APRIL 1993

ALL SAVE YOU TIME AND MONEY

HOWTOBUY ,% PLUS! AND SELL LU hay Vg % _~BIBLE MEETS COMPUTER

USED PCs AND SOFTWARE GRAPHICS WORKS

64/128 VIEW

The lone programmer of the northern plains keeps cranking

out 64 software. Tom Netsel

eaders who type in

Gazette programs will

undoubtedly recognize

Daniel C. Lightner’s name. He lives in Sidney, Montana, a town of about 5500 people in the eastern part of the state near the North Dakota border. Sid- ney may not be a hotbed of Commodore activity, but it doesn't dampen Lightner's enthusiasm for the 64. Here are portions of a letter he sent me that demonstrate the spirit and dedication he shares with many 64 users.

“| have a program that | sent to Accolade in March of 1991. They sent it to a de- veloper in New York who ept it for more than a year. Accolade finally wrote me saying that they had decid- ed to no longer support 64 software. So after much hought, my spouse and | have decided to take a stab at marketing it ourselves.

“We have tried to tabu- ate the cost requirements and equipment that would be involved, where to buy supplies, and things like hat. We have been confer- ring with small business rep- resentatives and have recent- y established a base from which to operate. It’s called MicroStorm Software.

“At present, we have one product. The program is called Risers and Sliders. I've had several friends and family members learn to play it, and they all seem to enjoy it. It's an addicting game, and | believe people will get many hours of enjoy- ment from it. | realize it isn’t Super Mario Brothers, but | believe it has a place along- side programs such as Boul- der Dash and Qbert.

“After reading your editori-

al (requesting new soft- ware), I've decided to send the program to you for re- view. That will help us de- cide on a course of action. We have every intention of expanding, especially in the 64 area.”

People who are active in user groups benefit from sharing ideas with other 64 owners. Lightner, however, doesn't have that luxury.

“There were only three oth- er people in this area that | knew who owned 64s. Two of them have gone to the PC and no longer turn on the fun one. The other was my computer pal, and he moved to Washington three years ago. | feel like the Lone Ranger. | was on Q- Link, but there weren't any lo- cal access numbers within 250 miles. | had to call Bis- mark, North Dakota, to ac- cess it. That cost me about $20 every time | called.

“I've been trying to come up with some programs that you might want to publish, but this Micro nightmare has been pigging most of my time. When | do, I'll send them in. Winter is the best time for programming. The children are in school, and it's too cold to be out of doors. It gets down to 30 be- low O around here, averag- ing about 10 below at night. | can't think of anything more rewarding than being published in Gazette.”

Thanks for sharing your programs with our readers. We'll be looking forward to seeing more type-ins as you and Montana start to thaw. Risers and Sliders arrived and is out for review. | hope you and other 64 enthusi- asts will keep us informed of your activities. a

GAZETTE

64/128 VIEW G-1 Some Gazette contributors keep cranking out programs.

By Tom Netsel.

BEYOND STATE OF THE ART G-2

The newest computer isn’t always the best one when it comes to exercising the brain. By Don Radler.

REVIEWS G-8 Western Heritage and Draw-Print in Color. FEEDBACK G-12 Questions, answers, and comments.

BEGINNER BASIC G-16

Examine the STEP parameter in FOR-NEXT loops. By Larry Cotton.

MACHINE LANGUAGE

Encrypt messages with your 64. By Jim Buiterfield.

PROGRAMMER’S PAGE

Unformat a disk and other tips from readers. By Randy Thompson.

GEOS

Hot GEOS programs on QuantumLink. By Steve Vander Ark.

D‘IVERSIONS G-24

Teachers turn raw ingredients into multimedia stew. By Fred D'Ignazio.

G-18

G-20

G-22

PROGRAMS

Drop-Down Macros (64) G-25 Baffles (64) G-28 Large Number Calculator (64) G-31 File Index 128 G-33 Memory Flexer (64) G-34 IRA Minimum Distribution (64) G-35 Snakey (64) G-37 The Automatic Proofreader (64/128) G-40

APRIL 1993 COMPUTE G-1

MACHINES CONTINUE

STATE OF

TO HOLD OUT PROMISE

THE ART

A recent peek into the world of the manufacturers’ point of view,

PCs made me give new thought they simply have to be elt

to what our Commodores really chased.

do for us, | was called upon by Mimicking the way cars. are

a couple of friends and relatives sold, PC manufacturers s

_ to help them with their new . their machines’ spee

| wasn't much help 3 power. Then they throw in an

know any computer like | do r my “automatic transmission” to

64, but | try. make them easy to drive—the — As | was trying, | noticed user-friendly interface. In the

something striking. Since most words of one computer industry —

_ computer users point and click analyst reacting to the

to make their machines do home PC offerings, “Custo

things, they don't c rn are paying for the no-

what's behind that user-frien _ nature of the machine

graphical interface :

‘becomes just like ¢ a eee

washing machine. It's just an-_ their brains. A GUI nee

other home appliance. command line interface h For manufacturers which Commodore users give

‘home computers by the millions, their machines instructions in

‘that’s exactly what they have to be: tools that are easy to use.

They don't have to be under- understand. (It's not a big leap

stood, they don't have to be from the simple disk-operating used at anywhere near their commands of the command line potential, and they ertainly interface to actual prog! mming, don't have to enhan which is computing

_ owners’ intellectual gr From demanding—and most Fé ward- =

“ILLUSTRATION BY RENE ‘MILOT =

ing—activity. That's why a large per- centage of Commodore users pro- gram more than PC owners do.)

The Macintosh, whose look and feel launched GuUls in the first place, was described by Joel Shurkin in Engines of the Mind as “a machine that requires almost no knowledge of computers. ... The user does not have to learn operating system com- mands. All that is required is moving the mouse to the right picture and clicking a button, and the machine does the rest.”

In December 1990, Robert Bixby, writing in the PC section of COM- PUTE, said this about GUls:"Users like graphical interfaces, find them easy to work with, and can even develop an affection for them—three statements that could never be made about the command line interface.”

Then, in the July 1992 issue, William Harrel described many PC owners’ feelings about program- ming:“The word programming brings to mind never-ending lines of confus- ing and unforgiving computer code complete with bugs and a lot of trial and error. Who needs it? Let the pro- grammers program. Just give me soft- ware that does what it's supposed to.”

Those quotes pretty well cover the attitude of most non-Commodore computer users I've talked with. It's an attitude considerably different from that of the loving owners and fans of the Commodore 64 and 128. The dif- ference was presaged way back in January 1986 when Fred D'Ignazio wrote a column in COMPUTE!’s Gazette about software then on the drawing boards known as “smart power tools." Fred wrote: “In less than five years, computer tools’ power, complexity, and richness will be com- pletely masked from the user. The tools will edit our prose, reshape our ideas, organize our information, and manipulate our numbers, all with almost no supervision by us. Microcomputer companies will have satisfied their critics at last.”

We may be satisfied, but as D'Ignazio points out,"we will have sac- rificed something even greater—con- trol. To be so easy to use, smart pow- er tools will have to take control over the problems we want solved. The human's job will be reduced to push- ing buttons.”

D'lgnazio warned that computers “as easy to use as a TV” could become a threat to our thinking skills. Most people would simply accept the machines’ answers, never wondering if the answers were right or wrong and never caring how they were derived. G-4 COMPUTE APRIL 1993

When that article appeared, it read like science fiction. Today, as we all know, it's the state of the art.

A Mindless Approach

This mindless approach is fostered by many schools once they install computers. Look into what they call computer literacy, and you'll see that they're simply teaching how to use the computer as an appliance. Typically, most schools have kids load user- friendly programs and then instruct them to follow the prompts, pointing and clicking away. Does this help kids learn anything beyond just pushing another button?

You would assume that any kind of computer literacy is better than none at all. But the way computers are used in most schools won't attract the best and brightest into computer science. And it won't help America compete with other nations in the Information Age.

If you think this isn't already a seri- ous problem, look at the cover story in the September 28, 1992, issue of Business Week about how Japan's Hitachi is threatening to become the world’s premier technology company. In that article the author said that Hitachi holds the largest portfolio of Japanese patents and has topped America's list of patent earners for most of the last decade.

It seems to me that 64/128 users have been blessed with some special protection against the trend toward computer unwittingness that stems from PC owners’ love affair with user- friendly design.

Walk into a store like Babbage’s and look at the shelf space allotted to software for the 64 and 128. It's way down from your last visit, isn't it? Read the ads for new software and see how few titles are issued for the 64 or 128 in comparison to Amiga, Mac, and IBM. Pretty sad, as many letter writers have noted.

Or is it?

A Little Help

Obviously, the big boys are support- ing the Commodore market less and less. But the little guys who started it all in the first place, the hackers and inventors who really wanted to know what made their machines tick—those guys are still there. They develop hardware like CMD’s RAMDrive and software like Ron Hackley’s Fun Graphics Machine. They find new things for old machines to do, many of them things that are done no better by the whiz-bang state-of-the-art plat- forms. And they share their knowl- edge, expertise, and products with

the Commodore community.

In the Amiga, Mac, and PC worlds—the hotbeds of today’s com- puter development—state-of-the-art means more power, more speed, and more storage capacity. But above all, it means more ease of use. That's where the action is. And that's where the 64/128 user is being left out.

Is that bad? Maybe not.

Most home PCs are used the way most Commodores are used: for word processing, recordkeeping, home fi- nances, and for playing games. For these purposes, the bigger PCs sim- ply don't need all the speed and power they have.

An Educational Process Meanwhile, our 8-bit Commodores, with much less speed and power, successfully handle all of these activi- ties and much more. Because we have to think about them and figure how to get the most from them, we tend to learn from them. The process of using our machines remains an educational process. This is true, at least in part, because we use words and numbers to communicate with our computers and don't just mindlessly point and click.

Cultures that have not yet learned to read and write interact without symbol- ic words and numbers. By relying on verbal forms of communication, people in these cultures handle abstract ideas poorly. Their language skills remain stunted; as a result, their social pro- gress is retarded. It's arguable that pointing and clicking in place of com- municating with words and numbers is, indeed, a regressive move toward such a preliterate culture.

A New Dark Age

In the Information Age, the GUI may well be the harbinger of both comput- er and general illiteracy. The mouse might turn out to be a mole, the leader of a lemminglike rush into a faster and more powerful Dark Age. Once again, we might find ourselves the victims of thoughtless application of the technol- ogy we invent in an attempt to make our lives better. In his Briefer Psychology, way back in 1890, William James wrote that “the more other facts a fact is associated with in the mind, the better possession of it our memory retains.”

In contrast, simply pointing and clicking at some icon leaves the facts and the relationships between them hidden within the machine, giving little exercise to the human brain.

Alan C. Kay was the original designer of the Macintosh GUI. In a

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special issue of Scientific American on “Communications, Computers and Networks” (September 1991), he expressed some thoughts and con- cerns about ideas versus the repre- sentation of those ideas.

“In the near future, all the represen- tations that human beings have invented will be instantly accessible anywhere in the world on intimate, notebook-size computers. But will we be able to get from the menu to the food? Or will we no longer understand the difference between the two? Worse, will we lose even the ability to read the menu and be satisfied just to recognize that it is one?"

Thanks to the early Commodore years without GUIs and other user- friendly software and thanks even more to computer magazine writers and editors, | pretty much know what goes on inside my machine. Name a memory address, and | probably know what function it controls and what values | can poke in to get the result I'm looking for. Judging from their letters in "Feedback" and by the fact that most of them have had their machines for nearly five years, so do many other Commodore users. (| don't exclude GEOS users. Most of them became familiar with their machines before GEOS came along.)

Now that the big boys have turned away from the Commodore and are devoting their time to making no-think software for the state-of-the-art plat- forms, I'm convinced that most 64 and 128 owners will continue out of neces- sity to learn more about their machines.

