, as will rescuing Ma- rie Antoinette from a maze in a palace dungeon in 1793.

Only two historical dudes at a time can travel with you to the pre- sent, so it will be necessary to make several trips back to home base at the San Dimas Mall. Once the appropri- ate quota of famous dead dudes has been assembled, Ted’s young and cur- vaceous Mom, Missie, will pick every- one up and provide a ride to school. Al Einstein said time is relative.

COMPUTE’s

This is true even when speeding through the circuits of time in a tele- phone booth. The sooner the histori- cal dudes are collected and presented at school, the better the grade you re- ceive. This can be made totally not easy by selecting the most difficult of the four levels of play.

Touted as an arcade/action ad-

Thanks for dousin © fi Now, how about ONFyiNg ME ?

venture, Bill and Ted’s Excellent Ad- venture leans more toward arcade fun than mind-boggling adventure. My

ten-year-old dude had little trouble

The GRAPEVINE GROUP, Inc. See our ad in

COMPUTE'’s Product Mart on page 157.

zapping himself through history. Although the graphics pictured on the box look awesome (obviously IBM format), the programmers could’ve paid more attention to the graphics in the 64 version. A much better effort is exhibited with the sound—as the music and speech are totally way cool. STEVE HEDRICK

th re.

Commodore 64 or 128—$39.95

CAPSTONE SOFTWARE

Intracorp

14202 SW 136th St.

Miami, FL 33186-5521

(305) 252-9040 D>

SpeedScript Disk

A powerful word processing package for Commodore 64 and 128 owners

A Great Deal for Commodore Users!

° SpeedScript for the 64

° SpeedScript 128—80-column version ¢ Spelling checkers

* Mail merge

* Date-and-time stamp

* 80-column preview for the 64

¢ Turbo save and load

* Plus more than a dozen other SpeedScript support utilities all on one disk (including full documentation)

! ORDER NOW!

| YES! Send me SpeedScript Disk. I’ve enclosed $11.95 plus $2.00 postage and handling. (Outside U.S. and Canada add $1.00 for surface mail or $3.00 for airmail.)

copies of COMPUTE’s

Amount Sales Tax*

Total

| Name

| Address

| City

Mail personal check or money order to

Commodore SpeedScript Disk 324 W. Wendover Ave., Ste. 200 Greensboro, NC 27408

Residents of North Carolina and New York, add appropriate tax for your area. Canadian orders, add 7% good and services tax.

Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Program available only on 5%-inch disks.

3 uJ 3 8 = = 8 hu fa = Ll Nl < SO

veryone uses a checkbook, right? Well, nearly everyone. At least we all know what one is used for. It’s a convenient way to pay bills with- out having to carry a lot of cash.

You write checks to pay bills, re- cord what you spend, deposit funds in the bank to cover the checks, and then hope that your figures balance with the bank statement when it arrives every month.

When your bank statement ar- rives, you must note service charges, earned interest (if your account is one that earns it), and interest charges on deposits made to your account by the bank (if you have an account with overdraft protection). At the end of the tax year, you start looking for re- cords of payment for different ex- penses—that’s when a well-maintained checkbook is a necessity.

Checkbook, from Computer Craftware, takes care of all of those details and more. Its manual gives clear instructions on how to set up a checking account and make good use of the features available. You enter the amount and the payee, whom you can indicate using a two-letter code. That gives you AA to ZZ—plenty of room for all categories.

To act as a reminder, a list of checks that you should write every month is available with one key- stroke. Automatic payments are en- tered on the date you specify. When you receive your monthly bank state- ment, you mark those checks that have cleared, and Checkbook does the rest. Detailed lists showing those checks issued to different payees are available anytime.

The program uses Commodore commands for easy editing. Cursor keys allow full-screen editing. The bottom screen line tells you what you can do next. Menus give you all the options, and a simple two-key combi- nation makes it easy to make selec- tions. A utility menu offers everything from formatting a disk to changing the colors on the screen. A simple printer menu covers everything to make the program compatible with your printer.

And if you do write a great num- ber of checks and would like the pro- gram to print those, that option is

G16 COMPUTE URURNGE

REVIEWS

available. The 128 version makes use of the 80-column screen. You’ll need a separate disk for each Checkbook file if you’re using a 1541 or 1571, but in- structions are given for using the 1581 with partitions.

The program even shows a high- lighted colored bar to alert you to the fact that you’ll be overdrawn if you process a current check. It seems as though Computer Craftware has cov- ered everything except how I can de- posit more money into my account. ESTHER OLSON

————__j#____

Commodore 64 or 128—$34.95

COMPUTER CRAFTWARE 17966 Arbolada Way Tustin, CA 92680

(714) 953-8177

GHOSTBUSTERS Il

Ithough the computer version of Ghostbusters IT may disappoint admirers of the original, many will feel that the current offering provides more varied gameplay than did its predecessor.

For one thing, the game takes place in three different settings. In your first mission, you must descend into the Van Horne transit tunnel via cable, make it to the bottom alive, as- semble a slime scooper by collecting the necessary pieces, and scoop up a gooey sample. You'll need the slime later to defeat the bloodthirsty Vigo.

Complicating matters are strength-sapping ghosts and falling rocks. Watch out for spirits who will saw away at your cable until it breaks, hurling you to your death. Defensive options include dodging and using a shield. Firing proton beams and set- ting off PKR bombs are your offen- sive choices.

You'll find this segment difficult at first for several reasons: sloppy joy- stick response, particularly when try- ing to collect objects; the awkwardness of using the joystick and keyboard si- multaneously; and the failure of the manual to explain how to scoop up slime. After you’ve mastered this lev- el, you’ll wish there were a way to by- pass it so that you could proceed immediately to greater challenges.

On Broadway, you control both the Statue of Liberty (by joystick) and

ORFs)

your team of Ghostbusters (by key- board). Your destination is the Muse- um of Art, where you'll confront Vigo. To arrive safety, you (as Miss Liberty) must travel through a horizontally scrolling screen, shooting fireballs from your torch at endless waves of ghoulish attackers. At the same time, as the Ghostbusters, you have to run out and mop up the remains of your assailants to help replenish Miss Lib- erty’s strength.

Making it through will be a lot easier for two players working togeth- er. For a single player, handling both Miss Liberty and the Ghostbusters will be quite a chore.

In the museum, all four of the Ghostbusters have to climb down a rope to the gallery without falling off. Then they must choose appropriate weapons, activate various Ghostbus- ters, rescue a kidnapped baby from Vigo’s clutches, dispatch all humans under Vigo’s control, and defeat the ou genius by trapping him in cross

ire.

Success requires almost superhu- man manipulation of the joystick, space bar, and Return key. Adding to the difficulty are the hazy graphics— the weakest in the game—and the sheer volume of chores to be per- formed. A more reasonable approach would’ve been to add a fourth scenar- io featuring some of the museum’s challenges.

Owners of 64s expecting the Amiga-style digitized graphics dis- played on GBII’s packaging will be disappointed. Nevertheless, most of the artwork is attractive and clear, and the animation is graceful.

Extremely annoying are the lengthy reboots required after you’ve been killed. This is particularly frus- trating in the museum segment, where an early demise is the natural state of affairs.

Still, Ghostbusters IT is mildly di- verting entertainment. While it isn’t worth writing home about, it doesn’t deserve to be completely written off, either. LEN POGGIALI

Commodore 64 or 128—$29.95 - ACTIVISION 3885 Bohannon Dr.

Menlo Park, CA 94025 5 (415) 329-0500 o

FEEDBACK

QUE. Slt

Down Periscope

I am writing to let you know that Peri- scope and Periscope IJ are trademarks owned by the Periscope Company. These products are debuggers for use in programming the IBM PC. COM- PUTE and COMPUTE!'s Gazette have published programs of the same name. Our attorney has advised us that we must ask you to change the name of your programs in order to protect our ownership of the trademark.

SHARON BAILEY, VICE PRESIDENT THE PERISCOPE CO. ATLANTA, GA

We are more than happy to comply with your request. Since our similarly named programs are disk-sector edi- tors, we'll change the name to SectEd. We regret any inconvenience or confu- sion that may have resulted from the inadvertent duplication of program names.

Bug-Swatter

SectEd 64, formerly known as Peri- scope II (February 1991), has two ty- pos in the listing that create syntax errors during sector edits. Lines 420 and 450 each begin with IF INCOS. The COS should be replaced by an equal sign, making each line begin IFIN=.

Line 690 of Pharaoh’s Revenge (No- vember 1990) is too long to enter as printed. Here’s the correct listing.

QP 696 PRINTSPC(N)"{RVS}{5}E" 7? FORJ=@OTOKI/2:PRINT" {RVS}{T}";:NEXT

Under the Menu

Many programs for the 128 use pop- up menus. After a menu disappears, the information that was underneath it returns to the screen. I’ve tried list- ing the programs to see how they do it, but all of these programs are writ- ten in machine language. Could you tell me how they do this using BASIC and maybe include a short demon- stration program?

H. H. FELTY JR. WINSTON-SALEM, NC

ienOL Noes)

Foo R*s0..M. OmaUnot Pop-up menus don't actually cover un- derlying text. Instead, the program saves the part of the screen that will be affected before the menu pops up. The saved portion of the screen is then re- stored when it’s time to exit the menu.

For a program to help you create windows to your own programs, check out Window Wizard (September 1986). If you don't have access to that issue, try the following BASIC code. It writes a screenful of text, saves the re- gion where the window will go, draws the window, and then restores the screen after a key has been pressed. Line 10 dimensions arrays for holding the screen characters and colors. Line 30 uses the subroutine at lines 160-200 to print the main screen. Lines 40-70 read the screen data from where the window will be and color data for that region from color memo- ry. The window data is written in a dif- ferent color at line 90. Line 100 waits for a keypress. And lines 110-140 re- store the original screen data and color.

DIM DD(13,26):DIM CL(13,

28):POKE 53286,@8:POKE 53

281,8

26 AS="COMPUTE ":PRINT CHRS$ (147) ; CHRS$ (158)

36 WW=39:FOR X=1 TO 23:GOSU B 160:NEXT

46 FOR X=1 TO 13:FOR Y=1 TO 26

50 DD(X,Y) =PEEK(1023+Y+X*4G

JR 16

) 66 CL(X,Y)=PEEK(55295+Y+X*4

86 AS="WINDOW DATA ":PRINT { SPACE}CHRS (19) ;CHRS (154 )

96 WW=26:FOR X=l TO 13:GOSU B 160:NEXT

196 GET AS:IF AS="" THEN 10 G

11@ FOR X=1 TO 13:FOR Y=1 T O 26

126 POKE 1023+Y¥+X*4@,DD(X,Y

)

136 POKE 55295+¥+X*40,CL(X, Y)

140 NEXT Y,X

156 END

160 Y=INT ((X/LEN (AS) -INT (X/ LEN (AS) ) ) *LEN(AS)+.5) +1 :CS=AS

JUNE

Re lEAS DIF EsaRaas

QS 17@ IF Y>l THEN BS=MIDS(AS, Y) :CS=BS+LEFTS (AS,Y-1)

FOR Z=1 TO 3:CS$=CS+CS:N EXT

PRINT LEFTS(CS$,WW)

RETURN

SE 186

DE 196 MC 266

Custom Characters

I’m interested in customizing the character set of my 64C, but I don’t have any idea where the memory lo- cations for the characters are. Could you tell me the location for the char- acter and graphic sets and how my computer determines the location?

HUBERT CHAN ST. ALBERT, AB CANADA

The 64C (which, for programming purposes, is simply a 64 with a new case) has its character set at address 53248 ($D000). This is a read only memory (ROM) location. An interest- ing thing about 64 ROM areas (inclua- ing BASIC and Kernal ROM) is that numbers poked there are stored in the underlying RAM, but when you peek the same location, only the ROM val- ue is read.

To define your own character set, you'll need to tell the video chip to look at a non-ROM area so that it will “see” the characters that you define. To modify the 64’s character set, copy the old character set to the new loca- tion in RAM and work with it there. While transferring, remember that the native character set is 512 characters long: two contiguous 256-character groups for the two text modes pro- duced with the Shift and Commodore keys. Each character is 8 bytes in size. The entire character set, then, is8 X 512, or 4096 (4K) bytes long. A full transfer, with the RAM address sym- bolized by RAMADR, will look some- thing like this in BASIC:

FOR X=0 TO 4095:POKE RAMADR-+ X,PEEK(53248+X) :NEXT

How do you determine what RAM ad- dress to use? There are several possibil- ities here, but they depend on some additional factors. First, the VIC-II

12a 9 COMPUTE G17

x $ cc ° a ° = = 8 Ln = [= Li i < Oo

video chip can “see” only 16K of mem- ory at a time. For this reason, the 64’s memory is divided up into video banks numbered 0 through 3. It’s not advis- able to use banks 0 and 3 for experi- menting with video information from BASIC because they're located at the system-RAM/low-BASIC-program and ROM areas, respectively (al- though bank 0 is the default setting).

Of those remaining, bank 1 ex- tends from address 16384 ($4000) to 32767 ($7FFF); bank 2, from 32768 ($8000) to 49151 (SBFFF). Only bank 1 is completely available for BASIC programmers, though some caution must be taken not to overwrite video information with the program or vari- ables. A machine language program is required to get at all of bank 2.

To make the VIC look where you want, set bits 0 and 1 of address 56576 (SDD00) to the desired bank number (bits 0-3 are represented in two-bit bi- nary form as 00, 01, 10, and 11). Also, bits 0 and 1 of address 56578 ($DD02) must both be set, no matter which bank you choose. If the bank number is symbolized by BANK, a BASIC line for changing the video bank looks like this:

POKE 56576,(PEEK(56576) AND 252) OR BANK:POKE 56578, PEEK(56578) OR 3

Once the bank has been chosen, your custom character set needs a suitable location within the bank. It must be suitable because the character set will be vying for space with text-screen RAM and/or a bitmap (if you choose to use one).

The text screen takes up 1K of memory locatable at any of the 16 pos- sible addresses within the video bank which are evenly divisible by 1024. An- other way of putting this is that the possible locations for the screen are some multiple of 1024 added to the starting address of the video bank you've chosen. Store that multiple, as a value from 0 to 15, in the upper four bits of address 53272 ($D018). With the multiple symbolized by N, a BASIC line for doing this is

POKE 53272,(PEEK(53272) AND 15) + 16*N

The VIC is told where to look for the character set in much the same way. JUNE

G18 COMPUTE

FEEDBACK

Here, the bank offset is in multiples of 2K—full 2048 bytes—in recognition of the fact that most custom character sets will have only one mode. Because there are eight 2K boundary addresses, only three bits are needed to specify which one to use. They are bits 1, 2, and 3 of the same register that signals where the screen is. If N is the needed 2K multiple, select the character loca- tion from BASIC by using the follow- ing line.

POKE 53272,(PEEK(53272) AND 241) + 2*N

Proofreader Error

When loading The Automatic Proof- reader in 128 mode, I get a syntax er- ror in line 30. I’m sure the program has been entered correctly. Can you help?

HANS SPARREBOOM

TOFIELD, AB

CANADA

Several of these incorrect listings were printed and given to our art depart- ment before we noticed the error. We thought they were all replaced with corrected versions, but occasionally one still turns up. In line 30 of The Automatic Proofreader, replace the word WAIT with GRAPHIC, and it should work.

As you may have noticed, we don't always print The Automatic Proofreader and MLX in every issue as we once did. By omitting these, we have more space for program listings. Since these two programs make it much easier to type in our BASIC and machine language programs, we strongly recommend their use. If any new subscribers don’t have a copy of these programs, send us a self- addressed, stamped envelope, and we'll see that you get both listings.

Wrong Info

In the March issue, Rich Mauney asked about getting a program on the June 1990 Gazette Disk. According to my user group, the June Gazette Disk is not, and never was, available. Could you please clear up this question?

ROBERT L. CLARK PASO ROBLES, CA

We don't know where your user group got that idea. The June issue was the last COMPUTE!’s Gazette in its old

1E89R9) 1

format, and it had a companion disk Just as any other issue. If you were—or your group was—a disk subscriber at that time, you should have received the disk. If you didn't, contact our Greens- boro office. That disk and other back issues are available for $9.95, plus $2.00 shipping and handling. We did not publish in July, August, or Septem- ber, but we were back in business with the October issue.

Dictionary Cruncher

At one time a reader wrote asking how commercial spelling checkers can have 80,000 words or more in them. The answer had something to do with the coding scheme. Where did I read that? I’m thinking about a similar technique for a RAM-based diction- ary for a program I’m working on. DALE G. HALBACH

COSTA MESA, CA

The “Feedback” letter you referred to was in the January 1989 issue of COMPUTE!’s Gazette. (We located it using the Gazette Index disk.) It con- cerned the word storage format of the SpeedCheck dictionary. SpeedCheck uses two special tricks to save disk space. The first is to leave off the start- ing letter of the word, since all words in a particular alphabetical group begin with the same letter anyway. The sec- ond trick separates words by setting the high bit of the last byte (character) of each. Because text characters don’t use the high bit, no information is lost, and a byte of storage that would have otherwise been expended on a separa- tor character is saved.

Form Maker

My 128 does almost everything I need a computer to do. It keeps my fi- nances organized, prints my posters, does my correspondence, and helps educate my children. In spite of all this, there’s one thing I see PCs and Macs doing that I cannot. Is there a program that will help me make forms?

ELROY GANDY

. GARNISH, NF

CANADA

Check out Business Form Shop ($39.95) from Broderbund (17 Paul Drive, San Rafael, California 94903). It generates and prints invoices, ex- pense account records, financial state- ments, and various reports. oH

The Gazette Peeing: A Manager

(Formerly PowerPak)

Harness the productivity power of your 64 or 128!

Turn your Commodore into

a powerful workhorse, keep track of finances, generate reports in a snap, manage your money in minutes—

all with the new 1991 Gazette Productivity Manager! Look at all your 64/128 Productivity Manager disk contains.

ORDER YOUR 1991 GAZETTE PRODUCTIVITY MANAGER TODAY!

GemCalc 64 & 128—

A complete, powerful, user-

friendly spreadsheet with all the features you’d expect in an expensive commercial package (separate 64 and 128 versions are included). Most commands can be performed with a single keypress!

Memo Card—Unleashes the power of a full-blown database without the fuss! Nothing’s easier—it’s a truly simple computerized address file. Just type in your data on any one of the index cards. Need to edit?

Just use the standard Commodore editing keys. (MasterCard and Visa accepted on orders with subtotal over $20). Finished?‘ Just’save'the ‘data to: floppy: What'\could ‘be "js =2"T "> G0 05) 2 a0 Se ee) oe easier? CIYES! Please send me Productivity Manager disk(s)

($14.95 each).

Subtotal

——— Sales Tax (Residents of NC and NY please add appro- priate sales tax for your area. Canadian orders, add 7% goods and services tax.)

——_— Shipping and Handling ($2.00 U.S. and Canada, $3.00 surface mail, $5.00 airmail per disk.)

Total Enclosed

— Check or Money Order — MasterCard — VISA

Financial Planner—Answers all of those questions concerning interest, investments, and money manage- ment that financial analysts charge big bucks for! You can plan for your children’s education and know exactly how much it will cost and how much you need to save every month to reach your goal. Or, decide whether to buy or lease a new car. Use the compound interest and savings function to arrive at accurate

Credit Card No.

estimates of how your money will work for you. Se Gee (Required) Compute the answer at the click of a key! eis ho Address 'T MISS OUT 0 S32 DON’T MI T ON THIS | & Lac

Send your order to Gazette 1991 Productivity Manager, 324 W. Wendover Ave., Ste. 200, Greensboro, NC 27408.

POWERFUL WORKHORSE!

I I I I I I I | I I I I I l Signature ! I I | I l I | l ! I I

3 Lu 5 3 = = 8 iat p= fj ee lst i Vo)

DIVERSIONS

ho makes me write this col- umn every month? I used to blame my editor, Tom Netsel, for forcing me to sit down at the computer each month and write this page. I had this problem, however, before he became my boss at Gazette.

I used to blame other magazine editors for shackling me to the com- puter while I wrote columns and arti- cles for them. Maybe they weren’t totally to blame.

I used to blame my boss at work for grafting me to the computer for all-night, nonstop programming mar- athons. For a while I thought he was the heavy, but no longer.

Now I know who’s really to blame. Now I know who forces me to spend so much time hunched over a keyboard, squinting at a monitor. Now I know who the real culprit is.

My computer!

I used to believe that computers were labor-saving devices. Comput- ers, after all, were just the latest de- scendant in a long line of household and office appliances, including vacu- um cleaners, refrigerators, copying machines, and microwave ovens. Computers, like other machines, were supposed to make our lives sim- pler and free us from backbreaking toil.

Now I realize that this is just a myth. The culprit behind this myth is the word automation. Computers were supposed to automate work. We were to become the masters, and com- puters our slaves. We would tell the computer what needed to be done, and the computer would do it. We could sit back and relax while all this work was being performed for us.

Somehow, this master-slave thing got mixed up. Instead of the comput- er’s being the slave, it somehow start- ed acting like the master. Instead of my being the master, I somehow end- ed up as its slave.

Remember when you started a computer using the BASIC language and when the computer was up and running, it would come back and say, “READY”? That was neat, wasn’t it?

G20 COMPUTE JUNE

DEG et Ni tA eZ el

Did you ever think how ironic that sweet, innocent little word really is?

The computer is a/ways ready. If you leave your computer on (as I ad- mit I do), it is ready 24 hours a day! I sit down at my computer. It’s ready. I pass by the computer on the way to the kitchen. It’s ready. I’m in the bath- room brushing my teeth. The com- puter is ready. I’m tossing and turning in my bed at two in the morning. The computer is still ready!

Over time the thought that the computer is ready has imprinted itself deeply into my subconscious. I may be a lazybones and want to sit down to dinner with my family, but the

MY 64 ISA

HAROH Wh

computer is ready. I may want to sack out on the couch and watch a little TV, but the computer is ready. I may want to go ride my bike, catch a moy- ie, or browse in a bookstore, but you- know-who is still ready!

The worst part is that I know it!

It’s like the computer has this tiny voice that sings a siren song to me at all hours of the night and day. “Tm ready, Freddie!” it croons softly and sweetly with its little cursor rhyth- mically tapping its foot on the screen. “T’m here. I’m yours. I’m ready to work, play, do anything I’m capable of doing. All you have to do is sit down and type.”

So, big bohunk kind of guy that I am, what do I do? Do I turn my back on the computer and walk away? Do I

1 929")

fo)

rinse the computer from my brain and go about living the rest of my life? Heck, no. I’m a wimp! I hear it calling me, and I have to answer.

“Well, OK,” I say as I slip side- ways into the computer’s room. “T’ll just type a few lines. Then I'll get up and go do the other things I’m sup- posed to be doing.”

The computer cursor seems to blink with a brighter, perkier beat. Four hours later, where am I? Still sit- ting at the keyboard, typing just one more line. Still entering more data. Still drawing just one more graphics screen. Still playing just one more round of Tetris, Mario, or Computer Solitaire.

Usually, I can get away with spending so much time with my com- puter, but not always.

One night I was working on just one more line in a program that was already 26 feet long (I measured the printout). My wife had been hinting all night that she was going to bed soon. She had hinted that it would be nice if I joined her.

Did I pick up on these hints? Huh-uh, and I paid. I really paid. About two in the morning, my poor wife no longer felt in a romantic mood. Insulted, ignored, and just plain mad, she stormed out of the bedroom, down the stairs, and into the kitchen where I was working on the computer.

She threw a pillow at me, which bonked me on the nose. She heaved a big yellow blanket at me, which float- ed down over my head. “Go ahead!” she cried. “Stay all night with your electronic mistress! See if I care!” She stormed out crying.

As I sat there in the kitchen in a state of shock with the blanket over my head, I began thinking that maybe my wife was right. Maybe she had hit the mark in more ways than one.

To all you fellow wimps out there, be very careful. Your computer mistress (or the male equivalent) can demand so much of your time that there is little time for other things in life. Like your spouse. o

MACHINE LANGUAGE

here’s a tiny (nonsymbolic) as- sembler built into most machine language monitors, such as Super- mon. It allows you to type in mne- monic commands, and it changes them to machine code. For example, if you type A 033C LDA #$04, this in- struction will change to A9 04, and the monitor will prompt you with A 033E so you won’t need to calculate the address.

That’s fine for small programs and for experiments. As you write big- ger programs, however, you'll want to buy a full-scale, commercial symbolic assembler. It will make quite a differ- ence in the way you develop programs.

Most people describe full assem- blers in terms of mechanical features. In other words, they say how the use of symbols simplifies calculation and speeds program writing. I’ll talk about some of these features in a moment, but there’s a more important aspect.

With a symbolic assembler, you can save your source code. That’s in- credibly useful. It means you can go back and adjust your program, adding a bit here, trimming there.

That way, you can easily go through a full development cycle. Write it, test it, and then go back and adjust it as needed. You can start by putting in test-coding that will help you debug. When your program looks good, out goes that extra code.

Over the longer term, you can re- turn to old programs and trim them up for new requirements or new ma- chines. When you do, you’ll be grate- ful for the comment lines that you wrote; they'll help you remember what you had in mind at the time of the original coding.

Symbols help by automatically working out addresses within your program and allowing system calls and hardware registers to be refer- enced by name rather than by address.

As you write a program, you might want to branch ahead to as-yet- unwritten code. No problem. Give that code a symbolic name. The as- sembler will expect you to supply code with such a name. If you don’t, it

BSUS Taaiipes Eten Cs cad oe

will remind you with an undefined symbol message.

Want to figure out the length ofa text string? For example, you might have coded a message as a group of bytes. Instead of counting the length of this message, you can have the as- sembler do it, this way:

MESSAGE .byte “GOOD-BYE, CRUEL WORLD!”,$0A MLEN = *—MESSAGE

PUTTING IT All

TOGETHER

ASSEMBLING THE PERFECT ASSEMBLER

The asterisk means, roughly, “here,” so that the phrase *— MES- SAGE subtracts the address beyond the end of the string from the address of the string’s start. Result: the length of the string. If you ever change the string, the length will be recalculated automatically.

You might use symbols to code SID=$D400 or SID EQU $D400. After such a definition, you would be able to write STA SID+$18 rather than STA $D418. Some programmers find it hard to remember that the SID chip is at memory location $D400 and find the symbolic address is a help. Similarly, they might prefer JSR

JUNE

L D

CHROUT rather than JSR $FFD2.

Comments help you remember what a particular piece of code is in- tended to do. They can help you spot code as you scan a large listing. Com- ments are also useful for long-term program maintenance. Weeks or months after your original program is written, you may want to go back to the source. Perhaps you want to revise the program, or perhaps you want to use some of the code in another pro- ject. Either way, the comments will remind you of the way the job is organized.

Comments are also useful to help other people read your code. Some- times they draw attention to interest- ing coding tricks that might otherwise be missed.

Many assemblers have extra fea- tures that are useful for advanced cod- ing. Macros permit canned code to be invoked, often customized for the par- ticular application. A similar feature is the include command, which allows prewritten code to be called into your current project. Conditional assembly allows you to produce several ver- sions of the same program from a sin- gle source. For example, you might have a program that assembles two separate versions for the 64 and 128. Some assembler systems come in two pieces: an editor that allows you to write and update source code and an assembler that converts it into the fi- nal object program. Others are inte- grated into a single operating system. There are a couple of assemblers that cleverly use the built-in BASIC editor of Commodore 8-bit machines.

Assembler program packages seem to have erratic availability: in stock, out of production, repackaged, and then extinct. The problem may be that dealers find that such packages don’t have a steady market. Commo- dore Development Package, for ex- ample, seems to appear and disappear periodically.

If you know other programmers who are using a specific assembler, try to get that one to make it easier to ex- change ideas and coding. io]

WP ey]

COMPUTE G21

$ ce 5 9 = 8 bad jen hos a i) < Le)

BEGINNEI BASIC

Cdn yeedate date Ne (25: (0 Jor Feowt prm(aye te

ASIC math on the 64 can range

from the extremely simple to the

complex. Let’s begin a series that

explores that range, beginning with the former and working toward the latter. You'll be amazed at how quick and versatile this computer is in solving math problems. All math op- erations can be performed in either program or immediate mode (with or without line numbers). The four basic math operations are addition (+), subtraction (—), multiplication (*), and division (/). Let’s illustrate all four:

10 INPUT“FIRST NUMBER”;A 20 PRINT:INPUT“SECOND NUMBER”;B

30 C=A+B

40 PRINT:PRINTA*+”B*="C

This is the classic way of gather- ing user input and then performing math operations on it. In the follow- ing examples, little or no error check- ing is provided, so enter logical numbers. Note that the + and = signs are the entities between quotes, not the variables A, B, and C. There- fore, the + and = signs are printed literally, while the variables’ values get printed. Here’s the same program for subtraction with positive answers:

10 INPUT“LARGER NUMBER”;A

20 PRINT:INPUT“SMALLER NUMBER”;B

30 IFA=<BTHENPRINTCHR&(147): RUN

40 C=A—B

50 PRINT:PRINTA*—"B“="C

This is similar to the first ex- ample, with a check at line 30 to en- sure positive answers. Here’s an example with multiplication and divi- sion in one problem:

10 INPUT“FIRST NUMBER”;A

20 PRINT:INPUT“SECOND NUMBER”;B

30 C=A*B:D=A/B

40 PRINT:PRINTA“X”B*="C

50 PRINT:PRINTA“/"B“="D

G22 COMPUTE JEURNGE

The above problems can be ab- breviated slightly by eliminating one variable and by combining the math and printing operations. Here’s how line 30 of the first example could look:

30 PRINT:PRINTA“+"B"“="A+B

Bait MATH

YOU CAN DO MORE THAN COUNT ON IT

Incidentally, addition, subtrac- tion, and division are usually ex- pressed literally and mathematically the same way, as +, —, and /, respec- tively. Multiplication, however, can be expressed literally as capital X, but the math operator must be the aster- isk (*).