Get to Work

If you're an active 64 or 128 user, you may be doing many or all of the things in the following list. For those readers who aren't, however, here are some intriguing activities to pursue with a Commodore.

@ Transfer your personal records to disk using SpeedFile from Gazette, or build a file of magazine articles of interest to you using a modified ver- sion of the swift and powerful Gazette Index.

@ Try word processing with SpeedScript. Use one or more of Ga- zette’s many accessory programs to modify SpeedScript to your needs.

@ Take a crack at desktop publish- ing with a program like Newsroom from Springboard, or try sketching or cartooning with Blazing Paddles from Baudville or with Doodle from Crystal Rose. The Fun Graphics Machine from the FGM Connection is another good choice. For an even easier bit of artis-

G-6 COMPUTE APRIL 1993

tic expression, see what you can do with the graphics characters right on your keyboard along the lines de- scribed in an article that | wrote in Ga- zette (June 1991).

@ Get into music with Basically Music from Gazette, the simplest way I've ever seen to control all three voic- es of the powerful SID chip.

@ Try some programming in BASIC, which is as easy a language as there is. Programming will hone your logic and planning skills like nothing else. If something you write in BASIC runs too slowly for you, get hold of a compiler like Blitz! from Skyles Electric Works or BASIC 64 from Abacus.

@ Teach yourself another comput- er language such as Logo, C, or Forth, or even try machine language. Gazette provides plenty of help for the latter in every column that Jim Butterfield writes.

@ Type in a RAM disk program from the several that have been fea- tured in Gazette through the years. This software enhancement acts like a superfast disk drive, calling up pro- grams as quickly as you can enter the command.

@ lf you don't yet have one, get a

WHAT ARE YOu DOING HERE ON SATURDAY f,

cartridge that speeds up loading pro- grams, such as the Epyx FastLoad that | use. Most of these cartridges include several utilities, such as disk and file copiers. They start at quite reasonable prices.

@ Buy a modem and start to telecommunicate with other Commodore users. You can do this one-on-one over a local telephone line, through a bulletin board service (BBS), or on a large online network such as QuantumLink.

@ Join a Commodore user group and meet with others who share your interest in computers.

However forsaken your Com- modore computer may be by its man- ufacturer and now by most of the big software producers, there's still plenty of life in the 8-bit world, You can see proof of that every month in COM- PUTE's Gazette and at user group meetings all over the world. Continue to approach the Commodore as something you enjoy because you think about it, not because you can use it without thinking at all.

Feel bad because the state of the computing art is passing you by? You really shouldn't. In fact, maybe you should feel thankful. a

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REVIEWS

WESTERN HERITAGE

You don't have to be a city slicker like Billy Crystal to en- joy a taste of the Old West. Now, you can experience it in the comfort of your own home with a new graphics |i- brary from Horse Feathers Graphics. Called Western Heritage, this software is a creative collection of 90 graphics, 42 borders, and 11. fonts (including one that's a secret code of Indi- an symbols). This program is perfect for horse lovers everywhere, but there's more to Western Heritage than its name implies.

First of all, the name is mis- leading. Granted, the major- ity of borders and graphics in this library are Wild West related—cowboys-and-Indi- ans stuff—but it also con- tains borders and graphics for a variety of equestrian ac- tivities. Such items as Eng- lish saddles, miniature stee- plechasers, boots, hunt caps, and riding crops make up seven of the bor- ders. The artwork includes graphics for polo, horse rac- ing, jumping, and veterinary medicine, as well as a blue- ribbon graphic for certifi- cates and awards. So if you're planning a barbecue, a hayride, a horse show, or even a polo match, you'll be able to find the perfect graph- ics for your posters, invita- tions, and decorations in Western Heritage.

Kids will especially enjoy using the Indian Symbol font. This unusual font con- verts the standard keyboard characters into 57 authentic Indian symbols. A handy ref- erence card lists the Indian meaning of each symbol as well as the keyboard letter or number that creates it. Us- ing the card, kids can cre-

G-8 COMPUTE APRIL 1993

ate secret messages by ei- ther replacing letters with symbols or, for a more au- thentic exercise, using the In- dian translations of the sym- bols to create messages.

Press the T key, for exam- ple, to print a thunderbird. This can be used with the symbols from other letters to form a word. However, in In- dian picture writing, the thun- derbird means happy. So kids could use the thunder- bird in a message to wish a friend a happy birthday. As a mother who has raised three children, | know the In- dian Symbol font has a lot of potential as a rainy day ac- tivity for young children.

According to the manufac- turer, Western Heritage re- quires The Print Shop 2.0 or 1.0 with The Print Shop Com- panion or The Graphics Li- brary Holiday Edition. | exper- imented using just version 1.0 of The Print Shop and found that you can still incor- porate graphics from the Western Heritage disk into cards, posters, and so on. If you want to use the Western Heritage borders and fonts, however, you have to use The Print Shop Companion. You'll also need the Compan- ion package if you want to modify any of the borders and fonts. Western Heritage works with both sides of The Print Shop disks, with 7- and 9-pin printers.

GEOS users who don't have The Print Shop can ex- periment with simple conver- sion programs and change the graphics into ones that are usable with geoPaint. This will allow you to use the graphics with GEOS without using The Print Shop at all.

The Western Heritage col- lection is well worth check- ing into because it isn’t the sketchy outline graphics that you sometimes see in clip art kits. These are

unique and detailed de- signs. The set includes por- traits of several notorious out- laws (Jesse James, Butch Cassidy, William Bonney) as well as good guys like Daniel Boone. The portraits look like they were adapted from woodcuts of the 1800s.

In addition to portraits, there are generic drawings of cowboys, wranglers, min- ers, square dancers, and In- dians. Several whimsical car- toons complete the portrait group, making this a very versatile graphics program.

Then there are typical Western graphics: wagon wheels, brands, rope, cattle, and six different types of car- tiages and wagons. But what good is a wagon with- out a horse? The program of- fers a choice of 24 different varieties, including such fa- vorites as Appaloosa, Mor- gan, Arabian, show horse, race horse, Clydesdale, and wild bronco. There’s even a picture of Santa's sleigh be- ing pulled by a pony.

Some of the graphics are wonderfully detailed. My fa- vorites are the Indian chief, rain dancer, bull rider, and pony heart. This last one is an intricate combination of a heart and a pony’s head. These designs aren't just re- hashes of other graphics; they're all original art creat- ed by Donna C. Mason.

The Western Heritage fonts remind me of Wild West wanted posters and old saloon signs. You can al- most hear spurs jingling when you look at them. The kit also has fonts called sticks, twine, and rope that look like letters created from those materials. An un- usual part of the kit is a rath- er ornate font called Very English. At first, its curlicues and curves seemed out of place in this Western pack- age. Later, | wondered if the

designers weren't poking subtle fun at the greenhorns and dandies on their Eng- lish saddles who were also a part of the Old West.

Western Heritage is pack- aged in a handsome, shrink- wrapped three-ring note- book, with the disk safely tucked into an inside pock- et. The reference manual is filled with tips and sugges- tions. To get you started, Horse Feathers has includ- ed several ideas for posters, letterheads, and cards. Your imagination will sug- gest hundreds of others. With these graphics, it'll be easy to design your own unique invitations for that Western party | mentioned earlier. You can make deco- rations and posters for the event, too. Print time varies, depending on the printer you own, but it took me ap- proximately an hour to de- sign and print a dozen invi- tations. If you decide on a border, graphics, and font ahead of time, you can do it even faster.

You can also make repli- cas of Old West wanted post- ers. There are step-by-step directions for this in the ref- erence manual. More ad- vanced users can use geo- Paint or scanner programs to incorporate pictures of their friends into posters of wanted desperadoes.

All in all, | think you'll find Western Heritage offers great graphics and is easy enough for most kids to use. It makes a great addition to your graphics library.

MARTI PAULIN

Commodore 64 or 128, The Print Shop 1.0 or 2.0, The Print Shop Com- panion or The Graphics Library Holi- day Edition—$24.95

HORSE FEATHERS GRAPHICS N. 27310 Short Rd.

Deer Park, WA 99006-9712 (509) 276-6928

Circle Reader Service Number 414

Roques Print Shop

Prine Shop V1

143 Western Designs for Print Shop, FGM, and Compatible Programs for the 64/128 Commodore Computers

WESTERN HERITAGE

& Companion

Graphics, Borders, and Fonts for the Print Shop . rey Sep via Holdtay Eaton eee

NOW uses the same printer as your Print Shop Side A or Side B

ad

Priet Shop,

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We take: Visa or | GRAPHICS Master Card

509-276-6928

Version for the Commodore 64 Inchider 9 Pin and 7 Pin Printers

Create a Total Western Environment with 143 designs 90 Graphics, 42 Borders and 11 Fonts for the Print Shop.

+ All New Western Designs by Professional Artists.

+ Instructions to make 10 Gunfighters of the Old West, Wanted Posters.

» Authentic Indian Symbols Font, designed for secret messages

+Matching Fonts, Borders, and Graphics, for a Professional look.

«Comes in a Beautiful Collectors Notebook, to Organize your Creations.

+ Old Ranch Brands, Wagons, Horse Shoes, Cattle, English Riders, Gunfighters, Indians, Cowboys, Ropes, Hats, Boots, Saddles, and more.

Ss fhe 7 R

hails GRAPHICS : Horse Feathers Graphics, N. 27310 Short Road, Deer Park, WA. 99006-9712

Circle Reader Service Number 234

Yes, save time and money! Subscribe to the Gazette Disk and get all the exciting, fun-filled Gazette pro- grams for your Commodore 64 or 128—already on disk!

Subscribe today, and month after month you'll get all the latest, most challenging, and fascinating programs published in the corresponding issue of COMPUTE.

New on the Gazette Disk! In addition to the programs that appear in the magazine, you'll also get outstanding bonus programs. These programs, which are often too large to offer as type-ins, are available only on disk—they appear nowhere else. As another Gazette Disk extra, check out

Bible Search 3.2

. The entire Old & New Testament text on 4-1541/71 disks.

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Includes: C64 & C128 programs; screen, printer and disk output;

users guide, disk case. Available on 7-1541/71, or 4-1581 disks. "@ Any questions? Call or write for more information.

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Big Blue Reader 128/64 - 4.0

Transfers word processing, text, ASCII, and binary files between

(64/128 and IBM PC compatible 360K 5.25" and 720K 3.5" disks.

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Supports drives # 8-30. New Backup (C128) and Format (1571/1581)

programs, Reads MS-DOS sub-directories, uses joystick, and more, Includes C128 & C64 programs. Requires 1571 or 1581 Disk Drive, Big Blue Reader 128/64 - 4.0 only $44.95

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Order by check, money order, or COD. US funds only. "© FREE book rate shipping in US. No Credit Card orders. Canada & Mexico add $4 S/H, Overseas add $10 S/H ($5 BBR

) SOGWAP Software @ (219)724-3900

115 Bellmont Road; Decatur, Indiana 46733

“Gazette Gallery,” where each month we present the very best in original 64 and 128 artwork.

So don’t waste another moment. Subscribe to- day to COMPUTE’s Gazette Disk and get 12 issues for only $49.95. You save almost 60% off the single- issue price. Clip or photocopy and mail completed coupon today.

Individual issues of the disk are available for $9.95 (plus $2.00 shipping and handling) by writing to COMPUTE, 324 West Wendover Avenue, Suite 200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408.

YES! Start my one-year subscription to COMPUTE’s Gazette Disk right away for only $49.95.*

O Payment enclosed (check or money order)

OCharge OMasterCard O Visa

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* Residents of NC and NY, please add appropriate sales tax for your area. Canadian orders, add 7% goods and services tax.