Using division, fractions can eas- ily be converted to decimals:

10 INPUT“NUMERATOR”;N

20 PRINT:INPUT“DIVISOR”;D

30 A=N/D

40 PRINT:PRINT“DECIMAL EQUIVALENT IS”A

The BASIC function that instant- ly takes the square root of a number before you can release your finger from the RETURN key is SQR(). Here’s an easy one for the computer:

10 INPUT“NUMBER TO TAKE SQUARE ROOT OF”:N 20 S=SQR(N)

i ORO

30 PRINT:PRINT“SQUARE ROOT OF’N“ = S

Use the up arrow for exponents:

10 INPUT“NUMBER TO SQUARE”;N

20S=Nt2

30 PRINT:PRINT“SQUARE OF"’N“*="S

Here’s a method for determining any root of a number:

10 INPUT“NUMBER TO TAKE A ROOT OF”;N

20 PRINT: INPUT“WHICH ROOT”;R

30 A=NT1(1/R)

40 PRINT:PRINTR“ROOT OF”"N“IS”A

Try this by entering 64 and 3 at the prompts; this will yield 4 as the cube (third) root of 64.

Let’s use a variant of the above programs in a practical example to calculate how many cubic yards of concrete you’d need for a driveway:

10 INPUT“DRIVEWAY LENGTH IN FEET”;L

20 PRINT: INPUT“DRIVEWAY WIDTH IN FEET”’;W

30 PRINT:INPUT“CONCRETE THICKNESS IN INCHES”;T

40 T=T/12:REM CONVERT INCHES TO FEET

50 CF=L*W*T:CY =CF/27

60 PRINT:PRINT“YOU NEED”CF “CUBIC FEET”

70 PRINT:PRINT“OR”CY“CUBIC YARDS OF CONCRETE.”

Notice the illegal algebraic, but perfectly legal BASIC, operation in line 40. T’s first value is input as inch- es and then converted to feet by divid- ing by 12 (12 inches per foot). It’s OK to change T’s value like that as long as you won’t ever need the first value of T again in the program. Line 50 mul- tiplies all the feet together to arrive at cubic feet and then converts cubic feet to cubic yards by dividing by 27 (27 cubic feet per cubic yard). To calculate only cubic yards, we could use only one variable, say, C:

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50 C=L*W*T:C=C/27 60 PRINT:PRINT“* YOU NEED”C “CUBIC YARDS OF CONCRETE.”

Again, C=C/27 makes no alge- braic sense, but it’s legal in BASIC. I like to minimize the number of vari- ables used in a program, although this practice does make a program some- what more difficult for you (or any- body else) to understand later.

Math performed with computers is the same math done with calcula- tors, or, for that matter, with pencil and paper. Certain conventions have been adopted which are universal. For instance, in most problems, the math operations are performed from left to right. Keeping that in mind, what’s the answer to this problem?

12653

The answer is 15, And 15 would be the answer also if the numbers were rearranged:

Ss ata Oateili2

Adding and subtracting are com- mutative; that is, they can be done in any order. Just be sure that the signs stay with the numbers. Multiplication

JUNS1CP

and division are trickier: 12/6*3

The answer is 6 because in prob- lems which contain only these two op- erations, the computer will tackle the math from left to right. How about this one, where operations are mixed?

4+ 6/2*3

Is it 21? 15? 5? 13? The correct answer is 13, because mixed mathematical operations are traditionally performed in this order: multiplication and divi- sion first (left to right), then addition and subtraction. The first letters form the memory aid My Dear Aunt Sally. In the problem above, 6 is divided by 2 to get 3; 3 is then multiplied by 3 to get 9; then 9 is added to 4 to get 13. Don’t take My Dear Aunt Sally too lit- erally—multiplication doesn’t take precedence over division, nor does addition take precedence over sub- traction. But both multiplication and division do take precedence over either addition or subtraction. Going further, what’s the answer to this problem?

(3+4)*(5+6)

JUNE

Did you guess 29? No, the answer is 77. To cause the computer to pre- empt My Dear Aunt Sally requires ex- tra effort. Any operations within parentheses take precedence over My Dear Aunt Sally. Thus, 3 must be added to 4 to get 7; then 5 is added to 6 to get 11; then 7 and 11 are multi- plied to get 77.

Here’s a final test. What’s the an- swer to this problem?

1573/12*4+6*(4+5)

This example introduces exponents, which take precedence over other op- erations. The easiest way to solve it is to enter it with the word PRINT in front and then press RETURN. That’s math in the immediate mode. But before you do that, try to predict an approximate answer. Although we studied this not long ago, we'll continue our BASIC math series next month with a review of the somewhat arcane, but nevertheless quite useful, trigonometric functions. Thanks to calculators and com- puters, trig functions are now a mere keypress away. They’re also more ac- curate than those interpolated from trigonometric tables or calculated with the help ofa slide rule. a]

159i COMPUTE

G-23

3 WwW o 3 = = 8 i i fm Ud) NM a e)

PROGRAMME s FAGE

ry this the next time you save a program to disk. Immediately after you enter a filename in a SAVE command but before you enter the closing quotation mark, hold down the Shift key and press the space bar, hold down the Commodore key and type DUDE, hold down the Shift key and press @, and then type the terminating ”,8 and press Return. When you list the disk directory, the computer will show the filename with a ,8,1 extension. Now, all you have to do to load and run the program is move the cursor to the first column of the line containing the filename and press Shift-Run/Stop. STACY OLIVAS GRAHAM, WA

Instant Disk Status

Type in and run the following pro-

gram to gain instant access to your

64’s disk drive’s error status.

KE 16 DV=8:SA=49152

MG 26 FOR I=SA TO SA+43:READ D

:POKE I,D:C=C+D:NEXT: POK

E SA+9,DV

IF C<>6193 THEN PRINT "BE

RROR IN DATA STATEMENTS"

: END

KC 46 PRINT "TO CHECK DISK STA

TUS, ENTER SYS";SA

EE 49152 DATA 169,6,32,189,255

7,169

DATA 15,168,162,8,32,

186

DATA 255,32,192,255,1

62,15

EE 49170 DATA 32,198,255,32,20 Nipeo5:

FM 49176 DATA 32,210,255,201,1 3,208

CQ 49182 DATA 246,169,15,32,19 5,255

SR 49188 DATA 32,204,255,169,8 F133

XQ 49194 DATA 198,96

The next time your disk drive light flashes rudely in your face, type SYS 49152 and hit Return. After con- sulting with your disk drive, this pro- gram echoes the cause of the drive’s irritation to the screen.

As presented above, this program returns the error status of the disk drive known as device 8. To modify the program to check a different de- vice, change line 10 so that the vari-

KD 36

KA 49158

MX 49164

G24 COMPUTE JUNE

REVAY IN SDM y. Thien, Poo OPN

able DV is set equal to another number—such as 9 for device 9—and run the program again. You can also enter the command POKE 49161.x after running the program above, where x is the desired device number. This program stores its error- detecting machine language routine in memory starting at 49152. You can

MORE TIPS FROM READERS:

a UPID N00 TRICKS

change this starting address by chang- ing the value assigned to SA in line 10. If you change the starting address, you must also change the SYS instruction to reflect the routine’s new location. FRANCISCO FELIX

LA PAZ, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR MEXICO

Color-Coded Directories

Make your directories more colorful by using the following two commands to format your disks:

OPEN15,8,15,““N0:” + CHRS$(141)+ CHRS(x)+“name,id” CLOSE 15

Name is a disk name comprised of 16 or fewer characters, id is any two-

character disk identification, and x is one of the following color values:

TO) 97

Value Color Value Color 5 white 151 gray | 28 ~—sred 152 = gray2 30s green 153 __ light green 31 blue 154 light blue 129 orange 155 gray 3 144 black 156 purple 149 brown 158 yellow 150 light red 159s cyan

The directory of the newly for- matted disk will list to the screen in the color that you have selected. MATT L. GATSKIE AKRON, OH

Two-Line BSAVE

This short BSAVE routine allows 64 owners to save any area of the 64’s memory to disk. You can save ma- chine language programs, custom ROM routines, and graphics data.

To use this two-line BSAVE, make F$ equal to the desired file- name, DV equal to the drive’s device number (usually 8), SA equal to the starting address, and EA equal to the ending address plus one; then GO- SUB 1000. Alternatively, you could insert this code anywhere you use it, eliminating the need for the RE- TURN in the last line.

JX 1606 SYS 57812 FS,DV:POKE 1 73,SA/256:POKE 172,SA- PEEK (173)*256:POKE 786 772

POKE 782,EA/256:POKE 7 81,EA-PEEK (782) *256:SY S 65496:RETURN

XK 106198

This subroutine is actually very simple in operation. After setting the file parameters using a ROM routine located at 57812 ($E1D4), the sub- routine initializes the starting and ending addresses and calls the well- documented Kernal routine, SAVE. RANDY THOMPSON TWIN PEAKS, WA

“Programmer’s Page” is interested in your programming tips and tricks. Send submissions to ‘Programmer's Page,”” COMPUTE’s Gazette, 324 West Wendover Avenue, Suite 200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408. We pay $25-$50 for tips we publish. ©

PROGRAMS

AYO se Bite oan eo: BO Cre Kreg ES Fee iEvenle ale cee

his powerful program turns your To enter a negative number, such Functions that require one oper- 64 into a sophisticated, program- as —6, use the back arrow. and (such as sine, cosine, compute mable scientific calculator, with Type 6 + logarithm, and square root) operate 52 functions, 100 memory regis- on the X register (the top stack entry) ters, and a 50-item stack. Additional To compute —(5.393e—5)—3.66 and display the answer in the X regis- functions can be added through the Type 5.393e—5+3.66 — ter. Functions that require two oper- use of BASIC programs and macros to ands, such as multiplication, subtrac- make it even more useful. tion, and so on, operate on the Y and SciCalc 64 is an RPN (Reverse X registers, displaying the answer in X. Polish Notation) stack-oriented calcu- When you enter a number, you'll lator, as opposed to the more com- see a solid cursor on the rightmost mon algebraic calculators. RPN is a character of the top stack entry, indi-

notation invented by a Polish math- cating input mode. During this mode ematician. To perform an operation, you can enter the keys 0-9, the deci- you first enter onto a stack the num- mal point, and E to indicate exponen- ber or numbers to be operated on; tiation. After entering E, you may then you perform the operation. For press the minus sign to indicate a neg-

example, to multiply 5 times 3, you

ative exponent. Except for this one would type 5 and then press the Re- special-case with exponents, typing a turn key to place the number 5 on the minus sign will compute a subtraction top of the stack. Then type 3 * to place (Y — X), so be careful. Don’t use the

To compute sin(3t2/4.66) Type 3 Return 2 t 4.66 / Ctrl I

the number 3 on the stack and per- minus key to enter a negative number. form the multiplication. Any opera- Type the number first; then press the tion key such as * performs the back-arrow (+) key to change the num-

function of entering a number onto TURN YOUR 64 INTO) ber’s sign.

the stack as well as the function as- Pressing the Del key during input signed to the key. A SCl E iN TIFIC mode deletes the last character en-

& AIG ATOR tered. Pressing Return during input mode terminates input mode and places the number on the stack. Press- ing Del when no cursor is displayed deletes the top stack entry. Pressing Return when no cursor is displayed duplicates the top stack entry.

Entering the Program SciCalc 64 is written entirely in ma- chine language, but it loads and runs like a BASIC program. To enter it, use MLX, our machine language entry program; see “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this section. When MLX prompts, respond with the following values.

Let’s look at some conventions regarding use of the keyboard. Some functions are called by pressing a sin- gle key, such as F, M, Return, or Del; others require you to press two keys simultaneously. For example, Shift-C means press a Shift key and the C key simultaneously. C=-B indicates that the Commodore logo key at the lower left of the keyboard is to be pressed si- multaneously with the B key.

The Stack The stack is displayed at the top left of the screen. Although the stack can contain 50 numbers, only the first ten entries are displayed. The top two stack entries are labeled XY and Y on the calculator display. These are spe- cial because all calculator functions, such as multiplication, addition, sine, cosine, and so on, are performed on one or both entries. Results are also displayed in the X register.

The Memory Registers The memory registers are displayed at the top right. Although you can store 100 different numbers in memory, only ten are displayed at any one time. Memories 0 to 9 are displayed when the calculator is first started. The other memories can be displayed with the cursor keys. Press cursor- down to display the next lower set of memories. Press cursor-up to display the next higher set of registers.

Starting address: 0801 Ending address: 1AB0

When you’ve finished typing, be sure to save the program before exiting MLX.

Getting Started

After you load and run SciCalc 64, you may want to practice entering numbers and performing calculations with the following examples.

Mode Indicators Below the stack display are three box- es labeled Degrees, Radians, and Gra- dients. These indicate the format used for such trigonometric functions as

sine, arc sine, and so on. A check mark appears beside the current format.

To compute 342 + 98765 Type 342 Return 98765 +

To compute (5+3)*(6+2)/3 Type 5 Return 3 + 6 Return 2 + *3/

URURINS Es a], Ou, Oi COMPUTE G-25

3 it S 3 = = 8 Ed) es jes Lad id < O

PROGRAMS

Near the bottom is a box labeled Record. A check mark will appear be- side this box when a macro is being recorded. Macros are explained later.

showing that the computation was performed correctly. We have added a new function to the calculator, but how does it work?

To execute a program, the calcu- lator searches storage to verify that the program is present in the computer. If the program is not found, an error message is issued. If the program is found, it is copied to BASIC program memory. Then the stack and memory registers are passed to the BASIC pro- gram by means of two arrays which are created automatically by the calcu- lator. Array CS(49) is created for the stack, and array CM(99) is created for the memory registers. CS(0) corre- sponds to the X register (the top of the stack), CS(1) corresponds to Y, and so on. CM(0) corresponds to memory register 0, CM(1) corresponds to memory register 1, and so on. Any change made to either array is reflect- ed in the stack and/or memories when the calculator regains control.

On occasion, you may need to make use of a BASIC program that prints something to the screen and/or uses the INPUT command. Press the C key (clear screen and execute BASIC) for this purpose. The B key (execute BASIC) neither clears the screen before executing nor redraws the calculator screen after BASIC fin- ishes executing. This is beneficial for programs like Permutations, since it prevents an annoying screen flash. (A summary of all SciCalc 64 commands is printed below.)

Error Handling If an error occurs during an operation, an error message will be displayed on the bottom line of the calculator. Press the fl key to clear it.

BASIC Programs SciCalc 64 has the ability to keep a number of BASIC programs in mem- ory at the same time. The total num- ber is limited only by the amount of memory available. Memory from hexadecimal address $B000 to $FFOO is used for program storage, which gives about 20224 bytes. You can se- lect among programs stored there and execute them at any time.

Let’s demonstrate with an ex- ample. Load and run SciCalc 64. When the working screen appears, press the X key to exit to the normal BASIC environment. While in this environment, you can perform any normal BASIC function, such as load- ing, running, or writing programs. You should not run any machine lan- guage programs, however. For our demonstration, type in the following short program and save it to disk with the name Permutations.

10 X=1: IF CS(0)=0 THEN 30 20 FOR A=1 TO CS(0): X=A*X: NEXT 30 CS(0)=X

Macros In addition to executing and using BASIC programs, SciCalc 64 pos- sesses another programmable feature known as macros. A macro is a list of instructions or commands that the program saves and performs later, saving the user from having to enter them every time that command is used.

To demonstrate, press the R key and then ! followed by Return. Notice that a check mark appears beside the Record box, indicating that a macro is being recorded. Everything you type now will be recorded until you press R again, which terminates recording. Press B, then type Permutations, press Return, and then press the R key again.

We have just created a macro named !. To test this macro, press

Now type SYS2065 and press Return to restart the calculator. Now load Permutations into the calculator. Press C=-L; then type Permutations and hit Return at the prompt. To get a list of all BASIC programs loaded into SciCalc 64, press C=-B. Currently, Permutations is the only one. Permutations calculates the num- ber of different ways in which n ob- jects may be arranged. The formal notation is n!. For example, the letters A, B, and C may be arranged in six different ways.

ABC ACB BAC BCA CAB CBA B= 3727 1=6

Let’s test the program. Type 3, then press the B key, and then enter Permutations and a Return to execute the program. The 3 is replaced by 6,

G26 COMPUTE UAUSN ES 59 19")

Shift-M. At the prompt, press ! fol- lowed by Return. What was just re- corded will be played back verbatim. We have created a macro that saves us from a lot of typing when using the Permutations program.

Macros execute commands with only a couple of keypresses. Macro names can be up to 16 letters long, but by keeping them short, macros can be executed by typing M and then typing the macro name. For example, type 9 M! to execute Permutations again to see how many permutations there are of nine items.

Let’s demonstrate another macro that executes a BASIC program as part of its computations. The formula for the number of unique subsets of size k items which can be made from a set of 7 things is as follows:

n! k\(n—k)!

This formula has two variables, so we'll adopt the convention that 7 is entered first followed by k. Enter 4 and then 3 to put two values to work in the stack. Now press R and type SUBSET followed by a Return to be- gin recording. Now press the follow- ing keys. The explanation of each keystroke follows.

Keys Function

0P putkin memory 0 WwW swap X and Y

1P putminmemory | WwW swap X and Y

— n—k M! (n—k)! OF fetchk M! k

* ki(n—k)! 1F _ fetchn M! nv!

Ww swap X and Y / final result R end the macro

Note that this macro calls a BASIC program three times and uses the ! macro. Macros can call any num- ber of BASIC programs, can be nested up to ten deep, and can be up to 4090 bytes long. 4096 bytes have been allo- cated for macro storage.

Numeric Functions Here’s a list of SciCalc 64’s numeric functions and their explanations. The

PROGRAMS

calculator is in input mode (a cur- sor is displayed on the top stack en- try), press Return to leave input

mode; then press Del to delete.

remainder is left in X. For example,

if Y = 9 and X = 5, the result would be 4.

t Compute Y to the power X.

Shift-R Compute the Xth root of Y.

For example, if Y = 64 and X = 3,

the cube root of 64 is returned,

results of most operations appear in the X register.

C=-D Set Degrees mode for trigono- metric functions.

C=-R Set Radians mode for trigono- metric functions.

Clear Commands Shift-Clr These keys clear the calcula-

C=-G Set Gradients mode for trigo- namely 4. tor, including the stack, memory nometric functions. + Add Y to X. registers, macros, and BASIC pro- + Change the sign of X. For example, — Subtract X from Y. grams. You must type Y and then

5.5 would become —5.5, and —5.5 would become 5.5.

Shift-A Compute the absolute value of X.

Shift-D Compute the logarithm of X to the base 10. The decimal loga- rithm of 100 is 2.

Shift-E This returns the value of 10 raised to the exponent X. For ex- ample, if X = 2, the value 100 is returned.

Shift-N Compute the logarithm of X to the base e (2.718281828). For ex- ample, if X = 100, the value 4.605170186 is returned.

Shift-X This returns the value of e (2.718281828) raised to the expo- nent X. For example, if X = 4.605170186, the value 100 is returned.

Shift-T Compute the square root of X

press Return at a prompt before

clearing takes place. Shift-Inst Use these keys to clear the stack and memory registers. Macros and BASIC programs are un- touched. You must type Y and then press Return at a prompt before clearing takes place.

BASIC Programs

C=-L Load a single BASIC program into the calculator. Type the pro- gram filename and then press Re- turn. The program is loaded from disk device 8.

C=-S Save all BASIC programs. The calculator can have numerous BASIC programs in memory at the same time. This command saves all the programs currently in memory to disk in one file. The C=-A com- mand can then be used to load this file.

C=-A Load a file of BASIC programs saved with the C=-S command.

C=-B Display a list of all the BASIC programs that have been loaded with C=-L and/or C=-A.

B Execute a BASIC program which has been loaded with C=-L or C=- A. Enter the program name at the

Memory Register Commands

F Fetch. Copy a number from a mem- ory register to X. The memory reg- isters are numbered from 0 to 99. Type the number of the register you wish to access; then type F.

P Put. Copy a number from X toa memory register. The memory reg- isters are numbered from 0 to 99. Type the number of the register you wish to store to; then type P.

Cursor Up Display the next higher set of memory registers.

Cursor Down Display the next lower set of memory registers.

Stack Commands SciCalc 64 implements several func- tions which allow you to manipulate the stack. They are listed below.

Shift-Q Compute the square of X.

Shift-I Compute the integer value of X, stripping X of any fractional val- ue. For example, 3.456 would be- come 3.

Shift-F Compute the fractional value of X, stripping X of any integer val- ue. For example, 3.456 would be- come 0.456.

W Swap Y and X. Put the value in X into Y, and vice versa.

O Roll. Move a stack entry into X. The stack entries are numbered from | to 49, with 1 the top entry (the X register) and 49 the bottom entry. Entry 50 is inaccessible with the Roll or Pick functions. Type the number of the entry you wish to

Shift-V Compute the reciprocal of X move into X; then type O. Typing 1 prompt. (the value 1/X). For example, 5 O duplicates the top entry. Typing 2 | C Clear the screen; then execute a would become 1/5 or 0.2. O is equivalent to the Swap BASIC program which has been

loaded with C=-L or C=-A. Enter the program name at the prompt. After the program finishes execut- ing, the calculator screen will be redrawn.

X Exit to the BASIC environment. - While in BASIC, you can perform any normal BASIC operation, such as running or creating programs. Type SYS2065; then press Return to reactivate the calculator.

Shift-3 Compute a random number and put it in the X register. This function is implemented using BA- SIC’s RND(0) function.

Shift-t Put the value of pi (z) in the X register.

Ctrl-I Compute the sine of X.

Ctrl-O Compute the cosine of X.

Ctrl-A Compute the tangent of X.

Ctrl-S Compute the inverse or arc sine of X.

Ctrl-C Compute the inverse or arc co- sine of X.

Ctrl-G Compute the inverse or arc

operation.

I Pick. Copy a stack entry into X. The stack entries are numbered from 1 to 49, with | the top entry (the X register) and 49 the bottom entry. Entry 50 is inaccessible with the Roll or Pick functions. Type the number of the entry you wish to copy into X; then type I.

Return Press Return when not in in- put mode to duplicate the top stack entry. If the calculator is in input mode (a cursor is displayed on the top stack entry), press Return to

Macros R Record a macro. Enter the macro

tangent of X. leave input mode; then press Re- name; then press Return. Enter the Multiply Y times X. turn again to duplicate. information or instructions you / Divide Y by X. Del Hit Del when not in input mode want recorded; then press R again

Shift-S Modulus. Divide Y by X. The to delete the top stack entry. If the to terminate recording.

J USING ESI 9n 9: I COMPUTE G27

PROGRAMS

S Save all defined macros to disk in a oer ae apse : ie single file. Enter the filename at the 3 e

6919:aA9 6B79:DD

prompt; then press Return. 6921:2¢ OB81:FG

L Load macros from disk. Enter the 6929:0A 6B89:20

filename at the prompt; then press | 8931:36 0B91:DD Return. 6939:DG §B99:DD

6941:6F 6BA1: 20 Z Define whether or not the screen 6949:40 GBA9:12

should be constantly updated when | g951:13 OBB1:26 a macro is executing. Type 0 Z to 6959:6D $BB9:9D disable screen updating. Type | Z to open : a ears ee enable it. The default mode is en- 0971:B9 OBD1:20 abled. Macros execute much faster 6979:0F @BD9:DD with screen updating disabled, but | 6981:56 OBE1:6F errors in macro logic are more easi- ace : P pees : Sa ly ee with screen updating §999:AC OBF9:CG enabled. O9A1:FF 6C61:0D C=-M List the names of all defined 69A9:45 GCO9:44 macros. 89B1:09 @C1ll:DD Shift-M Execute a macro. Enter the | 99B9#8D BC19:FO

, g9C1:6D 0C21:C@ macro name at the prompt; then g9C9: 140 geasice

press Return. 69D1:20 GC31:DD M Execute a one- or two-letter macro | 69D9:@A 6C39:53 name. Type M and then the macro | 99E1:26 6C41:12 letter(s). This isa convenience for | 99£9#8D 8C49:CO

s F G9F1:69 1:FG quick execution of often-used G9OF9:FB aces 304

macros. GAG1:48 6C61:45

6AG9:12 6C69:DD

Miscellaneous Commands erste a7 : ct Q Quit the calculator. Use this com- : UNE

: GA21:6F 6C81:DD

mand only when you are finished —_| ga29:27 9089243

with the calculator. Type Y at the 6A31:48 6C91:16

prompt and then press Return. GA39:11 6C99:20

GA41:FA G@CA1:CG D Redraw the calculator screen. @x'492C9 GCA9: 0D

ICALC 64 GA51:55 GCB1:12 Suite G GA59:GE GCB9:AD

6801:0C G8 GA 32 GA61:60 6CC1:DG 0809:36 32 G6 ED 0A69:06 6cC9:4C 6811:4C @7 99 4c GA71:24 6CD1:26 6819:98 38 E9 A8 GA79:63 6CD9:D2 6821:16 63 26 E7 6A81:66 6CE1:4C 6829:26 DA 15 GA GA89:AG 6CE9: G3 6831:5E @8 AG 1A 6A91:DB OCF1:96 6839:FB 68 29 FF G6A99:84 OCF9:96 6841:28 10 F4 26 GAAL: EO 6DG1:92 0849:0D 26 45 52 GAA9:CB8 0DG9:12 6851:26 86 15 F9 GAB1:BC 6D11:AB @859:D7 GA 4C 12 @AB9:4C 0D19: 26 @861:28 7D 6D cS @AC1:6D 6D21:6F @869:D3 28 C6 0G GAC9:2G @D29:G1 @871:28 93 68 16 GAD1:2E 6D31:26 0879:26 1A OB AQ 6AD9:0B 6D39:AG 6881:8D AQ 1A 4c GAE1: 26 6D41:FG G889:G9 20 A4 8D GAE9: 26 6D49:69 @891:D7 GA AG 1D GAF1:0F O@D51:FF G899:AA 1D 8C A8 GAF9:FB 6D59:G2 @8A1:Bl 2F D9 6BG1:30 6D61:D2 @8A9:C8 CO 87 6B09:G2 0@D69:D2 @8B1l:22 A9 G2 6B11:60 6D71:18 @8B9:F7 AQ 1A 6B19:FF 6D79:30 @8C1:F9 A5 36 6B21:12 6D81:48 68C9:78 85 Gl 0B29:CB 6D89:DG @8D1:D8 @C C6 6B31:0D 6D91:B7 @8D9:85 @1 28 6B39:DD 6D99:FF @8E1:91 F7 C8 6B41:DD 6DA1: 26 @8E9:F8 4C CF 6B49:26 ODA9:AA G8F1:2F 11 A9 @B51:DD 6DB1:63 G@8F9:AA 1D 8D 6B59:0F GDB9:BB 0901:20 AE 19 6B61:20 @DC1:Bl

3 fe 8 Ce) = = 8 a is [zs Hs Rd ff Vo)

G28 COMPUTE UEUPNIE 41G9R9 1

@DC9:1A @DD1:4B @DD9:B7 @DE1:AA G@DE9:FC @DF1:AE @DF9:67 GEG1:36 GEG9:B7 GE11:D2 GE19:26 GE21:1D GE29:GE GE31:1D GE39:6D @E41:B7 GE49: FO GE51:D0 GE59:60 GE61:E8 GE69:AG @E71:D0 GE79:18 GE81:18 GE89:01 GE91:F5 GE99:FB GEA1:AG GEA9:B1l GEB1:FB GEB9:A2 GEC1:CG@ GEC9:85 GED1:1A GED9:FB GEE1:45 GEE9:85 GEF1:6B GEF9:61 GFG1:BC GFG9:76 OF11:91 OF19:FB OF21:A9 G@F29:AD GF31:AG OF39:30 OF41:8D GF49:20 OF51:60 OF59:1A GF61:AG GF69:C8 6F71:99 GF79:6¢6 GF81:88 GF89:Cl 6F91:Cl GF99:A2 OFA1:8E OFA9: 76 GFB1:A9 GFB9: 86 OFC1:EG OFC9:22 OFD1:AA OFD9:G1 GFE1L:F@ OFE9:1C GFF1:FB GFF9:20 1661:91 1669:16 1611:1A 1619:96 1621:18

PROGRAMS

1629:85 1631:A2 1639:26 1641:Dd 1649:E7 1651:6A 1659:968 1061:A5 1669:C6 1971:66 1879:B5 1681:@85 1689:26 1691:9D 1699:608 1GA1:1A 1GA9:AB 16B1:AC 16B9:6F 19C1:8D 16C9: 66 1GD1:AA 10D9:AB 1GE1:78 1GE9:1A 1@F1:AA 1GF9: 66 1161:26 1169:85 1111:98 1119:FC 1121:1D 1129: 26 Uakch lo bk 1139:BG 1141:96 1149:1A 1151:8D 1159:14 1161:A9 1169:66 LUZ) SAS: 1179:15 1181:67 1189: 46 1191:16 1199:28 11A1:4C 11A9:16 11B1:45 11B9:BF 11C1:79 1109: 4c 11D1:6E 11D9:12 11E1:G6E 11E9:22 11F1:4C 11F9:BF 1261: 28 1269:12 1211:68 1219:85 1221:BA 1229:68 1231: 8F 1239: 26 1241:B8 1249:26 1251:E3 1259:AD 1261:E3 1269:99 1271:A9 1279:A2 1281:AD

JUNE

1289:BC 1291:B4 1299:D8 12A1:12 12A9:E2 12B1:13 12B9:12 12C1:2¢8 12C9:BA 12D1:26 12D9:B8 12E1:12 12E9:D2 12F1:C5 12F9:3F 1361:CD 1369:26 1311:2¢6 1319:26 1321:CD 1329:69 1331:14 1339:62 1341:14 1349:6A 1351:D@ 1359:208 1361:206 1369:44 1371:48 1379:96 1381:4D 1389:41 1391:C@ 1399:63 13A1:C8 13A9:A5 13B1:B8 13B9:2C 13C1:C6 13C9:AD 13D1:85 13D9:C5 13E1:86 13E9:D6 13F1:1A 13F9:FC 1461:91 1469:A2 1411:64 1419:46 1421:26 1429:AE 1431:A2 1439:18 1441:1D 1449:1D 1451:0F 1459:14 1461:8D 1469:4B 1471:C6 1479:1D 1481:63 1489:24 1491:C9 1499:26 14A1:26 14A9:46 14B1:AG 14B9:4B 14C1:Cl 1409: 48 14D1:15 14D9:B9 14E1:1¢