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Mention this ad and receive a 1541/C64 Diagnostician (a $6.95 value) FREE with any $30.00 parts/repair order

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Label Printout 1, NEEDED BUILT- Read-Edit-List-Print-Delete; Fast Search by 4 methody/6 types + “Unique” Search searches and/or print from any set of unique letters in record. CORRECTION Routine restores files/limited power safeguard PRINTOUT BY DATA FROM ANY OF 9 FIELDS. FIFLD/CHARAC- TER SIZE; Name/32 Address/32 City/25 State/20 Zip/10 SS or L.D/11 Phone #/12 Remark 1/30 Remark 2/30 total 202 Characters

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NOTHING HIDES FROM RFI - RELAX - LET RFI DO THE WORK FOR YOU! BUILD A LIBRARY OF LIST DISKS WITH RFI. Cost = $39.95 + $4 S/H USA; Canada and Mexico + $6 S/H; Overseas + $10 S/H. Check or Money Order Only! 2 to 5 weeks delivery.

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Space... The C-128 Frontier

MICRO DESIGNS P.O. Box 1235 Manassas, VA 22110

$19.95 each or $29.95 for both.

Check or Money Order

SPACE {Travel troup the galery visting 15 sm Syn. PIRATES uy, sell and loot precious cargo for profit. Avoid the Federation Space Police, pirates and ION storms. Navigate the Asteroids of Orion, seeking theirhidden ‘pleasure’ planet. Hi-Res graphics, sound effects, strategic and tactical features. STARSHIP Command a Starship from 22 classes in 5 Empires. BATTLES Colorful Hi-Res Graphics. Dynamic sound effects. Cloaking Devices plus many game customizing features in this tactical simulation.

The classic best-selling ————

Commodore 64 reference guide. Mapping the Com- modore 64 and 64C is a comprehensive memory guide for beginning and advanced programmers.

MAPPING THE

Commodore

64 &64C

To order your copy send $18.95 plus $2.50 for shipping and handling (U.S., $4 to Canada and $6 other) to COMPUTE Books, c/o CCC, 2500 McClellan Ave. Pennsauken, NJ 08109. (Residents of NC, NJ, and NY please add appropriate tax; Canadian orders add 7% Goods and Servic- es Tax.) All orders must be paid in U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank. Orders will be shipped via UPS Ground Service. Offer good while supplies last.

G-10

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

REVIEWS DRAW-PRINT IN COLOR

As a new owner of a Star Micronics NX- 1000C Rainbow printer, | soon discov- ered that there wasn’t a whole lot of soft- ware that supported its color printing capabilities. As a matter of fact, there wasn't any except geoPaint. So when | discovered a program that would al- low me to create and print color graph- ics with my printer, that piece of soft- ware was a blessing. That program is G. P. Software’s Draw-Print in Color paint program for the NX-1000C and a 64 or 128.

This program comes with a very com- prehensive manual and two function key overlays: one for the 64 and the oth- er for the 128. A two-step loading proc- ess is required to boot this program, which is not copy-protected. From there, you're prompted to select either text mode or bitmap mode, both of which are available.

With Draw-Print in Color, you draw and color your own graphics on a 320 x 200 bitmapped screen. The drawing pencil or crayon can be controlled from the keyboard or mouse. The pro- gram does not support joysticks. (For this review, I'll call the drawing imple- ment a crayon.) There are several cray- on aspects that you can adjust to suit your own preferences.

You control the crayon’s three modes—Color, Move, and Erase— with the right mouse button or the 1 key on the keyboard. With the number keys 2-9, you can adjust the size of the crayon’s tip from one to eight pix- els in width for drawing, coloring, or erasing. The left mouse button chang- es the crayon’s color. You can also use the up arrow or space bar to achieve the same function from the keyboard. | found the up arrow to be the best se- lector of the three, taking me through the range of colors one color at a time. The space bar and mouse button cycle so quickly through the colors that it's difficult to stop on the desired one.

When | used the large-crayon set- ting to color, the tip skipped and jumped erratically in the direction the crayon was moving. When | tried to col- or a large area of the screen, the cray- on would jump into an area of the draw- ing that | didn’t want colored. Erasing had similar results.

draw continuous lines with the curso keys in their respective directions.

With this program, you have the abil- ity to create detailed graphics in the drawing area. Draw-Print assigns the function keys to turn a coordinate dis- play on or off, switch between bitmap and text modes, erase the screen, and invert the position of the crayon. Invert- ing the crayon, however, also changes the crayon’s mode of operation, which | found objectionable.

The coordinate display in the lower right corner of the screen, used to tead the crayon’s position on the screen, becomes important when mak- ing accurate horizontal or vertical mir- ror images of portions of the screen. Af- ter you flip the screen, your graphic image may lose some of its color infor- mation due to the 8- x 8-pixel limitation of hi-res bitmapped graphics. This should happen only with a full screen rotation, however.

A method for stamping or pasting im- ages is also described in the manual. The background and border colors will not appear on the final printed doc- ument. This feature is here only to per- mit you to view your drawing against dif- ferent color contrasts. If you select a white background, that will give you an idea of how your graphic will look when printed on paper.

You must enter text mode to save or print your finished drawing. From this mode you can also load previously cre- ated graphics. Should you have a prob- lem with the loading or saving process, the drive's error channel is displayed in the lower left corner after each disk function. This section of the program is very straightforward and easy to use. To abort any of the functions, just press the Run/Stop key. Specific error messages generated by the program are also described in the manual.

| think you'll find that Draw-Print in Color is the only program that you'll need to start drawing graphics and printing them in color on your Rainbow printer. The only feature missing that | would like to see here is the ability to load other graphic formats. But for those of us who have color printing ca- pabilities and want to put them to use, Draw-Print in Color is just the program we need. | think this would be a good program for Star to package with its Rainbow printers, just as Commodore did with GEOS and the 64.

KENNETH MURCHISON

Commodore 64 or 128, Star Micronics NX-1000C Rainbow printer—$14

G. P, SOFTWARE P.O. Box 571 W. Long Branch, NJ 07764

Circle Reader Service Number 415 ao

C64/128 PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE REQUEST FREE CATALOG or send $2 for sample disk and catalog (RE- FUNDABLE). Categories include education, utilities, games, business, PRINT SHOP graphics, pre-tested programs and more. Rent for 75¢ or

buy as low as $1.00 per disk side or for 80¢ for 70 or more. $20 order gets 4 free disks of your choice. NEXT DAY SHIPPING!

@ CALOKE INDUSTRIES (Dept. GK) % PO BOX 18477, RAYTOWN, MO 64133

SINCE 1986

Circle Reader Service Number 181

mea DISK MAGAZINES FOR 64 & 128 4

Great Programs & Articles From Both Sides of the Atlantic! C64 ALIVE! is U.S. produced. LIGHT DISK and clubLIGHT are UK produced, C64 ALIVE! Sample disk $3: 5 issues ending 12/92 $20; 6 issues starting 1/93 $25 clubLIGHT Single issue $5 LIGHT DISK (only 4 issues) 8 Disks $30 LIGHT DISK and clubLIGHT are for 64/128 — C64 ALIVE! is 64 only — FOR DELIVERY —

IN U.S.: Jack Vander White, C64 ALIVE!, P.O. Box 232115, Sacramento, CA 95823 Outside North America write for prices.

Circle Reader Service Number 229

DEPENDABLE SERVICE FOR YOUR COMMODORE! C-64, 1541, C-128, or 1571:==FAST Turnarounn!

$25.°° pLus parTS AUTHORIZED COMMODORE Send computer* or drive with name, ad- SERVICE CENTER dress, phone, & describe problem. We'll eK, RAE. call with parts estimate, then repair and 90 DAY WARRANTY return to you insured by UPS. Payment ‘ON ALL REPAIRS can be COD or VISA, M/C. Minimum jh ee charge, estimate only is $20. * Include power supply.

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Circle Reader Service Number 242

yf WINGS OF CE THE OF MYTH AND CIREE C-64 or C-128 in 64 mode ARCADE/ROLE PLAYING GAME Assume the role of Circe and Pegasus!

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Circle Reader Service Number 113

Upgrade your Commodoara systam Refurbished Hardware New APROTEK modems MONITORS DRIVES OTHER 6478 -7Ariga-2400 Baud— $119 WOI- F219 54t- F 99 cod- $99 User switeh-$44 Convert-A-Com-F45

$239 154te- F109 |ac- Tus S259 1541-ll-F139 1z3- F179 1802D-$279 1571- F169 iwsp-T329 1302- $299 1581- F1Ts 1902 $319 1881SFOF139 $2 1084— $329 1530 Datasette-T39 1084S $349 Buseard-l- 359 BOOKSF1G—15 ttertaces— $3IS-F75 RL Battery-T29 SOFT 35-28 512k Rarn ExpanderFI79 MEW DRIVES! FOZOOO-319 FDAOOO-F419 Aik For ach! woe meget fare af RTClock-+525 ED diskscID)- F105 J.P. PBM PRODUCTS BY MAIL Send CON funds, USA 1S%exchange NSheridan Mall Postal Qutlet.Box #68515 15 Day Warranty on refurbished goods DOWNSVIEW, ONTARIG, M3L 160 TAX-Canada+7X%GST.Ontario Res.48%PS1 Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. SHIPPING-C— .-$188=18%,-F208=82 Cataloge disk on 64 format Fz ~F499= B8+=6%). USA=15%

JIFFVDOS DRIVE ROMS- Ramlink & Rameard-ICOk) & Battery $36S Rarnlinks bas: o Rameard=Il-$ 109

IMag-F69 — 4Meq-F219

APRIL 1993 COMPUTE G-11

G-12

Missing text, saving

partially entered programs, border graphics, and more

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

FEEDBACK

Bug-Swatter

After the January issue was printed, we noticed that two lines of type in John Elliott's feature, “Thanks for the Mem- ory,” were lost at the printers. Here's what you missed.

The top of page G-4 should read "Since it installs in- ternally in the 64 and 128 and their drives.”

And the article ends on page G-6 with “to the point that you can challenge the ca- pabilities of machines costing thousands more.”

Although there wasn't much text left out, the omis- sions certainly made for con- fusing reading.

The mailing address listed in the review of Invoice Writer Il (December 1992) is incor- rect. To order this program, send $10 to Maurice Randall, P.O. Box 606, Charlotte, Mich- igan 48813. We regret print- ing the old address.

Herbert Bradle of Beth- page, New York, had trouble with line 0979 of Sub Attack II (August 1992). MLX would not accept it. We found that a printing imperfection caused the Fin the last value to look like an E. Line 0979 should read as follows.

0979:25 AQ 1C 47 09 18 AS 80 FC

Save Before Quitting

When entering a program from Gazette, | often am inter- rupted before | can enter the entire program. When this hap- pens, | turn off the peripherals but leave the computer on un- til | can resume typing. On oc- casion, several days elapse before | can return to the pro- gram. How can | save the por- tion of the program already typed in? This happens in BA- SIC, and with MLX, escape is impossible. Retyping the en- tire program from the begin- ning is very frustrating.

JACK CHRISTLAW

LIVONIA, MI

Many Gazette program list- ings are quite long, and typ- ing them in at one sitting is of- ten impractical if not impossi- ble. It’s not necessary, howev- er, to leave your computer on with the program in memory until you can enter the entire listing. It's quite easy to work on incomplete programs, add- ing to them whenever it's con- venient.

When you're typing in a BA- SIC program from Gazette and you have to quit before you've entered the entire list- ing, simply save what you've entered so far. Give it a file- name and save it with the Usu- al SAVE command. When you're ready to resume work on it, load the file—but don't try to run it—and simply re- sume typing where you left off. If you can't remember which was the last line you en- tered, list the program to find out. The last line in the listing will be where you left off.