WE diy)

COM

G-29

14E9:6¢6 14F1:D7 14F9:FB 1561:Bd 1569:C9 1511:ED 1519:608 1521:4C 1529:FF 1531:F9 1539:DG 1541:AD 1549:B4 1551:68 1559:68 1561:DG 1569:C5 1571:26 1579:CD 1581:C5 1589:Cl 1591:C5 1599:C3 15A1:C5 15A9:99 15B1:41 15B9:80 15¢C1:45 15C9:AG 15D1:86 15D9:9F 15E1:D6 15E9:A2 15F1:48 15F9:DA 1661:38 1669:6C 1611:D8 1619:A6 1621:AG 1629: 66 1631:E8 1639:D2 1641:14 1649:15 1651:D¢d 1659:Bd 1661:AD 1669:85 1671:68 1679:26 1681:98 1689:608 1691:ED 1699:1A 16A1:A3 16A9:098 16B1:24 16B9:A9 16C1:2¢6 16C9:85 16D1:18 16D9:@1 16E1:A6 16E9:6C 16F1:66 16F9:FF 1791:D9 1709:1A 1711:FF 1719: 26 1721:FF 1729:14 1731:F2 1739:96 1741:CC

PROGRAMS

1749:85 1751:A9 1759:A2 1761:19 1769:FB 1771:G6E 1779:AF 1781:36 1789:85 1791:C8 1799: 26 17A1:19 17A9:A3 17B1:AF 17B9: 68 17C1:C8 1709: 62 17D1:.63 17D9:FF 17E1:26 17E9: 308 17F1:92 17F9:31 1861:45 1889:44 1811:46 1819:46 1821:F9 1829:AE 1831:20 1839:68 1841:18 1849:2¢6 1851:2C 1859:19 1861:4C 1869:19 1871:FB 1879: 88 1881:85 1889:A5 1891:FA 1899:2¢6 18A1:26 18A9:99 18B1:1B 18B9:85 18C1:85 18C9:85 18D1:68 18D9:A9 18E1:8D 18E9:A9 18F1:43 18F9:4D 1961:19 1989:29 1911:B¢d 1919:C8 1921:92 1929:FG 1931:62 1939:2¢6 1941:C@ 1949:981 1951:61 1959:AD 1961:BD 1969:85 1971:AG 1979:66 1981:26 1989:B8 1991:AD 1999:85 19A1:FF

one

19A9:59 19B1: 2B 19B9:2C 19C1:A9 1909: 268 19D1:26 19D9:A2 19E1:62 19E9:F1l 19F1:A5 19F9:AG LAG1:E7 1A69:65 1A11:38 LA1O:FA 1A21:68 1A29:4C 1A31:F6 1A39:4B 1A41: 46 1A49:C8 1A51:86 1A59: 008 1A61:62 1A69:FF 1A71:98 LA79:1A 1A81:49 1A89:D4 LAQI1:FA 1A99:7F 1AA1: 8D 1AA9: 66

Gazette is looking for utilities, games, appli- cations, educational programs, and tutorial articles. If you've created a program that you think other readers might enjoy or find useful, send it on

disk to

Gazette Submissions Reviewer COMPUTE Publications

324 W. Wendover Ave.

Ste. 200

Greensboro, NC 27408

Please enclose an SASE if you wish to have the ma- terials returned.

PROGRAMS

Re OB Ene MARC U S

esigning air-core coils for short-

wave radios or other electronic

circuits requires complicated for-

mulas and trial-and-error adjust- ments. CoilCalc is a computer-aided design program that should be an in- valuable aid to ham radio operators or other electronic hobbyists.

Coils are important components of tuning circuits found in radio trans- mitters and receivers. When designing an air-core coil for a tuned circuit, the inductance of such a single layer coil is dependent on three variables: coil diameter, coil length, and the number of turns of wire in the coil. As a condi- tion of the number of turns, wire size is a related factor.

Change any of these variables, and you change the inductance of the coil. Inductance is measured in units called henries.

Using a computer to do the num- ber-crunching can make the selection of an inductor much easier. CoilCalc is a program that will calculate the in- ductance ofa coil from its parameters; or if the inductance is known and you’re winding your own coils, it will calculate coil length, coil diameter, and number of turns (wire size).

Getting Started

CoilCalc is written entirely in BASIC. To help prevent typing errors, use The Automatic Proofreader to type it in; see “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this section. When you’ve finished typing, be sure to save a copy of the program.

How to Use the Program If you have a coil whose inductance is not known or if you need to know the inductance ofa tuned circuit, select the inductance-unknown option after you’ve run Coi/Calc. The calculation of the coil parameters is done initially with the wire size as specified. This is done on the basis that the coils will be closely wound with the maximum number of turns used for the length considered.

A custom calculation can be se- lected where the number of turns is used to obtain a more accurate result.

Also, the dimensions may be tailored more exactly to fractional ones, with the resulting change to the inductance given as a percentage. When the wire size becomes larger than 10 percent of the coil diameter, it’s best to use the custom option. In this mode the wire’s diameter is included with the coil diameter for increased accuracy.

OILGALG

USE YOUR 64 TO DESIGN COILS FOI ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Keep in mind, however, that the result is approximately the true value; the actual value will be affected by the effects of the distributed capacitance. CoilCalc’s calculations are based on the use of enameled wire. Should you wish to change to a different type of wire, the data statements giving the number of turns per linear inch for enameled wire, 8 gauge through 40 gauge, can be changed to suit.

An Example

Let’s try an example. Suppose you wish to find the inductance of a coil having 8 turns of #12 enamel wire wound over | inch, with a inside di- ameter of 0.5 inch.

The menus will direct you to the inductance of a coil where you'll be asked to enter the wire gauge, coil di- ameter, and coil length. Supply the above figures. Coi/Calc will then dis- play the inductance as 0.69 microhen- ries. This is based on a closely wound coil, having the maximum of 12 turns of #12 wire over the one inch. Addi- tional variables, however, may affect the accuracy of this calculation.

JUNE

Need More Accuracy?

Assume the coil in question, however, is loosely wound and that the wire di- ameter is larger than 10 percent of the coil’s diameter. In this case we should select the custom option by hitting the Ctrl key. This option now asks for the number of turns, which would be en- tered as 8, followed by the coil diame- ter and length as before. The new inductance value will be displayed as 0.4 microhenries, a more accurate val- ue for this particular coil. The percent of change is also given, but in this case we aren’t concerned with the resulting change.

Select the custom option again, but this time enter 12 turns with the same diameter and length as before. CoilCalc now indicates an inductance of 0.9 microhenries; this value com- pared to the original of 0.69 is the re- sult of increased accuracy, as the wire diameter is included in the calcula- tions. This shows that when dealing with small coils and large wire sizes, the custom design option should be consulted.

Run the program again. This time select the known-inductance op- tion and assume you want a coil whose inductance is 25 microhenries. Suppose we plan to use #22 wire on a form having a diameter of 1.5 inches. How long will the coil have to be? Again CoilCalc will ask for the wire size and coil diameter, but because the inductance is known, it will calculate the length for you.

If you provide the length, the program will determine what diame- ter the coil should have. If you pro- vide any two parameters, CoilCalc calculates the third. On completion of the calculation, an approximate figure of 0.65 inch using 24 turns would be indicated. This also gives a tolerance of 3.3 percent, indicating the induc- tance is 3.3 percent higher than requested.

Now select the custom option so you may tailor the parameters to more convenient fractional sizes. En- tering different values of turns and length will allow you to obtain a

MOOT COMPUTE G31

3 an ° 3 = = 8 (AL) fen _ iL RJ a o)

length or a number of fractional turns that’s best suited to you. You’ll find, for example, 25 turns and a length of 0.75 inch give a value of 25.8 micro- henries, or 3.2-percent higher; 27 turns and a length of | inch give 25.11 microhenries, or 4-percent higher. If you enter a value of turns for a given length that exceeds turns/inch of the wire gauge selected, you’re told that the gauge has changed.

CoilCalc limits the calculation of

lengths

up to 4 inches and not less

than 0.05 inch. You should make a

change

in wire size or coil diameter

when this limit is reached.

COILCALC

E HD 166 EM 116 QF 126

RR 136

G32 C

REM * * INITIALIZE * * {SPACE}*

HDS="{RVS} INDUCTOR

{3 SPACES}DESIGN{OFF}" DIMTN (46) :FORI=8T049: RE ADTN (I) :NEXT DEFENPU (X) =3*VAL (CDS) *I N+9*IN* (X) :DEFFNNN (X) =T N (GA) 72*, 2*VAL (CDS) T2*X

POKE53280,@: POKE53281,8 : POKE646,7

REM * * MENU PAGE * * * PRINT"{CLR}{4 RIGHT}"HD $

PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT} PARA METERS FOR A SINGLE-LAY ER," PRINT"{RIGHT}AIR-CORE I NDUCTOR USING ENAMEL WI RE."

PRINT"{2 DOWN} {RIGHT}SE LECT: 1- INDUCTANCE UNK NOWN";

PRINT SPC(59)"2-

{6 SPACES}"CHRS$(34)"

{5 SPACES}KNOWN" INPUT"{3 DOWN} {RIGHT }CH OICE:{2 SPACES}1

{3 LEFT}";AS IFAS<>"1"ANDAS<>"2"THEN 266

IFAS="1"THEN266

PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT} ENTE R THE VALUE OF INDUCTAN CE"

INPUT"{12 RIGHT}(IN MIC ROHENRIES) "; INS

GOTO396

REM * * CALCULATE INDUC TANCE REQUIRED* PRINT"{CLR}{5 RIGHT}"HD $ PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT }DETE RMINE INDUCTANCE REQUIR ED:-"

PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT} SELE CT 1-INDUCTANCE OF AN E XISTING COIL" PRINT" {8- RIGHT} 2-INDUCT

OMPUTE JUNE

PROGRAMS

198951

ANCE OF A TUNED INDUCTO R"

INPUT" {DOWN} {RIGHT } CHOI CE{2 SPACES}1{3 LEFT}"; BS: IFBS<>"1"ANDBS<>"2"T HEN316

IFBS="1"THEN46G PRINT"{CLR}{5 RIGHT}"HD

$ INPUT"{DOWN}{2 RIGHT}EN TER FREQ. IN KHZ";FRS INPUT"{DOWN}{2 RIGHT}EN TER CAPACITANCE IN MMFD S";CAS INS=STRS (INT (166*25330* 1676/(VAL (CAS) *VAL(FRS) 72)+.5)/166) PRINT" {DOWN}{2 RIGHT}IN DUCTANCE REQUIRED IS:": PRINT" {DOWN}{7 RIGHT}"I NS" MICROHENRIES" GOSUB1318 IN=VAL (INS) REM * * CALCULATE INDUC TOR SIZE * * PRINT"{CLR}{6 RIGHT}"HD $:IFBS="2"ORAS="2"THEN4 36 PRINT"{2 DOWN} {RIGHT}FO R AN EXISTING INDUCTOR {SPACE}ENTER ALL":PRINT " {RIGHT } PARAMETERS. ":GO T0446 PRINT"{2 DOWN} {RIGHT}TO DETERMINE AN INDUCTOR {SPACE}SIZE ENTER": PRIN T"{RIGHT}ANY TWO PARAME TERS. FL=@:CO=5:RO=6:GOSUB127 O@:PRINT"WIRE SIZE {3 SPACES}(AWG 8-49):" RO=8:GOSUB127G: PRINT"CO IL DIAMETER (INCHES) :" RO=16:GOSUB127G: PRINT"C OIL LENGTH{3 SPACES}(IN CHES):" CO=30:RO=6:GOSUB1276:IN PUTGAS$:GA=VAL (GAS) : IFGA S=""THENFL=FL+1:GOTO49@ IFGA<80RGA>4@THENGOSUB1 300:GOTO44G RO=8:GOSUB1279: INPUTCDS : IFCDS=""THENFL=FL+1 IFIN>GANDFL=@THEN5S29 RO=16:GOSUB1276: INPUTCL $:IFCLS=""THENFL=FL+1 IFFLANDINS=""THENGOSUB1 280:GOTO443 IFFL>1THENPRINT"{RVS}RE QUIRE TWO PARAMETERS!": GOTO44G IFINS=""THEN5S86 IFGAS=""THEN650 IFCDS=""THEN726 IFCLS=""THEN826 IN=INT (100*.2*VAL (CDS) T 2* (TN(GA) *VAL (CL$) ) 72 IN=IN/((3*VAL(CD$) ) + (9* VAL (CLS) ))+.5) IN=IN/166 PRINT" {DOWN}AN INDUCTOR WITH THE ABOVE PARAMET ERS" PRINT" {RIGHT}WILL HAVE {SPACE}AN INDUCTANCE OF :": PRINT" {DOWN}

{6 RIGHT}"IN"MICROHENRI ES" \ PRINT" {DOWN}{2 RIGHT}WI TH CLOSE SPACING OF"TN( GA) *VAL (CL$) "TURNS." GOTO164¢G REM * * CALCULATE AWG# {SPACE}* * * N=INT (16*SOQR((3*VAL (CDS )+9*VAL (CL$) ) *VAL(INS) / (.2*VAL (CD$) T2))+.5) /16 FORI=8T04G6: IFSGN (TN (I) < N/VAL (CL$) ) THENNEXT PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT}AN I NDUCTANCE OF"IN"MICROHE NRIES" PRINT" {RIGHT}WILL REQUI RE"N"TURNS." PRINT" {DOWN} AWG#"I"HAS" TN(I)"PER INCH, CLOSE S PACED" PRINT"OR USE SMALLER AW G, LOOSELY SPACED." GA=1:GOTO196G REM * * CALCULATE DIAME TER Smt sce N1=TN (GA) *VAL (CLS) MF=N1[2*.2/IN CD=INT (106* (3+SQR(9+4*M F*9*VAL (CL$) ))/(2*MF) +. 5) /108:CDS=LEFTS (STRS(C D),5) PRINT"{DOWN}FOR AN INDU CTANCE OF "INS" MICROHE NRIES" PRINT"AND THE ABOVE PAR AMETERS, THE DIAMETER" PRINT"REQUIRED IS: {DOWN}"CD$" INCHES." PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT } WITH "TN (GA) *VAL (CLS) "TURNS {SPACE}OVER "CL$" INCH. ":CL=VAL (CL$) :GOSUB124@ PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT } TOLE RANCE "INT (10600* (L/VAL ( INS) -1)+.5)/10"$" GOTO1663 REM * * CALCULATE LENGT H * * RO=12:CO=14:GOSUB1276:P RINT"{RVS}DOING THE CAL CULATION! ":CO=1:GOSUB12 76 IFFNNN (1) >FNPU (1) THEN94 i] FORI=1TO4STEP.1 IFSGN (FNNN(I)-FNPU(I))= -1THENDF=ABS (FNNN(I)-FN PU (I) ) :NEXT:GOTO989 IFDF<ABS (FNNN (I) -FNPU (I )) THENI=I-.1 PRINT"FOR AN INDUCTANCE OF "INS" MICROHENRIES" PRINT" {RIGHT}AND THE AB OVE PARAMETERS, COIL LE NGTH" PRINT" {RIGHT}REQUIRED I S:{DOWN}"I" INCHES,":N1 =INT (1G*TN (GA) *I1+.5)/10 :CD=VAL (CD$) :CL=I GOSUB124@: PRINT" {DOWN} {8 RIGHT}WITH"N1L"TURNS,. "

PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT} TOLE RANCE "INT (1666* (L/VAL (

PROGRAMS

INS) -1)+.5)/10"3" PRINT" {DOWN}FOR BETTER {SPACE}ACCURACY TRY CUS TOM DESIGN":GOTO1969 FORI=1T0.95STEP-.@5 IFSGN (FNNN (I) -FNPU (I) )= 1THENDF=FNNN (I) ~FNPU (1) : NEXT: GOTO1G1G IFDF<ABS (FNNN (1) -FNPU(I )) THENI=1I+.95

I=INT (190*1I+.5)/100:GOT 0889

PRINT"FOR THESE PARAMET ERS THE LENGTH IS": PRIN T" GREATER THAN 4 INCHE S., th

PRINT"TRY A LARGER": PRI NT" DIAMETER"; IFGA<4QTHENPRINT", OR SMALLER GA." 1908 GOSUB1319:GOTO499 1019 PRINT"FOR THESE PARAME TERS THE LENGTH IS":PR INT" LESS THAN .95 INC IE Groucs

PRINT"TRY A SMALLER": P RINT" DIAMETER"; IFGA>8THENPRINT", OR LARGER GA." GOSUB13190:GOTO499 REM * * CUSTOM * * * PRINT" {DOWN}FOR LOOSE {SPACE}SPACING OF FEWE R TURNS SELECT": PRINT" CUSTOM!"

PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT } {RVS}SHIFT{OFF} TO END

AQ 939

GP Sx

949 956

AD 960

MC 979

GK 986

HG 999

KQ 995 AND/

DD AG

AND/

EJ. 1060

HES N

hen working with GEOS,

have you ever wanted to

change just a small note ina

file’s info dialog box? How about changing its write-protect sta- tus? Until now, making these changes required booting GEOS (a 30-second wait), closing the boot disk, opening your work disk, finding the file, and fi- nally opening its dialog box. Having to do all this turns a simple task into a tedious chore.

Using geoInfo Editor eliminates this hassle by allowing you to work outside the GEOS environment. It takes you directly to your GEOS file’s info. In addition to editing notes and changing the write-protect status, this utility offers additional features, such as the ability to change a file’s class and the date a file was modified. Plus, you can dump this information to your printer.

What makes geoInfo Editor even more useful is that it works on both the 64 and the 128 (40 or 80 columns) and with 1541, 1571, and 1581 disk drives. When you run the program, system configuration is automatic.

——__—

os co UURVONLGRREM ORES aC USTOM DESIGN" ONPEEK (653) GOTO1268,16 70,1070,1998 GOTO187G PRINT" {CLR} {RIGHT} {RVS}CUSTOM{3 SPACES}" HDS PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT}AN {SPACE}INDUCTOR WITH:" PRINT" {DOWN}{2 RIGHT}# OF TURNS OF AWG#"GA _ PRINT" {DOWN}{2 RIGHT}C OIL DIAMETER OF ":PRIN T" {DOWN} {2 RIGHT}COIL {SPACE}LENGTH OF " CO=25:RO=4:GOSUB1276:1 NPUTN1:RO=RO+2:GOSUB12 76: INPUTCD RO=RO+2:GOSUB127G: INPU TCTs IFTN (GA+GC) *CL<NITHENG C=GC+1 IFTN (GA+GC-1) *CL=>N1TH ENGC=GC-1 IFN1>TN (GA) *CL+.90G61TH ENPRINT" {DOWN} {RVS}MOR E TURNS/INCH! {OFF} - A WG# NOW"GA+GC CD=CD+INT (188*1/TN (GA) +.5)/100:L=INT (190*.2* CDT 2*N172/(3*CD+9*CL) + -5)/196 PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT} IND UCTANCE IS"L"UH" PRINT" {DOWN} {RIGHT }CHA NGE

JF 1876

SH FS

1689 1896

BE 1199

EP 1119 SK 1120

HB 1139

HC 114@

CF 1159

AB 1168

BM 1179

BX 1189

oe olay,

GEOINEO EDITOR

USE THIS TIMESAVING UTILITY TO CHANGE NOTES IN GEOS

DIALOG BOXES

Getting Started The program is written entirely in BASIC. To prevent typing errors, use The Automatic Proofreader to type it in; see “Typing Aids” elsewhere in

_ this section. When you’ve finished typing in the program, remember to save a copy of geoInfo Editor.

VACA CL. E~ N- KA Me-P

PRINTINT (1900* (L/IN-1) +.5)/1G"%S"

GOTO106@

REM * CALCULATE L * * {SPACE}*

CD=CD+INT (190*1/TN (GA) +.5)/190:L=INT (1990*.2* CDT 2*N172/(3*CD+9*CL) + -5)/190

RETURN

END POKE783, PEEK (783) AND25 4:POKE782,CO:POKE781,R 0:SYS65520: RETURN PRINT" {RVS}WITH INDUCT ANCE UNKNOWN ALL PARAM ETERS{2 SPACES}":CO=16 : RO=PEEK (214) GOSUB127@: PRINT" {UP} {RVS}REQUIRED!":RETURN PRINT" {RVS}WIRE GAUGE {SPACE}IS OUTSIDE RANG E! ":RETURN

PRINT" {DOWN}{3 RIGHT} {RVS}SHIFT{OFF} TO CON TINUE! ":WAIT653,1:RETU RN

REM * * DATA STATEMENT S ik ee DATA7.6,8.67,9-O0) 190741 PENDS eaten Moya toasts] DATA18.9,21.2,23.6,26. 4,29.4, 331,377,413 DATA46.3,51.7,58,64.9, 72.7,81.6,90.5,101 DATA113,127,143,158,17 5,198,224,248,282 oO

1218

1229 1239

RQ EQ

124

1256 1266 12768

SM 1289

DK 1296

MQ 13969

RP 1319

CD 13296

DJ 1339

SQ 1349

CM 1358

GQ 1369

When you run geolnfo Editor, there will be a short pause before a window similar to GEOS'’s info dialog box appears. To the left are infor- mation headings such as Filename, Disk, and so on. The space next to the headings is for file information. Below this window is a command line for en- tering information and displaying messages. The command line accepts most keyboard characters, including corrections made with the Del key.

The Menu Bar

The menu bar is next. It lists all the commands you can give the program. Insert a GEOS disk into your drive and press D to get a directory. As it is being displayed, you can press any key to make it pause; press any key again to make it continue. You also can press Q to quit the directory listing at any time.

The next menu item, C, lets you enter any valid disk command. Note that geolnfo Editor traps almost any error and identifies it with a message. Press Return to clear an error message

alk and continue using the program.

JEUNE

es Oya COMMER S UR iE

G-33

@)89)@)°

Select R to read the information ona GEOS file. Just enter its name and press Return. Similarly, W writes, or saves, the information on the screen to the GEOS file. Before this command is executed, you’re asked to confirm the save. Press Y to do it and any other key to abort the command. Press P to print the displayed infor- mation to any Commodore-compati- ble printer. Finally, Q quits the program and returns you to BASIC.

The Highlight Bar

After you’ve selected a file, you’re ready to begin. Simply use the cursor keys to move the highlighted bar to the desired item and then press Re- turn. File type, structure, and size can- not be changed. Doing so is _ unnecessary and could prevent the file from working correctly.

If you select Filename, Disk, Class, or Author, simply enter a new name. If you select Modified, enter the new date and time as MMDDYYHHMM (month, day, year, hour, minute). The new time must be in 24-hour format, where 1:00 p.m. is 13:00.

If you select Wrte Ptct (Write Protect), enter Y for Yes or N for No. If you select Memory, enter the new info as KXXXYYYYZZZZ (starting address, ending address, execution ad- dress of the file) in hexadecimal. Avoid this option unless you know what you're doing, since a wrong move here could cause a lot of trouble.

The final selection is Notes. Se- lect it, and you’ll be prompted for the number (1-4) of the line you wish to change. Next, enter new information on that line. Pressing Return with nothing on the command line deletes the selected line. The maximum num- ber of characters that you can enter for all four lines combined is 95.

Wrapping It Up

All changeable items, except the actu- al four Notes lines, have an escape feature. In other words, if you select an item and decide not to make any changes, press Return without enter- ing anything else on the command line. The previous information will re- main. Furthermore, all selections have a maximum number of charac- ters you can enter. So if you’re typing and nothing else appears on the com-

G34 COMPUTE J=USNCE

PROGRAMS

mand line, you’ve reached the charac- ter limit.

One final note is in order. The GEOS character set doesn’t corre- spond to the Commodore upper- and lowercase set. Therefore, upper- case GEOS characters result in lower- case Commodore characters and vice versa. Keep this in mind when you are typing in your changes.

GEOINFO EDITOR

RF 19 REM***SET-UP***

AB 29 IF PEEK(65534)=23 AND PE EK(215)=128 THEN49

ABE 36 POKE53280,6:POKE53281,6: XX=3:TX=4:GOTO69

SG 48 POKE53265,11:POKE53296,1

3SYS52684,3,26 DC 50 XX=23:XXS$="{RIGHT}":TX=2 4

SF 6% DN=8:T=18:0PEN1,DN,15

HE 78 PRINT#1,"M-R"CHRS (198) CH RS (229) CHRS (1)

BA 80 GET#1,BYS:IF ASC(BY$) =25 5 THEN T=46:FL=1

SC 98 CLOSE1:DIM CS$(16) ,T$(13) MS (15)

DH 1090 FOR L=1 TO 32

QD 119 HBS=HBS$+CHRS (192) :SS=SS +" "sNEXT

MH 128 FOR L=. TO 19:READ CHS ( A) ie) (Gi)) QINIDD.GE

ER 138 FOR L=. TO 16:READ CS$(L ) :NEXT

QF 149 FOR L=. TO 2:READ QS(L) :NEXT

KQ 150 FOR L=1 TO 15:READ MS$(L ) :NEXT

JH 168 HS$="—":ZS=CHRS$(.) :SS$=C HRS (169) :HMS="{HOME }"

BE 179 RTS="{RIGHT}":DNS=" {DOWN}":RSS="{RVS}"

MF 1898 FOR L=1 TO XX:RS=RS+RTS$ :NEXT

PA 199 FOR L=1 TO 21:DMS=DMS+D NS:NEXT

KC 200 FOR L=. TO 5

AC 219 RTS=RTS+RTS+XX$:DNS=DNS +DNS:NEXT

DS 228 DNS=HMS+DNS:HXS="912345 6789ABCDEF"

DP 238 REM***SCREEN***

BA 249 PRINTCHRS (14) "{CLR} {WHT } {DOWN} "RS"{A}"HBS" sp"

SG 258 PRINTRSHS"**"HS"

{3 SPACES}"MS(1)" {3 SPACES}"HS"**"HS

JF 268 PRINTRS"{Q}"HBS"{w}"

XK 270 FOR L=1 TO 10:PRINTRSHS SSHS:NEXT

CE 286 PRINTRSHSLEFTS(S$,9) LEF TS (HBS, 23) "{w}"

CM 299 FOR L=1 TO 4

DQ 399 PRINTRSHS"{8}L"CHRS (L+4 8) "{WHT} "HSLEFTS (S$,29) HS:NEXT

991

319

328

340 358 360 379

38G 396

406 419 426 430 44G 45G 46G 476 480

496

598

519 520 539 546

550

56G

576

589

596

605

619 6205

630

649 65G

669

679 68G

699 796

716

726 736 74 758

PRINTRS"{Z}**{E}"LEFTS | HBS, 29) "€X}" PRINTRS"*"HBS"*": PRINT= PRINTRS"*"HBS"*" PRINTRS"{8}"MS (2) : PRINT RSMS (3) ;

REM** *MAIN*** PRINTHMSLEFTS (DNS$,5) ; FOR L=. TO 10 PRINTLEFTS (RTS,TX) "{83™ CHS (L) "{WHT}":NEXT GOSUB1559

PRINTLEFTS (DNS,MC+5) LEE TS(RTS,TX) "{8}"RSSLEFTS (CHS (MC) , LEN (CHS (MC) ) =2 ) " {WHT }"

GET K$:IF KS$="" THEN4G8

IF KS=CHRS$(13) THEN539 IF KS="D" THEN74@

IF KS$="C" THEN869

IF KS="R" THEN92G

IF KS="W" THEN1630

IF K$="P" THEN197@

IF KS="Q" THEN237@

IF KS="{DOWN}" THEN MC= MC+1:1IF MC>18 THEN MC=. IF KS="{UP}" THEN MC=MC -l:IF MC<. THEN MC=1@ PRINTLEFTS (DNS$,M2+5) LEE TS(RTS,TX) "{8P"LEFTS (CH $ (M2) , LEN (CHS (M2) )-1)™ {WHT }"

M2=MC: GOTO39G

REM* * *CHANGE ** * TMS=TS (MC) :GOSUB2199

IF TS$(.)="" THEN PRINTM $ (8) :GOSUB2219:GOSUB229 G:GOTO40G

IF MC<>2 AND MC<>4 AND {SPACE}MC<>5 THEN LN=LE (MC) :GOSUB2069

ON MC+1 GOT05790,570,58@ 7579,580,580,590,579,62 0,659,689

TS (MC) =TX$:GOTO719 PRINTMS (9) :GOSUB2219:G0 — SUB2298:GOTO409 MM=VAL (MID$(TX$,1,2) D=VAL (MIDS (TX$,3,2)) =VAL (MIDS (TXS$,5,2) ) HH=VAL (MIDS (TX$,7,2)):N N=VAL (MIDS (TXS$,9,2)) FG=1:GOSUB1349:GOTO719 IF TXS="Yy" THEN TS(8)=" YES":WP=WP OR 64

IF TXS="N" THEN TS$(8)=" NO":WP=WP AND 191 GOTO71G ADS=TXS:TS (9) ="":Q=1:FO IR Sg) WO) <2 TS (9) =TS (9) +Q$(L) +MIDS$( — TX$,Q,4) Q=0+4:NEXT:GOTO719 X=VAL(TXS):IF X<l OR X> 4 THEN4GG