You can repeat this proc- ess any number of times until the entire program has been entered. Just be sure to save the current version with a unique filename. You may want to add a number to each filename to identify the latest version: PROGRAM1, PROGRAM2, and so on. If you like, you can scratch ear- lier versions to clear them from your disk. Just be sure to save your final version be- fore you attempt to run it. Your program could contain syntax errors and more seri- ous problems that could cause it to crash.

When entering a machine language program with MLX, our machine language entry program, the process is han- dled by means of a menu. When you run MLX, a Com- mand menu appears before you start work. It presents op- tions to enter data, display da- ta, load a file, save a file, and quit. When you begin typing

in a program, you enter the starting and ending address- es and then the data itself. Should you decide to quit dur- ing a session, press Return at the beginning of a line, and the menu will reappear. Note the address where you stop since you'll need it when you begin work again. Select the Save option from the menu and enter a filename with which to save the data that you've entered so far.

When you're ready to re- sume work, load and run MLX again, using the same start- ing and ending addresses that are listed in the maga- zine. Select the Load File op- tion from the menu and load your incomplete program. Af- ter the program loads, the menu will reappear. Select the Enter Data option, but this time use the address where you left off to resume en- tering data. If you want to check what you've entered so far, use the Display Data op- tion to see it.

For more complete informa- tion about using MLX, read the instructions that are print- ed with its listing. MLX is print- ed in Gazette several times a year. You may also write to “Typing Aids” in care of our Greensboro office for a free copy of MLX and The Automat- ic Proofreader.

Above the Border

| have tried and tried to figure out how software program- mers make graphics appear over the border. Could you ex- plain how to do this and how to utilize it in my own pro- grams?

MATT PAKES

PLANO, TX

Graphics that appear in the border areas are normally sprites. These are the most easily implementable objects not constrained by border di- mensions. Although sprites

Gazette index

Everything’s included! Features, games, reviews, education/home applications, programming, bugswatter, feedback, and columns!

A superb interface includes pull- down menus, help screens, and keyboard, joystick, or mouse con- trol. Features include super-fast searching and sorting capabilities. An options screen allows you to choose text colors, drive number, and input device. And there’s full documentation on disk.

Choose from three modes of opera- tion—browse for quick scanning, view for detailed information and descriptions, and edit for adding items from upcoming issues—and print to any printer. There’s even a turbo-load option for maximum disk-access speed.

ORDER YOUR GAZETTE INDEX TODAY!

(MasterCard and Visa accepted on orders with subtotal over $20.)

To order, send $7.95 per disk, the quantity of disks ordered, check

or money order,” your name and

complete street address:

Gazette Index

324 West Wendover Avenue Suite 200

Greensboro, NC 27408

*Please add $2 shipping & handiing ($5 f

each disk (residents of NC, NJ, NY ple:

cable sales tax; Canadian orders, add

and set S tax).

All payments must be in U.S, funds, Please allow 4 weeks for delivery.

The

GRAPEVINE GROUP ,._,,

commopore upcrapes § !2C 512K RAM EXPANDERS

By special arrangement with Commodore, we have purchased. 512K 1750 RAM expander units for your C64 or C128 computer. These have been factory upgraded from 1764. Now keep up with the latest technology. Upgrade to 512K with a simple plug-in module. Completely compatible and comes with software. If you have a C64 you will need a heavier power supply (4.3 amp), which we will give you for $31.00. C128 users do not need this power supply. This is the original Commodore unit with over 800,000 sold. Last chance to get more memory! .. S$! Super 1750 REU CLone (512K). Does not require a larger power supply .

SPECIALS

© COMPUTER SAVER: This C-64 Protection System saves you costly repairs. Over 52% of C-64 1} failures are caused by malfunctioning power supplies that destroy your computer. Installs in seconds between power supply & C-64. No soldering. 2 yr. wty. An absolute must and great seller..$17.95 @ PRINTER PORT ADAPTER by Omnitronix. Avoid obsolescence. Allows you to use any Commodore (C-64) printer on any PC compatible or clone. Does not work with Amiga. ... $34.95

COMMODORE DIAGNOSTICIAN II

Originally developed as a software package, then converted to a readable format, the Diagnosti- cian has become a fantastic seller. With over 38,000 sold worldwide, Diagnostician II utilizes sophisticated cross-reference grids to locate faulty components (ICs) on all C-64 and C1541 computers (C-128/64 mode). Save money and downtime by promptly locating what chip(s) have failed. (No equipment of any kind needed.) Success rate from diagnosis-to-repair is 98%. Includes basic schemati $6.95 (Available for Amiga computers with 3%” disk at $14.95).

NEW POWER SUPPLIES

Al e Asuper-heavy, repairable, “not sealed” C-64 power supply with an output of 4.3 amps (that's over

$2 3x as powerful as the original). Featuring 1 yr. wty., ext. fuse, schematics, UL approved... $37.95 (Includes bonus Commodore Diagnostician II (valued @ $6.95)

hard disks, etc. An absolute must for those adding on more memory/peripherals (e.g. Prima) \: Works in all countries worldwide. A natural replacement. $86.95 Ny" © A200 110/220 volt P/S (200 watts/fan) by Commodore 129.50

REPLACEMENT/UPGRADE CHIPS & PARTS

4164 (C-64/RAM) C-128 ROMs Upgrade (set 3). C1571 ROM Upgrade (310654 5 C-64 Keyboard (NeW)....ssssseseeees C64 Cabinet (new)... wee ‘> Interface Cables: #690 C64 to 1541/1571 disk drive. #693 C64 to 3 pin RCA (eg. 1084) 1541/1571 Drive Alignment Super Graphics by Xetec Service Manuals for C64,

EMERGENCY STARTUP KITS

Save a lot of time and money by repairing your own Commodore or Amiga computer. All chips are direct socket plug-ins (no soldering). Each kit includes all you need to “start up"/revive your broken computer. Originally blister packed for the government PXs worldwide, this series is now available to you. Total cost savings per kit far exceeds purchasing chips on an individual basis.

KIT #3 (Part #DIA 15) for C64 Symptoms: No power up ® Screen lock up ® Flashing colors ® Game cartridge problems Contains: ICs #PLA/82S100/906114, 6526, Commodore Diagnositician, Fuse, Chip Puller, 8 RAMs, Schematic, Utility Cartridge & special diagnostic test diskette with 9 programs An $87.50 value for only $29.95

KIT #4 (Part #DIA 16) for C64 Symptoms: Control Port * Sound ® Keyboard ® Serial device problems Contains: ICs #6526, 6581, 8 RAMs, Commodore Diagnostician, Fuse, Chip Puller, Basic Schematic, Utility Cartridge & special diagnostic test diskette with 9 programs A $79.80 value for only $29.95

KIT #5 (Part #DIA 17) for 1541/1571 Symptoms: Drive runs continuously * Motor won't stop @ Read errors © No power up Contains: ICs #6502, 6522, Fuse Chip Puller, Basic Schematic, Commodore Diagnostician & special diagnostic test diskette with 9 programs An $70.10 value for only $29.95

KIT #1 (Part #DIA 14) for Amiga 500/2000 Kit corrects 28 symptoms and includes: Two 8520A CIA Chips, 8362, 8370, 8364, Chip Puller, Fuse, Schematic, Diagnostician Booklet & The Final Test Diskette. A $224.00 Value for $99.50 w/8373 Super Denise .. poner bopeneresti ah -$109.95 A $79.80 value for only $29.95 Send For Free Catalog 3 CHESTNUT ST, SUFFERN, NY 10901 ® ORDER LINE 1-800-292-7445 FAX 914-357-6243 CUSTOMER SERVICE: 914-368-4242 © INTERNATIONAL ORDER LINE: 914-357-2424 We Ship Worldwide ® Prices subject to change ® 15% Restocking Charge Holiday Hours: 9-7 E.T. M-F; 10-2 E.T. Sat.

Tell a friend you've heard it through the Grapevine.

DUCeVER

Circle Reader Service Number 145

Changing the disk

drive number via the

hardware method,

and enhancements to

G-14

File Logger

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

FEEDBACK

can occupy positions beyond the border, they're not normal- ly visible because the border has a higher priority than the sprites. In other words, the bor- der is the last thing drawn.

The way to actually display sprites over the border in- volves fooling the VIC display chip into not knowing where the border is supposed to Start. This is done with the ver- tical fine-scrolling function. By setting the SCROLY register at location 53265 ($D011) to 25-row mode and then switch- ing.to 24-row mode in the last line of text (by using a raster interrupt), the VIC chip never realizes that it should begin displaying the border, The top and bottom portions of the border disappear.

To learn the details of ras- ter interrupts and how to use them for border graphics, you might try reading Commodore 64 Programmer's Reference Guide from Commodore and Mapping the 64 from COM- PUTE Books,

Cutting Jumpers

| have two 1541 disk drives and want to change the ad- dress of one of them via the hardware method. | followed the instructions in the owner's manual but can't tell which wires are the jumpers in ques- tion. Please help.

M. A. BROWN GREENSBORO, NC

The “jumpers” referred to in the instruction manual are ac- tually two round disks of sol- der, each about % inch in di- ameter. Each disk is separat- ed into semicircles, with a thin strand of solder connecting each half.

Unplug the power cord from the wall and open the disk drive following the instruc- tions in the user's manual. The jumpers are found near the center of the circuit board, toward the front. Jump-

er 1 is nearest the front.

Changing the device num- bers is accomplished by tak- ing a sharp, pointed object and scratching away the thin strand of solder connecting the two halves on one or both of the jumpers. Do this very carefully so you don't dam- age the circuit board or any other components.

Here's a chart showing which device numbers are pro- duced when you cut various jumpers in your drive.

Jumper New Device Cut Number None 8

1 9

2 10

1 and 2 1

Changing the disk drive num- ber via the hardware method is permanent unless you're handy with a soldering iron; so don’t do so unless you have to. If you're unsure about exactly what you're do- ing, have your local Commo- dore dealer do the modifica- tions for you.

File Logger Update

I've just finished loading and testing Roger Bachelder's File Logger program (June 1992). It's a good program, but I've come up with an en- hancement. The following lines can be added.

425 IF ASC(KS)>191 THEN K=ASC(KS+CHRS(0))-192: GOTO 440

This code will allow the pro- gram to handle locked files, those that are protected from being scratched.

Also, whenever the original version comes across a file that has been scratched, it lists the file type as XXX. If you don't want scratched files to be listed at all, then add the following line to the program.

375 IF KS="" ” THEN 520

DONALD KLICH MT. PROSPECT, IL

Rename Disk

In order to keep track of my pro- grams in an orderly fashion, I'd like to change the disk name to something more meaningful that would correspond to the disk’s contents. Without format- ting and naming a new disk and copying the files to it, is there a simple way to change a disk’s name?

JIM MASTRANGELO LAWRENCE, KS

Here’s a short program that should do the trick. It asks for the new disk name; pads its length to the required 16 char- acters; opens disk and direct access channels 15 and 8; reads track 18, sector 0 into a buffer; moves the buffer point- er to the first byte of the disk name; puts the new name in the channel 8 buffer, replac- ing the old name; writes the buffer and name to the disk; and then closes the channels.

10 INPUT“NEW DISK NAME”;NNS

20 IF LEN(NNS)<16 THEN NNS =NN$+CHRS(160):GOT020

30 IF LEN(NNS)>16 THEN NNS=LEFTS(NNS, 16)

40 OPEN15,8,15,"'1"

50 OPENS,8,8,"°#"

60 PRINT#15, “U1:"8;0;18:0

70 PRINT#15, ‘“B-P:"8;144

80 PRINT#8, NNS;

90 PRINT#15,““U2:"8;0;18;0

100 CLOSE8:CLOSE15

Note that this program doesn't affect the disk’s two- character ID; it changes the name only. Keep a separate ID for each disk.

Send your questions and com- ments to Gazette Feedback, COMPUTE Publications, 324

West Wendover Avenue, Suite 200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408. a

PUMP UP

YOUR PRODUCTIVITY!

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the Gazette Graphics Grab Bag!

The 1992 Best of Gazette Utilities

Seize control of your operating system and your world!

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___The 1992 Best of Gazette Utilities

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Mail this coupon to COMPUTE's 1991 Utilities, 324 West Wendover Ave., Ste. 200, Greensboro, NC 27408.

STEP lets your

64 count in increments greater than or

less than 1.

G-16

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

BEGINNER BASIC

Larry Cotton

THROUGH A LOOP IN STEPS

Continuing with our look at FOR-NEXT loops, this month we'll examine STEP, an option- al BASIC keyword used inside these loops. Whenever STEP is omitted, the counter inside a FOR-NEXT loop increases in increments or steps of 1. If we assign a number to STEP, it in- creases—or decreases if it's a negative number—in incre- ments of that number. Here's an example that prints the odd numbers from 1 to 10.

10 FOR T=1 TO 10 STEP 2 20 PRINT T 30 NEXT

To print the even numbers, use FOR T=2 TO 10 STEP 2. STEP can be either positive or negative. The following will count down from 10 to 1.

10 FOR T=10 TO 1 STEP -1 20 PRINT T 30 NEXT

STEP can also have a deci- mal value.

10 FOR T=1 TO 10 STEP .5 20 PRINT T 30 NEXT

Run this, and it will spit out a column of numbers from 1 to 10 in steps of .5: 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and so on.

Here's a short program that makes use of a couple of machine language routines to plot a sine wave on the 64 or 128's high-resolution screen. You can see how various val- ues of STEP influence how fast and completely the sine wave is drawn.

SB 16 FORT=49152T049327:READA: POKET,A:NEXT

JP 20 POKE820,14:REM SCREEN CO LOR

MC 3@ K=256:XL=828:YL=830:M=49 152:A=90:B=48:C=20

PR 40 SYS49262:REM COLOR/CLEAR

PF 5@ REM MAX X=255!

CG 60 FORX=@TO255STEP.5 DF 70 Y=INT(A+B*SIN(X/C)) XX 86 GOSUB100:NEXT JK 98 GOTO9d PA 1006 POKEXL,X:POKEYL,¥:SYSM: RETURN SG 1609 DATA169,0,133,254,56,1 69,199,237,62,3,72,41, 248,10,38,254,10,38,25 4,18,38 PK 1610 DATA254,72,141,64,3,16 5,254,141,65,3,104,10, 38,254,10,38,254,109,6 4,3,133 QM 1626 DATA253,165,254,109,65 +3,133,254,173,66,3,41 ,248,101,253,133,253,1 73,61,3 CP 1030 DATA1G1,254,133,254,16 4,41,7,101, 253,133,253 1165,254,105,32,133,25 4,173,660 CC 1048 DATA3,41,7,170,189,101 7192,141,63,3,166,0,17 7,253,13,63,3,145,253, 96,128 FB 1050 DATA64,32,16,8,4,2,1,8 G,169,8,13,24,208,141, 24,208,169,32,13,17,20 8,141,17 PR 106 DATA208,169,63,133,216 1169,0,133,215, 168,145 1215,160,63,162,32,145 7215,136 HM 1076 DATA2G8,251,198,216,20 2,208,246,169,4,133,23 2,169,0,133,231,168,17 3,52,3 GS 1086 DATA162,4,145,231,200, 208,251, 230,232,202,20 8, 246,96

STEP appears in line 60. Try changing its value and note the effect when you run the program again. Even if you don’t understand what's happening in this program, you can see the immediate val- ue of STEP in a FOR-NEXT loop. Incidentally, to restore a normal BASIC screen, hold the Run/Stop key and tap the Restore key.

Another valuable use for STEP is to create interesting sounds. Here's a short pro- gram that plays a truly funky sound.

GF 16 FORL=54272T054295:POKEL, @:NEXT: POKES4296,15

FQ 20 FORD=1T0500:NEXT

KS 30 POKE54278,255

HA 40 POKES4287,4

XM 5@ POKES4276,23

HH 60 FORA=1TO13@STEP.3

DP 70 POKE54273,A

AK 80 NEXT DA 94 POKE54278,0

Again, STEP is in line 60. The decimal parts of the val- ues aren't actually poked to 54273 in line 70, but the STEP size slows the program

just enough to enhance the sound. Changing the STEP size and other values in the program creates an infinite va- riety of otherworldly sounds that you may want to try.

Right now I'm going to de- part from my usual column and include a few para- graphs that you might expect to read in “World View.” | was in Germany late last year and picked up a copy of 64’er (das Magazin fur Computer Fans). The machine is definite- ly alive and kicking on the oth- er side of the Atlantic. Here are some of the highlights of this German publication for 64 and 128 users.

The 64 was prominently fea- tured in many ads at around 233 Deutsche marks (about $150). Other items offered in ads were 1541 disk drives (about $160); a mouse; the Fi- nal Cartridge; scanners; digitiz- ers; and, of course, viele Spie- le (many games).

Speaking of games, the “64'er Hit Parade” contained a list of the ten hottest sellers in Germany: Turrican 2 (Rain- bow Arts), Zak McKracken (Lu- casfilm Games), Turrican (Rain- bow Arts), Pirates (Micro- Prose), Maniac Mansion (Lu- casfilm Games), Grand Prix Circuit (Accolade), Last Ninja 3 (System 3), Oil Imperium (Re- line), Creatures 2 (Thalamus), and Tetris (Mirrorsoft).

The articles are in German, but if you read that language, you could enjoy articles on copy protection schemes, a program of the month (submit- ted by readers), fast loaders, MIDI, 3-D high-resolution imag- es, and readers’ games that would fit in 2K.

Regular columns include “Assembler Corner,” “Profi Cor- ner” (a disk control program in ML), and “Software Cor- ner." One column attracted my attention so that | felt com- pelled to translate completely. It was “BASIC Corner.” O

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G-17

Encrypt and decrynt

secret messages

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your 64,

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

MACHINE LANGUAGE

Jim Butterfield

ENCRYPTION

There's no security in substitu- tion ciphers, but there are a number of simple encryption methods that cannot be bro- ken too easily. A simple exam- ple is the Vignére method of en- cryption, which uses a key- word to encode each letter of the message individually. Another simple encryption technique called a Caesar ci- pher adds a fixed value to each letter. If we add 3 to each letter, Abecomes D, Bbe- comes E, C becomes F, and so on. (At the top of the alpha- bet, letters wrap around, so that Z becomes C.) To de- code, we would subtract 3. The Vignére cipher, in con- trast, adds a different value to each letter; these values are taken from a keyword. Suppose our Vignére key is the word COMPUTE. The first letter, C, is the third letter of the alphabet, so we could off- set the first character of our se- cret message by 3. The 15th letter is O, and the 13th is M. So the second and third char- acters of our message would be offset by 15 and 13, respec- tively. In this way, a simple mes- sage such as FEED ME would be ciphered to read ITRT HY. Note that the three Es in the original text become three dif- ferent letters in the cipher text. To decrypt the message, you would need the key, and you would subtract the offset. Let's write a simple Vignére ciphering program using the word COMPUTE as our key. It will encode only unshifted al- phabetic characters. The code starts at hex address 2000, decimal 8192; at that point, we reset our pointer to the start of the keyword. 2000 A2 00 LDX #$00 Then we get the next char- acter from our key string. At the end of our key, we'll reset

X and do it again. After we get our key character, we move X to the next position.

2002 BD 3F 20 LDA $203F,x 2005 FO F9 BEQ $2000 2007 £8 INX

Reduce the key character to a number in the range 0- 31 and store it. A valid alpha character will be in the range 1-26. If we are encoding, we'll add this value; if decod- ing, we'll subtract.

2008 29 3F AND #$3F 200A 8D 01 21 STA $2101

Time to input from the key- board. Save the X register, get the input key, and restore the register. If there’s no key pressed, do it all again.

200D 2010 2013 2016 2017

8E 00 21 STX $2100 20 £4 FF JSR SFFE4 AE 00 21 LDX $2100 A8 TAY

FO F4 BEQ $2000

If the input is not in the range A-Z, skip the enciphering.

2019 C9 41 CMP #$41 201B 90 1A BCC $2037 201D C9 5B CMP #$5B 201F BO 16 BCS $2037

We encipher by adding the key value. On the other hand, if we are deciphering, the next two bytes will be changed to read $38, $ED (SEC, SBC) so as to subtract the value.

2021 18 CLC 2022 6D 01 21 ADC $2101

We'll skip over some code that adjusts the character if the math takes it above or be- low the A-Z range. The adjust- ment basically adds or sub- tracts 26, the number of let- ters in the alphabet.

The enciphered character is printed, and we go back to

get another key value.

2031 20 D2 FF JSR $FFD2 2034 4C 02 20 JMP $2002

If the input character was not in the cipher range, we print it. If it's a Return, we quit.

2037 20 D2 FF JSR $FFD2

203A C9 OD CMP #$0D 203C DO CF BNE $200D 203E 60 RTS

Tacked onto the end is the cipher key. There's plenty of room for your own key here; it may be longer. Don't forget to put a binary O at the end.

203F 43 4F 4D 50 55 54 45 00 :COMPUTE

The BASIC program is straightforward. It's set for en- coding; to decode, change lines 130 and 240 to the val- ues in the REM statements.

To encrypt a multiline mes- sage, call SYS 8192 for the first line and SYS 8194 for the remainder. That way, the key won't be reset for each line, and your code will be harder to break.

100 DATA 162,0,189,63,32,240, 249,232,41,63

110 DATA 141,1,33,142,0,33,32, 228,255,174,0,33,168

120 DATA 240,244,201,65,144,26, 201,91,176,22

130 DATA 24,109: REM 56,237

140 DATA1,33,201,91,144,2, 233,26,201,65,176,2,105,26

150 DATA 32,210,255,76,2,32,32, 210,255,201,13,208,207,96

160 DATA 67,79,77,80,85,84,69,0

170 REM THE ENCRYPTION KEY SPELLS COMPUTE

200 FOR J=8192 TO 8262

210 READ X:T=T+X

220 POKE J,X

230 NEXT J

240 IF T<>7730 THEN STOP: REM 7890

300 PRINT “ENTER LINE OF TEXT:”

310 SYS 8192 a

The Gazette

emcee a

Manager

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Most commands can be performed with a single keypress!

Memo Card—Unleashes the power of a full-blown database without the fuss! Nothing’s easier—it’s a truly simple computerized address file. Just type in your data on any one of the index cards. Need to edit? Just use the standard Commodore editing keys. Finished? Just save the data to floppy. What could be easier?

Financial Planner—Answers all of those questions concerning interest, investments, and money manage- ment that financial analysts charge big bucks for! You can plan for your children’s education and know exactly how much it will cost and how much you need to save every month to reach your goal. Or, decide whether to buy or lease a new car. Use the compound interest and savings function to arrive at accurate estimates of how your money will work for you. Compute the answer at the click of a key!

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Name

Address City

State/ up/ Province Postal Code

Send your order to Gazette Productivity Manager, 324 W. Wendover Ave., Ste. 200, Greensboro, NC 27408,

G-20

Destroy data, speak pig Latin, print SEQ

files, and more.

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

PROGRAMMER’S PAGE

Randy Thompson

PROGRAMS FROM READERS

Here are some more interest- ing, useful, and amusing tips submitted by our readers. If you have a good program- ming tip, I'd like to see it.

Disk Unformatter

A reformatted disk still holds your old data—just the disk's directory and BAM (Bit Alloca- tion Map) are actually erased. In fact, any hacker with a disk editor could resurrect most if not all of your data. If you want absolute data secu- rity or if you're just plain para- noid, use the following pro- gram to erase a disk complete- ly. WARNING: Be sure you don't have any important da- ta on the disk in your drive when you run this program.