LN=29:IF X=4 THEN LN=8 GOSUB2069:TS(9+X) =TX$:G OTO35G

IF TXS="" THEN TS (MC) =T MS: GOTO0489

GOTO359 REM***DIRECTORY*** PRINT" {CLR}":X=11:Y=12 OPENL,DN,.,"S@0":GET#1,V 1$ -

RS : Ye

GET#1,V1$,V1$,V1$S,V1S,V 2$,V3$ PRINTASC (V1S$+ZS) +ASC (V2 $+ZS) *256V3S; FOR L=. TO X GET#1,V1$,V2$: PRINTV1SV 2$; :NEXT GET KS:IF KS$="Q" THEN83 G IF KS<>"" THEN GOSUB221 G PRINT: IF V2S<>"" THEN X =Y:GOTO76@ CLOSE1 PRINT:PRINT MS(1@):GOSU B2219:GOTO246 REM***DISK COMMAND*** LN=33:GOSUB2@6G:IF TXS= "" THENIGG OPEN1,DN,15:PRINT#1,TX$ INPUT#1,EN,EMS$,ET,ES:GO SUB219@ PRINTEN;EMS;ET;ES:GOSUB 22190 CLOSE1:GOSUB2266:GOTO04@ i] REM***READ & DECODE*** FIS="":LN=16:S=l:IF FL {SPACE}THEN S=3 GOSUB206G:IF TXS="" THE N49 GOSUB2190: PRINTMS (6) OPEN1,DN,15,"IG":OPEN2, DN,2,"#" PRINT#1,"U1";2;.;T;S GET#2,TRS,SES:TRS=TRS+Z $:SES=SE$+Z$ FOR VL=5 TO 244 STEP 32 PRINT#1,"B-P";2;VL FOR I=l TO 16:GET#2,BY $ IF BYS=SSS$ THEN1G3@ FIS=FIS+BYS:NEXT I IF FIS=TX$ THEN1G8@ FIS=""3NEXT VL IF ASC(TRS)<>. THEN S= ASC (SES) :GOTO969 GOSUB2260:GOSUB219@8:PR INTMS (5) GOSUB2219:GOTO1530 ZZ$=S1$:S1S="":PRINT#1 ,"B-P";2;VL-3 FOR L=l TO 36 GET#2,BYS:IF BYS="" TH EN BYS=ZS IF L=2@ AND BYS=ZS THE N S1$=Z2Z$:GOSUB2196:PR INTMS (15) :GOSUB2216:GO T01536 S1$=S1$+BY$:NEXT S2S="":ADS="":SS=S FOR L=. TO 13:TS(L)="" : NEXT KK=144:IF FL THEN KK=4 PRUNT#1,"U1";2;.;T;.:P RINT#1,"B-P";2;KK FOR L=l1 TO 16 GET#2,BYS:IF BYS=SSS$ T HEN12098 TS$(1)=TS$(1)+BY$:NEXT TK=ASC (MIDS(S1$,20,1)) : SK=ASC (MID$(S1$,21,1)

) PRINT#1,"U1";2;.;TK;SK PRINT#1,"B-P";2;68

PROGRAMS

FOR L=1 TO 187:GET#2,B YS$:IF BYS="" THEN BYS= ZS $2S=S2$+BYS$:NEXT:CLOSE 2:CLOSE1 TS$(.)=TXS$:T$(2) =CS$ (ASC (MID$(S1$,23,1))) © FOR L=1@ TO 27 BYS=MIDS$(S2$,L,1):IF B YS$=ZS THEN1296 TS (3) =TS$(3)+BYS:NEXT TS (4) =CS(ASC (MIDS(S1$, 22,1))+15) X=ASC (MID$(S1$,29,1))+ ASC (MIDS (S1$,3@,1))*25 6 TS (5) =STRS (INT (X/4))+" K{2 SPACES}"+STRS(X)+" BLOCKS" MM=ASC (MIDS(S1$,25,1)) : DD=ASC (MIDS (S1$, 26,1) ) :¥YY=ASC(MIDS(S1$,24,1 )) HH=ASC (MID$(S1$,27,1)) :NN=ASC (MIDS (S1$, 28,1) ) TS (6) =STRS (MM) +"/"+STR $ (DD) +"/"+STRS (YY) XS=STRS(NN):IF LEN (XS) =2 THEN X$=" 6"+RIGHTS (X$,1) TS(6)=TS(6)+" "+STRS(H H)+":2"+xs IF FG THEN FG=.:RETURN FOR L=38 TO 47 BYS=MIDS(S2$,L,1):IF B YS$=Z$ THEN1416 T$(7)=TS(7)+BYS$:NEXT WP=ASC (LEFTS(S1$,1)) IF WP>133 THEN TS$(8)=" YES":GOTO1446 TS$(8)="NO" Q=2:FOR L=2 TO 6 STEP {SPACE}2 X=ASC (MIDS (S2$,L+2,1)) +ASC (MIDS (S2$,L+3,1))* 256 GOSUB224G:ADS=ADS+AS:T $(9)=TS(9)+QS (L-Q) +AS Q=Q+1:NEXT X=93:FOR I=18 TO 13 FOR L=X TO X+28 BYS=MIDS$(S2$,L,1):IF B Y$=Z$ THEN153@ TS(1)=TS(I)+BY$ NEXT L:X=X+29:NEXT I CLOSE2:CLOSE1:GOSUB2298 @:GOTO380 REM***UPDATE SCREEN*** PRINTHMS"{3 DOWN}" FOR L=. TO 9 PRINTTAB (TX+1@) TS (L) LE FTS(S$,21-LEN(TS$(L))) NEXT:PRINT FOR L=16 TO 13 PRINTTAB (TX+3) T$(L) LEF TS$(S$,29-LEN(TS(L))) NEXT: RETURN REM***ENCODE & WRITE** * GOSUB2196:IF TS$(.)="" {SPACE}THEN PRINTMS (12 ) :GOSUB2216:GOSUB2266: GOTO4GG

1646° PRINTMS (13) :GOSUB2218

JUNE

IF KS$<>"Y" THEN1959 GOSUB219@6:PRINT MS$(7): FOR L=. TO 5:TTS(L)="" > NEXT

FOR I=. TO l X=LEN(TS(I)):TTS(1I)=TS (I)

IF X<16 THEN FOR J=1 T O 16-X:TTS$(I)=TT$(I)+S SS:NEXT J

NEXT I

L=2:FOR I=3 TO 7 STEP {SPACE}4 X=LEN(TS$(1)):TTS(L)=TS (I)

IF X<18 THEN FOR J=1 T O 18-X:TTS(L)=TTS$(L) +Z $:NEXT J

L=3:NEXT I DTS=CHRS (YY) +CHRS (MM) + CHRS (DD) +CHRS (HH) +CHRS (NN)

FOR L=l TO 9 STEP 4 XS=MIDS(ADS,L,4) :GOSUB 2296

HI=INT (X/256) :LO=X-HI* 256

TTS (4) =TTS (4) +CHRS (LO) +CHRS (HI) :NEXT

FOR L=1@ TO 13:TTS$(5)= TTS$(5)+TS$(L) :NEXT X=LEN (TTS (5) )

IF X<95 THEN FOR L=l T O 95-X:TTS$(5)=TTS$(5)+Z $:NEXT S1S$=CHRS (WP) +MIDS(S1S, 2,2)+TTS(.)+MID$(S1$,2 @,4)+DTS+MIDS(S1$,29,2 ) TMS=CHRS (WP) +MIDS(S2S, 2,2)+TTS(4)+TT$(2)+MID $(S1$,28,2) S2S=TMS+TTS (3) +MID$(S2 $,48,45)+TTS$(5) OPEN1,DN,15,"I@":OPEN2 FDN 2 ees PRINT#1,"U1";2;.;T;SS: PRINT#1,"B-P";2;VL-3 PRINT#2,S1$;:PRINT#1," U2Ne Zee etess CLOSE2:CLOSE1:OPEN1,DN 715,"IG":OPEN2,DN,2,"# "

PRINT#1, "U1" 323.373. 3 P. RINT#1,"B-P";2;KK PRINT#2,TTS (1) ;:PRINT# L, RU2t e223 che CLOSE2:CLOSE1:OPEN1,DN 715,"I1G":OPEN2,DN,2,"# "

PRINT#1,"U1";2;.;TK;SK : PRINT#1,"B-P"; 2; 68 PRINT#2,S2S;:PRINT#1," U2 22 os Theo K CLOSE2:CLOSE1:GOSUB228 @:GOTO40G REM***PRINTER DUMP*** GOSUB2196

IF T$(.)="" THEN PRINT MS (11) :GOSUB22140:GOTO2 G4G OPEN4,4,7:CLOSE4:IF ST <>@ THEN PRINTMS(14):G OSUB2216:GOTO204G PRINTMS (4) :OPEN4,4,7

ASA COMPUTE G35

PROGRAMS

HD 2610 FOR L=. TO 9:PRINT#4,C kk y" HS(L)TS$(L) :NEXT CR 2246 AS="":Z=1:FOR I=1 TO 3 | FA 2446 DATA"APPLICATION","APP RB 2020 PRINT#4:FOR L=10 TO 13 | EE 2250 V=INT(X/(4096/Z)) :AS=A LICATION DATA","FONT F JX 2030 PRINT#4,"L"CHRS(L+39)" $+MIDS (HX$,V+1,1) ILE" :"T$(L) :NEXT:CLOSE4 EQ 2260 X=INT (X-V* (4696/2) ) PA 2450 DATA"PRINTER DRIVER"," XF 2048 GOSUB2266:GOTO04309 SC 2276 Z=Z*16:NEXT INPUT DRIVER","DISK DR AC 2654 REM***COMMAND LINE*** KD 2286 AS=AS+MIDS$(HXS$,X+1,1): IVER" ] SG 2666 TXS$="":GOSUB2199 RETURN PP 2469 DATA"SYSTEM BOOT FILE" N AA 2070 GET K$:V=ASC(KS$+ZS$) HX 2296 AS="":X=.:FOR I=l TO 4 , "TEMP", "AUTO-EXEC" pai GH 2088 IF (V>3l AND V<96) OR KK 2306 AS=MID$(X$,5-I,1) DP 2476 DATA"SEQUENTIAL","VLIR a {SPACE}(V>192 AND V<21 | EM 2310 FOR J=1 TO 16 Me mals 9) OR V=28 THEN2116 HA 2326 IF AS=MID$(HX$,J,1) TH | BH 2486 DATA"S","-S"," EXA:$" uw HQ 2696 IF V=13 THEN2179 EN2340 HA 2496 DATA"-=>GEOINFO EDITOR wa CE 2100 GOT0267¢ EQ 2330 NEXT J <=-"," {RVS}D{OFF):DIR ro) AB 2110 IF TXS="" AND V=20 THE | AS 2346 X=X+(16f(I-1))*(J-1):N ECTORY {RVS}C{OFF}:DIS Qa N267¢ EXT I:IF X>65535 THEN K CMD{4 SPACES}{RVS}Q XD 2120 IF LEN(TXS$)>=LN AND V< {SPACE}X=. {OFF}:QUIT" °o >20 THEN267@ GC 2358 RETURN PR 256@ DATA" {RVS}R{OFF}:READ = AE 2130 PRINTKS; PP 2360 REM***QUIT*** {RVS}W{OFF}:WRITE s KB 2140 IF V>192 THEN KS=CHRS( | AA 2376 CLOSE2:CLOSE1: PRINT" {RVS}P{OFF}:PRINT","PR v-96) {CLR}"CHR$(142) :END INTING..." ra 8 RB 2150 IF V<>2@ THEN TXS=TXS$+ | XF 2380 DATA" FILENAME:",16," XC 2510 DATA"FILE NOT FOUND.", K$:GOTO2078 {5 SPACES}DISK:",16," "READING & DECODING... FC 21606 TXS=LEFTS (TX$,LEN (TXS) {5 SPACES}TYPE:",. ",;"ENCODING & WRITING. WJ -1) :GOTO2979 Qc 2398 DATA"{4 SPACES}CLASS:" oe” SX 2178 GOSUB2206: RETURN ,18,"STRUCTURE:",.," XJ 2520 DATA"NO FILE SELECTED. pe RG 2186 REM***SET, CLEAR, WAIT {5 SPACES}SIZE:",. ","PHIS CAN'T BE CHANG ake JE 2406 DATA" MODIFIED:",16," ED.","PRESS ANY KEY." RX 2196 PRINTHMSDMSRS$":"; :RETU {3 SPACES}AUTHOR:",18 PS 2530 DATA"NOTHING TO PRINT. ool RN RJ 2410 DATA"WRTE PTCT:",1," ","NOTHING TO WRITE.", CJ 2268 PRINTHMSDMSRSSS" {3 SPACES}MEMORY:",12, "ARE YOU SURE (Y/N) ?" Wu {4 SPACES}"HMS: RETURN "{4 SPACES}NOTES:",1 MC 2540 DATA"PRINTER NOT READY KM 2210 GET KS$:IF KS$="" THEN22 | XX 2420 DATA"CBM PRG","BASIC P -","INPUT NOT A GEOS F 16 RG","ASSEMBLY PRG" ILE." eae Re MM 2226 RETURN JC 2436 DATA"DATA FILE","SYSTE ej REM***DEC-HEX, HEX-DEC M FILE","DESK ACCESSOR G he evil Gorn system has estab- When the title screen appears,

lished a secret base in your galaxy and plans to launch a major at- tack. Your mission is to find the enemy base and destroy it.

Finding the enemy base will not be easy. It has a cloaking device that makes it invisible to your ship’s scan- ners, and its shield protects it from your fire. Its only weak points are the four generators that supply its power. If you can disable these generators and render the base visible, you can destroy it and stop the Gorn invasion.

Star Strike is a one-player game that requires quick reflexes and a good memory. It also takes some patience.

plug a joystick into port | and press the fire button. You'll see your moth- er ship in the middle of the screen with your ship docked alongside. You’ll find your score at the top of the screen, along with the number of lives you have remaining, the amount of energy you have, the sector you are in, and the number of generators you have destroyed. You'll always start in sector 11 with 2500 units of energy and four spare lives.

To maneuver your ship, use the joystick. Push left and right to rotate your ship. Push forward to thrust in the direction it’s pointing. Press the fire button to launch a photon blaster. Pull back on the stick to activate your hyperspace device to jump to another sector. As you fly around the galaxy, your energy decreases. Firing the pho- ton blaster uses one energy unit. Using hyperspace depletes 100 energy units.

When you move off the edge of the screen, you’ll move into an adja- cent sector. There are 64 sectors in the galaxy, arranged in an 8 X 8 grid. The first number in the sector indicator is .

oIAR oT RIE

BEFORE YOU CAN ATTACK AN ENEMY SPACE STATION, YOU MUST FIRST DISABLE THE GENERATORS THAT POWER ITS CLOAKING DEVICE IN THIS ARCADE-ST YLE GAME FOR THE 64

Getting Started Star Strike is written entirely in ma- chine language, but it loads and runs like a BASIC program. Enter the pro- gram with MLY, our machine lan- guage entry program; see “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this section. When MLX prompts you, respond with the values given below.

Starting address: 0801 Ending address: 1808

G36 COMPUTE UAUAINGE val 19395)

the x location, and the second is the y location, so sector 11 is the first sec- tor, and 88 is the last.

As you explore the area, you'll see quite a few asteroids in different sec- tors. These asteroids have gravity, and if you are not careful, they'll pull your ship in, and you'll be destroyed. Col- liding with an asteroid decreases your overall energy supply rather quickly. If you are lucky, you can hit an aster- oid and survive, but your energy will be very low.

Your mother ship also has gravi- ty. When you wish to dock with it to replenish your energy, return to sector 11 and fly close to the gray landing pad. When you approach the pad, slow down and let the mother ship’s tractor beam pull you in. When you are docked, your energy will be resup- plied to 2500 energy units. Whenever your ship is docked, it is protected by the mother ship’s shields.

Before you can destroy the ene- my base, you must find the four gen- erators that are supplying power to the base’s cloaking device and shields. The generators are hidden inside four asteroids somewhere in the galaxy.