UNFORM

CS 18 AS="M-E"+CHRS (5) +CHRS (2) ?FOR I= TO 33:READ AzAS =AS+CHRS (A) :NEXT

RQ 20 OPEN 15,8,15:PRINT#15,A$ :CLOSE 15

MD 30 DATA 162,1,32,26,2,126,1 69,206,32,21,254,88,166, 6,232,224,41, 208,239,162

PM 40 DATA 18,134,6,169, 246,13 3,0,36,0,48,252,76,9,254

This program essentially de- stroys the disk’s DOS format- ting—thus the name Disk Un- formatter. If you want to use the disk, you'll have to format it once again.

HONG PHAM. ANTIGONISH, NS. CANADA

Habla Ig-Pay Atin-Lay? Here’s an amusing program that translates English (or any- thing else you throw its way) in- to the ever-popular language known as pig Latin.

PIG LATIN

XJ 16@ PRINT:INPUT "ENTER WORD "JAS:IF AS="" THEN END X=1:MS=MIDS (AS, 2,1) :1F {SPACE}MS="H" OR MS="L" OR MS="R" THEN X=2 PRINT MIDS(AS,1+X) ;"-"; MIDS(AS,1,X)+"AY" PRINT:PRINT "ANOTHER WO

EM 116

MQ 124

EG 136

RD (¥ OR N)?" KG 146 GET KS:IF KS<>"y" S<>"N" THEN 140 DP 150 IF KS="¥" THEN 100 SCOTT LANG TIGARD, OR

AND K

Persistent Colors

Run this program to set your screen's colors, and they'll stick around—even after you press Run/Stop-Restore.

COLORS

HM 1@@ REM COLOR RESTORE

AR 116 FOR I=52992 TO 53042:RE

AD D:POKE I,D:C=C+D:NEX

as

IF C<>67@5 THEN PRINT "

ERROR IN DATA STATEMENT

S":END

INPUT "BORDER COLOR (@-

15) "5B

POKE 53280,B

INPUT "BACKGROUND COLOR (8-15) "7B

POKE 53281,B

INPUT "CURSOR COLOR (6-

15) "7B

POKE 646,B

SYS 52992

DATA 173,134,2,141,166,

207,173,33,208,141,162,

207,173,32,208

DATA 141,161,207,162,29

,160,207,142,0,3,146,1,

3,96,172

DATA 160,207,146,134,2,

172,161,207,140,32, 208,

172,162,207,140

DATA 33,208,76,139,227,

8

PH 120

KP 1306

EB 140 RH 150

JC 160 aS 170

DS 180 AE 190 XE 200

os 210

QF 226

HK 230

This program is designed to work on the 64 only.

GEZA LUCZ KINIZS!, HUNGARY

Sequential File Printer

Greg Waggoner wrote this pro- gram to help a friend set up a BBS. It sends sequential text files to the screen or the print- er. While reading or printing a file, you can pause the pro- gram by holding down the Shift key or abort the program by pressing the Back Arrow key. When the program reach- es the end of a file, it stops and asks you to enter anoth- er filename. Just press Return to exit the program.

FILE PRINT RR 10 PRINT "{CLR}":D=8 XM 26 PRINT:ES="":INPUT "PILEN

AME";FS:IF FS="" THEN EN D GP 3@ OPEN 15,D,15:OPEN 8,D,8, "Oz"+FS+",S,R":CLOSE 8:1 NPUT#15,E£,E$:CLOSE 15

XG 48 IF E THEN PRINT E$:GOTO

{SPACE}24

PRINT "{RVS)S{OFF}CREEN {SPACE}OR {RVS}P{OFF}RIN TER?"

GET K$

IF KS="S" THEN 160

IF KS="P" THEN 158

GOTO 66

OPEN 8,D,8,"G:"+FS+",S,

RM" RK 110 IF PEEK(653)=1 THEN 110 HB GET KS:IF KS="<" THEN C GoTo 20 GET#B,AS:IF ST=64 THEN {SPACE}CLOSE 8:GOTO 20 PRINT AS;:GOTO 114 OPEN 8,D,8,"Q:"+FS+",S, R":OPEN 4,4,7

IF PEEK(653)=1 THEN 160 GET KS:IF KS="<" THEN C LOSE 8:CLOSE 4:GOTO 20 GET#8,AS:IF ST=64 THEN {SPACE}CLOSE 8:CLOSE 4: GOTO 26 GK 199 PRINT#4,A$;:GOTO 15

GREGG WAGGONER OLNEY, TX

Fs 50

MB 66 MQ 76 RA 86 FH 96 Qu 100

EQ 130

FD 140 EB 150

GQ 168 PQ 178

PB 180

Ascending Tones

You've probably seen (and heard) programs that pro- duce clicks whenever you press a key, but this program is a little more melodic. When you type or enter code, you'll hear an ascending tone as the cursor moves toward the tight side of the screen. Press Return, and the tone re- turns to where it started.

TONES

BP 106 FOR 1=49152 TO 49228:RE AD D:C=C+D:POKEI,D:NEXT IF C<>9456 THEN PRINT"E RROR IN DATA STATEMENTS ":STOP

$YS49152

DATA 126,169,43,162,192 7141,26,3,142,21

DATA 3,162,25,169,0,157 255,211, 202,208

DATA 256,169,63,141,5,2 12,169,240,141,6

DATA 212,169,17,141,4,2 12,169,15,141,24

DATA 212,88,96,166,203, 224,64,240,18,169

DATA 17,141,4,212,165,2 11,105,14,141,1

DATA 212,141,0,212,76,4 9,234,169,16,141

DATA 4,212,76,49,234,23 1212

R. THOMPSON EUGENE, OR

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programs for GEOS

G-22

that can be found on Q-Link.

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

GEOS

Steve Vander Ark

WHAT’S HOT ON QUANTUMLINK

Programs being written these days by people such as Kent Smotherman and Irv Cobb are so clever and interesting that | could almost say we're see- ing the golden days of GEOS shareware. The pace may have slowed, but the quality of the work is better than ever.

We've seen a lot of great GEOS programmers over the years. Many of them have moved on to other platforms, but their work survives them in the GEOS libraries on Quan- tumLink. Here's a brief tour of the latest Q-Link uploads.

One of the recent uploads to Q-Link has done what everyone knows can't be done: change BSW, the GEOS system font. Irv Cobb is the fellow responsible for do- ing the impossible with his re- cent file CHANGE-BSW.ARC (uploaded by Irv Cobb).

This little AUTO-EXEC file will change the system font, BSW 9 point, into one of sev- eral other 9-point fonts during boot. You heard right: The sys- tem font, the untouchable and often unreadable BSW, is no longer out of reach. This file in- cludes four fonts you can use, including a boldface version of BSW. This program runs on the 64 or the 128, but affects only the 40-column system font. Irv is promising a version which will change the 80-col- umn BSW as well.

Kent Smotherman has been pouring out scads of neat little GEOS programs late- ly. His latest wonders are a chess recordkeeper (CHESSE- CRETARY2, uploaded by Kent LS) and a_ utility (BOOTIE) that automatically fires up AUTO-EXEC files on any drive other than the one you're booting from.

Those who have gritted their teeth and struggled with

the mouse editor in Preferenc- es will appreciate another of Kent's programs. Mouser al- lows you to browse through photo albums, find a likely

bitmap, and copy it to your

pointer. A file called MICE, al- so uploaded by Kent, is a small album of likely images. Gateway users in particular will appreciate Kent's directo- ry manager program (DIRMAS- TER, uploaded by Kent LS), With Directory Master you can sort and rearrange GEOS disk directories to your heart's con- tent. It runs perfectly well un- der Gateway, a program which has needed a way to organize directories efficiently. Directory Master includes fea- tures to make easier the mun- dane task of keeping every- thing straight and orderly. Kent is continually adding to the libraries, so by the time you get there to look around, you might very well discover more treasures with his name on them. All Kent's programs are specifically designed for the 64, but many of them will work just fine on the 128, There's plenty more. One which | will certainly be using is Diskmaster, uploaded by Ste- ven E. Eyrse. (His onscreen name is ScenicFilm.) This utili- ty changes master disks to reg- ular GEOS disks, which means that you no longer have to move files to the bor- der of your boot disk in order to throw them out. The current version changes the disk stat- us only temporarily, since GEOS changes it back auto- matically the next time you re- boot. A more permanent ver- sion has been promised. Another program from Sce- nicFilm is Calcmove. The cal- culator desk accessory is slight- ly modified by this program to appear at a new, user-speci- fied position. The whole proc- ess is as easy as a few mouse clicks, and the result can make the calculator even

more useful by getting it out of the way of your work. Steve's programs are specifically writ- ten for the 64.

Take a look in the other librar- ies of GEOS files, and you'll find more treasures waiting for you. In the font library, for ex- ample, you'll find several new LQ fonts to be used with GEOS LQ, the incredible new printer control system found in CMD's Perfect Print collection. Try BLKLETTERS LQ upload- ed by Aqua Regia or ITAL- IQUE LQ by JonS1.

George Wells has upload- ed a complete selection of printer drivers to support the Epson-compatible 9- and 24- pin printers. These drivers do everything from printing in mul- tiple passes to printing color documents in shades of gray. Just wander into those librar- ies, and you'll find his excel- lent files everywhere.

So, what impossible things will these talented folks think of to do next? You never know, There are still a few ap- plications GEOS lacks. For ex- ample, itneeds a terminal pro- gram to support 2400 bps and an 80-column desktop publish- ing package. My personal dream is to see a presentation program that will let the user create a script similar to a Hy- perCard stack on the Macin- tosh and display screens of in- formation, complete with sup- port for multicolor graphics, geoRAW digitized sounds, and SID music files. The basic concept is straightforward, and the Commodore is certain- ly capable of doing the job.

What about you? If you have any great ideas for GEOS programs, let me know. I'll keep track of them and, if | get enough good sug- gestions, I'll publish a wish list in an upcoming column. You can contact me through this magazine, or electronically on Q-Link (SteveV14), or GEnie (S.VANDERARK). a)

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of

Combine a variety ingredients with a healthy dash of

imagination to create a multimedia stew.

G-24

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

D'IVERSIONS

Fred D'Ignazio

MULTIMEDIA MULLIGATAWNY

When three science teachers came to my multimedia work- shop recently, they brought lots of raw materials to make their own multimedia lessons. They brought pages of leaves from their leaf collections. They brought their bug collec- tions. They also brought their Encyclopedia of Animals vid- eodisc collection from Optical Data. As soon as they arrived at.my workshop, the teachers got busy making things.

They propped their bugs on amusic stand and used a vid- eo camera to scan color imag- es of the insects into the com- puter. They put pages of leaves facedown in my Howtek personal color scan- ner and created beautiful, full- color computer images of the foliage. They used my color and gray-scale hand scan- ners from Logitech to capture photographs they had brought from manuals, guide- books, and personal photo collections.

They captured sounds from audio CDs: surf breaking on the coast in Cape Cod; fierce, crashing waves in a chill- ing winter storm; soft sounds of water lapping on a creek bed; wind whistling through trees; leaves flapping and crunching in late fall; and bugs humming and buzzing.

The teachers brought these materials from their “teacher drawers” and “teach- er closets.” They were science specimens and slices of the re- al world that spiced up chil- dren's lessons and brought a tired, dusty curriculum to life.