You must search the galaxy, fir- ing your photon blaster at asteroids. An asteroid must be hit about 30 times before it will explode. Ifa gener- ator is hidden inside, it will appear after the asteroid disintegrates. Gener- ators look like large red diamonds, and you must hit them about 30 times before they will explode. After a gen- erator has been destroyed, one of the Xs in the upper right corner of the screen will become reversed, indicat- ing that you have one less generator to find and destroy.

As you search for generators, the enemy base launches homing robot missiles at you. You’ll hear an alarm from your ship’s sensors whenever a missile is launched. Missiles track your movement and follow you, no matter where you go in the galaxy. You can’t outrun these missiles, but you can outmaneuver them. Ifa mis- sile hits you, you lose 500 units of en- ergy. You can destroy missiles if you hit them with four shots of your pho- ton blaster, and they’re also vulnera- ble to collisions with an asteroid or your mother ship.

When a missile enters your sec- tor, pay attention to what direction it came from. The enemy Gorn base is

in that direction. Sometimes you can locate the base before all four genera- tors are destroyed. If a missile sudden- ly appears in your sector and your launch alarm goes off simultaneously, you'll know that the enemy base is in that sector, even though you can’t see or hit it. Remember the sector num- ber, because the base will be there when you have destroyed all four gen- erators and made it vulnerable.

Once you have destroyed all four generators and have located the base, start attacking it. Its shields will be down, but it can now launch missiles more frequently. The base has to be hit about 200 times with your blaster before it can be destroyed, so be pre- pared to return to your mother ship for energy. You'll probably find it nec- essary to return several times during a game, as missiles sap your energy.

If you manage to destroy the base, head back to your mother ship and dock. You'll receive bonus points for the number of lives you have re- maining.

If you find yourself in trouble— for example, you’re heading straight for an asteroid or you’re surrounded by missiles—you can escape by using your hyperspace device. Use the hy- perspace sparingly, however, as it costs 100 units of energy. Also, you. may find yourself landing right on top of a deadly asteroid.

If you wish to pause the game at any time, press Run/Stop. Press any other key to resume play.

STAR STRIKE |

6801:0B 98 76 6869:37 GB GG 6811:286 20 26 6819:3C 68 99 6821:99 33 @3 6829:B9 GC G8 @831:F7 AQ 3C 6839:2E 4C 66 6841:1F 81 16 6849:67 C8 DG 6851:65 G1 6859:28 34 @861:16 A2 0@869:A2 G4 @871:10 65 6879:A8 AS @881:F7 A5 @889:A5 F8 G@891:E8 26 9899:26 34 @8A1:A6 18 G@8A9:A5 FD 68B1:@3 4C @8B9:D8 1C

JUNE

PROGRAMS

08C1:34 68C9: G3 68D1: 63 G8D9: 34 68E1:18 G8E9:34 O8F1:63 O8F9: 29 G9G01:A7 0989: 26 G911:68 6919:85 O921:FF 6929:FF 6931:61 G939:22 G941:C6 9949:A8 G951:F7 6959:A9 6961:F8 6969:61 G971:66 G979:GE 9981:58 6989:78 G991:66 G999:34 G9A1:7C G9A9:67 G9B1:16 69B9:53 99C1:1F 99C9: 6B 69D1:54 @9D9:A7 G9E1:A7 69E9:G1 G9F1:44 G9F9:28 GAG1:7C GAG9:16 6A11:C@ GA19:7C GA21:48 GA29:G2 GA31:76 GA39:E6 GA41:3C GA49:F3 GA51:F8 GA59:63 GA61:69 GA69:Al GA71:29 GA79:86 GA81:9D GA89:1E GA91:Al GA99:6C GAA1:66 GAA9:E8 GAB1:9A GAB9:96 GAC1:A9 GAC9:G5 GAD1:C6 GAD9:14 GAE1:46 GAE9:A9 GAF1:2E GAF9:G5 6BG1:608 9BG9:99 9B11:69 0B19:68

M9191

4] ~ 3 uu cc ° Q ° = = 9 0 2] Jn [= [zd Ped a SO

OB21:1F GB29:95 6B31:BF GB39:98 9B41:66 6B49:5E G@B51:GA 6B59:5D G@B61:7A GB69:BF GB71:EG 6B79:1F @B81:D2 @B89:A9 9B91:38 GB99:A9 GBA1: 64 GBA9:DC OBB1:65 OBB9:F8 GBC1:EF G@BC9:A2 @BD1:4E $BD9:D3 @BE1:1D G@BE9: G0 OBF1:45 @BF9:52 GCG1:42 GCG9:49 0C11:598 GC19:66 9C21:D3 6C29:59 0C31:C4 6C39:39 6C41:69 6C49:28 @C51:F7 6C59:18 6C61:96 6C69: 60 @C71:E3 6C79: 60 6C81:81 6C89:81 6C91:64 GC99: G6 G@CA1:A2 @CA9: 42 @CB1:64 GCB9:A3 gCCl:14 GCC9:AF G@CD1:DF GCD9:AG @CE1:6B GCE9:66 OCF1:FB @CF9:85 @DG1:91 @DG9:FE 6D11:85 @D19:GE 6D21:60 6D29:37 9D31:C2 @D39:BC 6D41:69 GD49:4E @D51:084 6D59:16 6D61:A3 @D69:54 9D71:49 GD79:58

PROGRAMS

@D81:EG @D89:CE 6D91:50 9D99:19 @DA1:E8 GDA9: G6 GDB1: 96 @DB9:97 @DC1: 8A @DC9:Bl @DD1:94 @DD9: 2F @DE1:61 @DE9:65 ODF1:66 G@DF9:4E GEG1:1C GEG9:FOC GE11:15 GE19:A8 GE21:26 GE29:9D GE31:74 GE39:38 GE41:1E GE49:2C GE51:GE GE59:56 GE61:2A GE69:58 GE71:54 GE79:E8 GE81:5A GE89:A3 GE91:6C GE99:3C GEA1:12 GEA9:51 GEB1:0C GEB9:CC GEC1:G6E GEC9:18 GED1:06 GED9: 38 GEE1: 86 GEE9:E9 GEF1:87 GEF9:A9 GFO1:8A GFO9:FE @F11:85 GF19:13 GF21:18 GF29:C9 GF31:D8 GF 39:66 OF41:69 GF49:12 GF51:C2 GF59:88 GF61:88 GF69:C8 GF71:63 GF79:18 GF81:66 GF89:D1 GF91:95 GF99:63 OFA1: 8E GFA9: 206 GFB1:36 GFB9:14 G@FC1:6D GFC9: 89 GFD1:16 GFD9: 2E

GFE1:D7 GFE9: 5G GFF1:52 GFF9: 2C 1001:57 1069:D6 1611:86 1019:69 1621:38 1629: 66 1631:3C 1639: 8D 1641:17 1649: 16 1651:77 1059:BD 1061: 42 1069:96 1071:0A 1079:4C 1681:28 1089: 2F 1091: 43 1999:58 1@A1:AC 16A9:61 10B1:62 10B9:B8 10C1:66 10C9:79 16D1:46 10D9:B4 10E1:63 10E9:GA 10F 1:28 16F9:D8 1101:81 1109: 06 1111:E8 1119:81 1121:6C 1129:0F 1131:F@ 1139:C7 1141:02 1149: 24 1151:CE 1159:81 1161:F6 1169: 9A 1171:GE 1179:35 1181:B8 1189: 2F 1191:81 1199:88 11A1:74 11A9:C3 11B1:66 11B9:1D 11¢1:92 11C9:FB 11D1:43 11D9:76 11E1:46 11E9:AE 11F1:C9 11F9:E1 1201:92 1209:51 1211:EE 1219:1D 1221:F8 1229:C5 1231:68 1239:87

62 28 25 97 14 OA 80 12 gc 74 2B 7A 86 12 FO FO ca c8 4A 35 8D 16 66 61 6D 86 1) 41 66 88 8D 3E BS A8 8D 38 G4 26 E@ 57 4G cs 41 c9 AB cg 63 1) 12 38 76 16 FG 86 84 OF 6 1c 2c 98 21 16 DE 92 18 G62 3A G62 65 BC 68 16 11 66 ca D9

PROGRAMS

1241:4F 14A1:18 1761:BD

1249:D9 14A9:DG 1769:FG

1251:41 14B1:8A L711277

1259:9D 14B9: 36 1719:38

1261:77 14C1:28 1721377

1269:14 1409: 66 1729:4C

1271:Al 14D1:CG 1731:16

1279:698 14D9:DG 1739:A9

1281:43 14E1:32 1741:71

1289:E3 14E9:GA 1749:01

1291:FG6 14F1:67 1751:62

1299:18 14F9:68 1759:16

12A1:16 1561:1A 1761:3C

12A9:53 1569:AD 1769:A9

12B1:37 1511:18 1771:39

12B9:51 1519:82 1779:7E

12C1:8D 1521:9D 1781:28

12C9:6D 1529:76 1789:G6F

12D1:41 1531:7F 1791:C4

12D9:52 1539:68 1799:A2

12E1:AC 1541:86 17A1:84

12E9:3C 1549:68 17A9:8D

12F1:A8 1551:GA 17B1:A9

12F9:EC 1559: 66 17B9:C8

1361:1D 1561:37 17C1:F@

1369:83 1569: 33 17C9:A9

1311:36 1571:86 17D1:A9

1319: 63 1579: 66 17D9:Cl

1321:2A 1581:62 17E1:12

13293C3 1589:96 17E9: 86

1331:37 1591:Cl 17F1:ED

1339:FG 1599: 2B 17F9:61

1341:A9 15A1:18 1861:8D

1349:AA 15A9:72

1351:33 15B1:FB

1359:AD 15B9:DF es 1361:96 15C1:6F ro) ly D k 1369:BG 15C9:1B n on IS 1371:DD 15D1:8D

eeaee sev iat each issue of the magazine, we offer addi-

1389:D6 15E9:14 tional features and programs every month

1391:2B 15F1:8D on the Gazette Disk. Check out Gazette

1399:99 16P9s 4 Gallery” for original 64 and 128 artwork and

13A1:GE 1641:98 look for our bonus programs as well. These

13A9:0A 1609:17 gt MEM Lee Peta fa Ha : on disk. Here are descriptions of this

13B1:23 1611:74 month's bonus programs

13B9: 36 1619:8A ‘

13C1:4B 1621:8D Labyrinth Adventure

13C9:GE 1629:D4

13D1:C5 1631:5C ATH MOCK

13D9:96 1639:C9 NOU econiiistnd Rebrouees! Wacam abe,

13E1:F9 1641:Ba and a pilfering foe in this two-player adven-

13E9:46 1649:58 ture. Two joysticks and a little greed are

F1:85 : required. TaEaER Weeeens Try to reach the staircase that leads to

1491:9B 1661:A2 another dungeon in this three-level maze, 1469:DE 1669:12 but you can't escape without first collecting 1411:72 1671:E4 some wealth. You can find your own trea- 1419:a9 1679:Bl sure, but it’s more fun to steal your

1421:58 1681: 4 ep peienas: 1429:65 1689:68 Crossword Creator

1431:E6 1691:E9 1439:57 1699:16 Randy Thompson

1441:1B 16A1:88 Have you ever tried to create a crossword 1449:22 16A9:07 puzzle? If you have, then you know how 1451:58 16B1:8D frustrating it can be. With Crossword Cre- 1459:AE 16B9:98 ator you can enter up to 100 words and 1461:BD 16C1:59 have the computer do all the difficult letter- 1469:2A 16C9:5D matching and layout work.

1471:6A 16D1:98 Once you have created a puzzle, you 1479:@D 16D9: 96 can edit it, save it, or erase it. Best of all, 1481:62 16E1:63 . you can print copies and see if your friends 1489:GF 16E9:35 can solve your puzzle. This one is a must

1491:CE 16F1:90G for crossword fans. 1499:CA 16F9:4E

In addition to the type-in programs found in

MEUPIN Ge ale oio ml COMPUTE G39

a $ WW o a ) = = 8 a fx pasa tl Ni a e)

How to Type In

COMPUTE’s Gazette Programs

Each month, Gazette publishes pro- grams for the Commodore 128 and 64. Each program is clearly marked by title and version. Be sure to type in the correct version for your machine. All 64 programs run on the 128 in 64 mode. Be sure to read the instructions in the cor- responding article. This can save time and eliminate any questions which might arise after you begin typing.

We regularly publish two pro- grams designed to make typing easier: The Automatic Proofreader, for BASIC programs, and MLX, for entering ma- chine language programs.

When entering a BASIC program, be especially careful with DATA state- ments, as they are extremely sensitive to errors. A mistyped number in a DATA statement can cause your ma- chine to “lock up” (you'll have no con- trol over the computer). If this happens, the only recourse is to turn your com- puter off and then on, erasing what was in memory. This could cause you to lose valuable data, so be sure to save a pro- gram before you run it. If your computer crashes, you can always reload the pro- gram and look for the error.

(srr [cumwone) QQ “cLROME

CRSR

When You Read: {CLR} {HOME} {UP} {DOWN} {LEFT} {RIGHT}

— —

{RVS} {OFF} {BLK} {WHT} {RED} {CYN}

ala BERR

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G40 COMPUTE JUNE

Special Characters

Most of the programs listed in each issue contain special control characters. To facilitate typing in any programs from Gazette, use the following listing conventions.

The most common type of control characters in our listings appear as words within braces: {DOWN} means to press the cursor-down key; {5 SPACES} means to press the space bar five times.

To indicate that a key should be shifted (hold down the Shift key while pressing another key), the character is underlined. For example, A means hold down the Shift key and press A. You may see strange characters on your screen, but that’s to be expected. If you find a number followed by an under- lined key enclosed in braces (for ex- ample, {8 A}), type the key as many times as indicated (in our example, en- ter eight shifted A’s).

If a key is enclosed in special brackets, K 4!, hold down the Commo- dore key (at the lower left corner of the keyboard) and press the indicated character.

When You Read: {PUR}

{GRN}

ale Eh

{BLU}

{YEL} { Fi} { F2 } { F3 } {Fi } { F5 } { F6 } { F7 } { F8 }

al & PIFENeIEIEEI SE RGMNIEICS

1 9°91

Rarely, you'll see a single letter of the alphabet enclosed in braces. This - can be entered on the Commodore 64 by pressing the Ctrl key while typing the letter in braces. For example, {A} means to press Ctrl-A.

The Quote Mode

You can move the cursor around the screen with the Crsr keys, but ‘you may want to move it under program control, as in examples like {LEFT} and {HOME} in the listings. The only way the computer can tell the difference be- tween direct and programmed cursor control is the quote mode.

Once you press the quote key, you're in quote mode, which can be confusing if you mistype a character and cursor left to change it. You'll see a graphics symbol for cursor left. Use the delete key to back up and edit the line. Type another quotation mark to get out of quote mode, If things get too confus- ing, exit quote mode by pressing Re- turn; then cursor up to the mistyped line and fix it. If the mistake involves cursor movement, you must press the quote key to reenter quote mode. @

Press: See:

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When You Read:

For Commodore 64 Only £13 | COMMODORE

K2q R33 Esq ee | E63 Kk 73 Kk sq

COMMODORE) | 2 |COMMODORE | |

COMMODORE

COMMODORE |

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