In my workshop, the teach- ers learned how to use a com- puter to stir these ingredients into a rich multimedia stew filled with sounds, captions, still images, video, and back- ground music. Next they took

turns collecting video bites of their colleagues. These were tiny video and audio clips of each teacher explaining key concepts or describing the specimens. We turned these tiny clips into pop-up windows on the computer screen. We wove them into a minitutorial and a pop quiz on inverte- brate animals such as the amoeba, the volvox, and the vorticella.

| think of my multimedia classroom as a kitchen for as- piring multimedia chefs. The teachers and students bring a hodgepodge of potluck curric- ulum materials to my kitchen, and | teach them how to cook up a delicious multimedia dish.

What kinds of ingredients do my multimedia recipes call for? Almost anything will do! Teachers come to my work- shops hauling boxes of stuff, including old photos, leaves, bugs, fish, textbooks, crafts, sculptures, paintings, chil- dren's pictures, art, souvenirs, fossils, rocks, tree branches, CDs, tapes, videos, musical instruments, library books, but- tons, stamps, playing cards, trading cards, and so on.

In my multimedia work- shop, | show my apprentice chefs how these ingredients from the real world add sound, color, and moving imag- es to their lessons. | encour- age them to take this same cookbook approach back to their classrooms to make their lessons more meaningful and exciting for their students.

In the multimedia kitchen, | stress that the two most impor- tant ingredients are your body and your imagination! Recent- ly, | worked with a group of math teachers. What does math have to do with multime- dia? A lot, really, when you remember that most children— and most adults—are mathpho- bic because they can't visual- ize math concepts and can't

apply math rules and symbols to everyday problems.

| challenged my math chefs to cook up some math- ematical concepts using only their bodies and the tables and chairs in our classroom. Over the next hour of the work- shop | was amazed at all of the ingenious—and hilarious— concoctions that the chefs dreamed up. Here are a few of their scenarios.

¢ Ahuman fraction consisting of three math teachers kneel- ing on top of a table and four kneeling underneath a table.

¢A moving equation of “sets"consisting of teachers rushing in and out of groups based on their ages, heights, gender, grades taught, and big numbers they wore on their name badges.

« A human graph made up of three teachers of ascending height holding up a fourth (much thinner) teacher de- monstrating a line on a graph with a positive slope.

Each time a team of chefs presented a math concept, we captured the concept on video as a still image inside the computer. We entered a computer paint program and added captions and arrows to the image. Then, we digitized a math teacher's voice, and challenged students to identi- fy the concept correctly.

If you were called into the kitchen, what kind of multime- dia potluck could you bring to- gether? What kind of multime- dia dish would it be fun for you to cook up? What special sights, words, and sounds can you combine that will bring a subject you love to life? You might have the poten- tial to become a gourmet mul- timedia cook or at least a short- order chef at a multimedia fast- food restaurant. a

PROGRAMS

DROP-DOWN MACROS

By Richard Penn

There are many utilities for programming the function keys on the 64—many even double the available number with key combinations to 16. The trouble is, the more function key combinations you have, the harder it is to remember what they all do. With 16 key combinations to remember, it isn’t exactly obvious what Shift-Ctrl-f5 does.

With Drop-Down Macros you'll never forget which function key combination to press. This utility for the 64 lets you select any of 16 macros from a pull-down menu. Simply highlight your choice with the cur- sor keys and hit Return to execute the macro. That command then executes as if it were typed on the keyboard. For fast- er operation, all 16 macros have function key shortcuts too.

You can say good-bye to cumber- some key commands and CHR$ codes that other programs require for defining function keys. With Drop-Down Macros, programming macros was never easier. You can even incorporate or pick up com- mands from the screen.

Getting Started

Drop-Down Macros is written entirely in machine language; enter it with MLX, our machine language entry program. See “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this sec- tion. When MLX prompts you, respond with the following values.

Starting address: COO0 Ending address: CEFF

After you've finished typing in the pro- gram, be sure to save a copy to disk with the name Drop-Down Macros.

Activation

To activate Drop-Down Macros, load the program with the ,8,1 extension, type NEW, and then type SYS 497152. Along with a message informing you that Drop-Down Macros has been in- stalled, you'll see several commands to get you started.

Three Ways

Drop-Down Macros is flexible and friendly. It lets you access macros in three ways. You'll probably use the menu most of the time. Press Ctrl-Shift

at any time, and the names of all 16 macros appear in a window. You can cursor to any macro and press Return to activate it. If you call the menu and then change your mind, press Run/ Stop to cancel it.

Next to each command is its func- tion key shortcut. Once you've become familiar with a macro, you can bypass the menu and activate the macro by pressing the appropriate keys. You can press f6, for example, to list a disk's directory.

Keys f1-f8 are printed in one color on the menu since they're the standard function keys. Keys f9-f12 are another color to remind you that they're ac- cessed by holding down the Commo- dore key in conjunction with one of the four function keys. Similarly, the last four function keys are accessed with the Ctrl key. To prevent key conflicts, the function keys are disabled while a program is running, but the menu still works.

Picking up Macros

Unlike some utilities, Drop-Down Mac- ros makes it very easy to program new macros. Simply press Ctrl-Return, and you'll be prompted for the key to de- fine. Highlight the macro that you want to program from the menu and hit Re- turn or, alternately, press its function key. (As before, press Run/Stop to can- cel the menu.)

Next, you'll be asked to type ina name for the macro. This is the five- character name that will appear on the menu; any characters beyond five are truncated. When you've named the mac- To, you'll be prompted for the com- mand itself. This line of code can be up to 80 characters (two screen lines) in length. Enter commands in the order that they're to be executed and use the back arrow (E) to indicate a Return keypress. Whenever Drop-Down Mac- ros executes a macro in direct mode, it will print a “live” Return for each back arrow.

You can also “pick up” commands already printed on the screen. When Prompted to enter a macro, use the cur- sor keys to move the cursor to the line that you want to pick up and press Re- turn. Drop-Down Macros picks up logi- cal lines, so the cursor can be any- where on the line when you press Re-

turn. Also, remember to add a back ar- row to the end of a line if you want the macro to execute automatically.

For example, if you're writing a tricky macro, first test it in direct mode. When it’s working correctly, press Ctrl- Return and enter a name. Cursor up to the macro, add a back arrow to the end of it, and hit Return to pick it up.

If you need to list a group of lines of- ten, put the LIST command in a macro that's selected with a single keypress, such as f1, 3, f5, or f7. From then on, pressing that one function key will put you in business.

When defining macros, note that the input routine lets you use all keys (it us- es the 64's built-in BASIC editor). This can pose problems. Moving the cursor past the bottom line, for example, will make the screen scroll, and pressing Shift-Clr/Home will clear the screen. These potential problems are trade- offs for the line-pickup feature.

Saving Macros

If you've defined several macros and want to save them, press Ctrl-D (think D for disk) and enter a filename at the prompt. To cancel the saving process, press Run/Stop-Restore. This will save a new copy of Drop-Down Macros with your special macros included. To reload them, load this file in place of the original program.

Built-in Power

Drop-Down Macros comes with 16 de- fault macros, As you'll see, many of these are rather powerful. It's not prac- tical to type all of these manually, but when they're only a menu away, they're very handy to have. Here’s a list of the default macros.

RUN runs the program currently in memory.

ASCII prints a chart of ASCII codes. Press Ctrl to slow the listing or Run/ Stop to halt it at the desired spot.

LIST lists the BASIC program that is in memory.

SCREN prints a chart of screen codes. As with the ASCII chart, press Ctrl to slow the listing or Run/Stop to stop it.

HARD sends the program listing to the printer without printing the READY prompt at the end of the listing. Make sure your printer is turned on before

APRIL 1993 COMPUTE G-25

PROGRAMS

you select this macro. CGAG:DG 14 AY 7F 8D BD DC 26 36 |c2pG:FC C9 DB DG E4 AD 11 DB AD DIR loads the disk directory into |C@A8:CF Cl A9 81 8D 6D DC 4c 76 memory. COB0:31 EA A5 C5 CD 92 C9 FG D3

COB8:F6 8D 92 C9 C9 46 FG EF 29 BLANK blanks the screen to prevent | cgeg:ap an G2 C9 G4 DG 69 AS 35

monitor burn-in when you must leave |cgcg:c5 C9 Gl DG G5 AQ 35 4C 52 your monitor turned on but inactive for |cgpg:D8 CG C9 12 DB 5A AY 37 C3 a while. Press any key to bring back |C@D8:8D 66 CF A9 35 8D 67 CF F4 te SHEHcOL cf AB 82 60 63 as 67 Te i i : : D FD ERROR displays the disk error | Ggrg:p9 gp o3-cF A9 35 8D G4 61 | c329.07 Fee Poy eB eae) ay ee when the drive light is blinking. CGF8:CF A9 30 8D @5 CF A9 3A AG |c328:8D NEW executes a NEW command to |clg6:8D 69 CF A9 52 8D GA CF CD 5 erase the program in memory. C108:A9 45 8D OB CF A9 4D 8D 61 UNNEW recovers a program should oie ad oe BB eo sp oD oe Be ret you accidentally erase it with the NEW | ci29:c9 ap 21 Dd 29 GF AA BD BD command. Like all similar utilities, it's im- | c¢12g8:pa B8 8D 06 CF 4c 31 EA G2 portant to know that making a syntax er- |c130:A5 3A C9 FF D@ GD AS C5 1A ror or entering a variable before using |C138:C9 63 96 G7 C9 67 BO G3 B2

UNNEW will render your program unre- |C140:20 46 Cl 4C 31 EA AE 8D 82 coverable, so be careful C148:62 EG G1 FO BD EG G2 FO 15 | c378:8D G7 DG AY 86 8D G9 DG BA yi , . C156:GE EG 64 FO GF A2 GB 4C Fl | c38g:8D BB DG AD 99 BD BD DB 34 UNDEL loads a soratched disk pro- |c15e:66 cl a2 64 4c 66 Cl A2 36 |c388:8D GF DA AD GG BD 1B DB BC gram into memory if no other disk op- |c160:08 4c 66 Cl A2 GC 8E 9A EG | c39G:A2 1A BS DB G9 BG 95 DB 82 erations have been performed follow- |C168:C9 C9 G3 DG G2 AO 67 38 AD | c398:CA DG F7 AD 1l DG 16 FB 7B ing the scratch. Remember that the file Gob eRe Be 18 $0 a = $9 ae B C3AG:A9 FF ep 2D DO s a a # i i p : C3A8:FB A9 @ FC A ee cies bee ne oleaaes ie €180:C9 A9 AD 85 FB A9 C9 85 G1 | c3ngz49 AG GO AD 20 A2 BD 91 56 Sir Scratoned’ on ISK, SO be sure t0 re- |c1ge:FC A2 50 18 AD 94 C9 6D 7F | c3B8:FB CB CA DO FA 18 AS FB 56

save it immediately. C190:9A C9 8D 94 C9 AD 95 C9 CB | c3cg:69 28 85 FB AS FC 69 GO 6B BYTES returns the length of the pro- |C198:69 @@ 8D 95 C9 CA D@ EB E2 | c3cg:85 FC 68 AB 88 DG EG AX DC gram in memory. C1AG:18 A5 FB 6D 94 C9 85 FB C2 | c3pg:00 85 C7 85 DA 85 DB AD 23

initiali taba A C1A8:8D 98 C9 AS FC 6D 95 C9 3F | c3pg:g1 85 INIT initializes the disk in the drive. | Cing:gs rc Bp 99 CO AG C6 EG DB Son = x is 4 pe aR 3 VALID validates the disk in the |¢158:p1 3¢ 13 AG G6 Bl FB 9D GA | C3Eg:gp CO A2 G1 BA 48 20 D3 18 drive. C1C0:66 CF E8 C8 CO 56 BG G4 8E | c3rg:c4 68 AA EB EG 11 90 F4 3A

RESET resets the disk drive as if you |C1c8:C9 64 D@ F1 86 C6 66 AOD 24 | C3Fg:aAD 11 DG 10 FB A9 FF 8D CA turned it off and on again. This process |C1D9:C1 8D 18 63 A2 62 BS GB 54 | c4gg:1B DG AD 37 85 G1 AS C6 36 takes a few seconds. C1D8:9D E9 94 E8 EO C6 DG FG 81 | cags:sp 97 C9 AD BB 85 C6 BD 43

rd C1E@:A2 C7 BS BG 9D E9 94 E8 G5 |c41g:9B CO A2 G1 18 AG GO 2G Al VERFY verifies the most recently |cigg:p¢ F8 a9 6G 85 FB A9 G2 BO |c4igiFg FF A912 8D BE CO BA 35

i . |C208:D0 62 E6 FC AS FB C9 GB D3 | c439:3F FO 66 C9 G3 90 G9 C9 7C all of these defaults with your own mac: Cllaiposuaens eoWce “ee DaPEA 32’ |\caggcgy nol Co Geleede oe cas

ros at any time. Seat) a Be Ee id pe eo Ee an C448:20 E4 FF A8 68 AA CO GD 22 : C458:FO 62 CO 11 FG G7 CO 91 CA DROP-DOWN MACROS C228:AG GG Bl FB 91 FD EG FD 44 | c45g:F@ 1B 4C 26 C4 A9 GO BD 28

CGGG:A9 37 85 G1 AO GO 8D GE SB |C230:DO G2 6 FE E6 FB DG G2 36 CGG8:DC 85 SF AD AG 85 6B AQ 65 |C238:E6 FC AS FB C9 EB DG EA 63 CO1G:FF 85 5A 85 5B 85 58 85 BD |C240:A5 FC C9 DB DG E4 A2 OB 2E €018:59 20 BF A3 AD FF FF 8D 7B |C248:BD 00 DO 9D Dl SF E8 EG 60 CO2G:FF FF A9 Gl 8D GE DC AQ EE |C250:2F DO FS 26 51 C5 26 07 4B €028:95 8D G4 DC AO 42 BD G5 9c | C258:C3 AD 11 DG 19 FB AO OO IE CO30:DC A9 G@ 8D BS E5 8D BD 81 |C269:8D 1B DG A2 B2 BD E9 94 27 C038:E5 8D 3D EB A9 G1 8D BA 9p |©268:95 OG E8 EG C6 DG F6 A2 ED CO40:E5 AS CF 8D B6 ES 8D BB 16 |C270:C7 BD E9 94 95 GG EB DG IP Codssz5 8D BE ES 68D 32) BB A9 3p) ||C278=RE AI BSTBS°EB AD 62°85) 2D CG5Q:FF 8D 89 G2 A9 EA 8D 54 EE |©289:FC A9 E9 85 FD A9 95 85 CB | c4ng:29 46 Cl 60 20 C9 C4 AS 71 C@58:E9 8D 55 £9 78 AS BF ep 92 |C288:FE AG GH Bl FD 91 FB EG ES C06G:14 G3 A9 CO 8D 15 G3 Ag SE |C299:FD DO 02 EG FE EG EB D6 Gp68sa5785 01 AS -EDNeDAgan as 14D 6229202 BS EC AS EB. C2 Ee) Dae €G7.0249) C6) 8D) 03) 63" A259) Adu 7Ay| CARO EO bone IROL DBE AF Se CO78 Aco 5p BARA Bb RS me suaa ||| Cane Cee OeEn ene be BS) ECSES 2A GOBGsa8 AguOe BD EORCe 2a tD2) 2e)||CZBe- Ho sB>UEDEA IRIS 8S RE IAI 78 CO88:FF E8 C9 0B DG FS 60 AD 4a |C2B8:00 Bl FD 91 FB E6 FD D@ CB | c4Eg:99 EG OD 90 BA AD 07 4C 2B €990:8D G2 CD 96 C9 FB 1B ap 52 | C2C9:02 E6 FE E6 FB DG 62 E6 5D | c4rg:F9 C4 AY GE 4C F9 C4 AD 3C

€098:96 C9 C9 GG FG 14 C9 a5 a1 |C2CBHFC AS FB C9 EB DG BA AS 58 | cangigr gp 86 G2 A9 1C 85 D3 FA

G-26 COMPUTE APRIL 1993

USANDNOHOR aQ > > wo wo = Nu i) 0 nu | bo} nN Q ic) a

YRoOVODuUNT

C546:FF C548:20 C556:66 C558:86 C566:3E C568:BD C5706:86 C578:A9 C580:14 C588: 8F C596:8C C598:D0 C5A0:0D CS5A8:C9 C5BG:C9 CS5B8:8D C5C6:6D C5C8:9C CS5D@:CE C5D8:A7 C5EG:DG CSE8:CF CSFO:CE CS5F8:CF C660:BD C608: 00 C610:AD C618:CF C620:D6 C628:17 C630: 8F C638:63 C640:78 C648:8D C650:86 C658:D2 C666:66 C668:A9 C670:E4 C678:8D C686:BC C688:C9 C690:D2 C698:D3 C6AG:10 C6A8: 21 C6BG:90 C6B8:C8 C6CO:FF C6C8:A2 C6DG:90 C6D8:FF C6EG:FC C6E8:D8 C6FO:8F C6F8:63 C706:85 C7068:4C C710:AB C718:AA C720:AA C728:AB

C730:AA C738:AA C74G:AB C748:FF C75G:AA C758:AA C764:6A C768:AA C776:AA C778:6A C78G:AA C788:FF C79G:AB C798:AA C7AG:AA C7A8:AB C7BO:AA C7B8:AA C7CO:AB C7C8:AA C7DG:AA C7DB:AA C7E@:6A C7EB8:AA C7EG:AA

C808:AA C816:AB C818:AA

C928:41 C930:55 C938:4C C940: 20 C948:26 C950:4E C958:26

C96:20 C968:44 C976:20 C978:43 C986:61 C988:64 c996:108 C998:8D C9AG:56 C9A8:41 C9BG:0D C9B8: 60 C9CG: 80 C9C8: 6G C9DG:68 C9D8: 66 C9IEG: 60 C9E8: G0 C9FG: 66 C9F8: 60 CAGG:54 CAG8:FF CA10:FF CA18:FE CA20:FF CA28:FF CA3G:FF CA38:FF CA40:FEF CA48:FF CA50: 36 CAS8:CF CA60:3A CA68:CD CA76:31 CA78:CF CA8G:3A CA88: 32 CA9O:FF CA98:FF CAAG:C5 CAAB: 3A CABG: 2C CAB8: 36 CACG:31 CAC8:31 CADG:31 CAn8:35 CAEG:50 CAE8: 32 CAFO:52 CAF8:3A CBO0:4F CBG8:31 CB1G:52 CB18:CF CB20:CF CB28:54 CB30:80 CB38:60 CB46:52 CB48:3A CB56:31 CB58:28 CB60: 36 CB68:29 CB76:58 CB78:32 CB8G:31 CB88:4E

APRIL 1993 COMPUTE

PROGRAMS

CB9G:44 26 22 24 22 2C 38 OD 18 CB98:4C 49 53 54 6D 6G FF FF CO CBAG:00 O60 FF FF 06 @0 FF FF 38 CBA8:00 00 FF FF 69 O00 FF FF 46 CBBO:66 66 FF FF 66 60 FF FF 48 CBB8:60 GG FF FF 66 @@ FF FF 50 CBCG:00 66 FF FF 69 @@ FF FF 58 CBC8:60 0G FF FF 66 G0 FF FF 66 CBDG:06 6@ FF FF 66 OG FF FF 68 CBD8:60 6G FF FF @6 58 CF 35 86 CBEG:38 2C 36 3A 26 20 26 26 2B CBE8:20 206 26 20 20 20 26 20 86 CBFG:20 26 26 20 286 26 26 26 88 CBF8:20 26 26 20 26 20 26 26 96 CCOG:20 4F DB 31 2C 38 2C 31 76 CCO8:35 3A 49 CE 31 2C 41 24 Cl CC16:2C 42 24 3A 3F 3A 3F 41 1B CC18:24 2C 42 24 3A 43 4C CF AG CC26:31 6D G6 OO FF FF 08 G6 95 CC28:FF FF 60 @@ FF 4E 45 57 DC CC30:0D G8 O68 OO FF FF 6 06 50 CC38:FF FF 06 0G FF FF 009 66 D1 CC40:FF FF G0 60 FF FF 90 G6 D9 CC48:EF FF 00 60 FF FF 60 @6 El CC5@:FF FF @@ 60 FF FF 606 @6 E9 CCS58:FF FF 00 @@ FF FF 66 66 Fl CC6G:FF BF 09 6G FF FF 90 06 F9 CC68:FF FF 08 GG FF FF 60 66 62 CC76:FF FF G8 60 FF FF 60 G6 GA CC78:FF FF 66 0G FF 5@ CF 32 25 CC86:38 35 38 2C 31 3A 53 59 BA CC88:53 34 32 32 39 31 3A 58 95 CC9G:CF 34 35 2C 5@ C5 28 33 AS CC98:34 29 3A 5G CF 34 36 2C CA CCAG:58 C5 28 33 35 29 3A 43 12 CCA8:4C 52 GD 6G FF FF CCBG:FF FF @6 60 FF FF 06 @6 4A CCB8:FF FF @6 6G FF FF 96 @6 52 CCCO:FF FF 06 66 FF FF 96 68 5A CCC8:FF FF 06 60 FF 4C 4F 41 73 CCD@:44 26 22 2A 22 2C 38 OD BA CCD8:66 FF G6 OG FF FF 6G @8 72 CCEG:FF FF 90 00 FF FF 66 @@ 7A CCE8:FF FF @@ 6G FF FF 66 G6 82 CCFG:FF FF 00 @0 FF FF 80 G0 8A CCF8:FF FF 00 60 FF FF G6 86 92 CDGG:00 OB FF FF G8 OG FF FF 9B CDG8:66 OO FF FF G6 O60 FF FF A3 CD1G:69 6G FF FF 69 69 FF FF AB CD18:66 66 FF FF @@ 43 4C CD20:3A 3F 3A 3F 22 58 52 4F 2A CD28:47 52 41 4D 28 4C 45 4E 64 CD36:47 54 48 20 3D 22 33 36 9E

CD56:35 35 33 36 29 GD 66 FF 1B CD58:66 O@ FF FF @0 OG FF FF F3 CD60:69 6G FF FF 60 60 FF FF FB

CDB8:68 O@ FF FF GO 4F 50 45 77

G-28 COMPUTE APRIL 1993

CDCO:4E 31 35 2C 38 2C 31 35 43 CDC8:2C 22 56 34 22 3A 43 4C 9D CDDG:4F 53 45 31 35 GD G6 FF 82 CDD8:60 66 FF FF O60 OO FF FF 74 CDEG:66 @G6 FF FF @@ 68 FF FF 7C CDE8:06 GG FF FF G6 66 FF FF 84 CDFG:66 6@ FF FF 06 G@6 FF FF 8C CDF8:66 O06 FF FF 00 60 FF FF 94 CEGA:FF FF 06 G8 FF FF 66 66 9D CE@8:FF FF @6 66 FF 4F 56 45 C8 CE10:4E 31 35 2C 38 2C 31 35 94 CE18:2C 22 55 4A 22 3A 46 4F 79 CE26:52 54 3D 31 54 4F 31 32 2B CE28:35 36 3A 4E 45 58 54 3A.97 CE30:43 4C 4F 53 45 31 35 OD 68 CE38:60 FF 06 60 FF FF 98 G6 DS CE4G:FF FF 06 66 FF FF 68 06 DD CE48:FF FF 06 00 FF FF @@ 66 ES CES@:FF FF 00 00 FF FF 96 08 ED CES58:FF FF 008 06 FF 56 45 52 2C CE66:49 46 59 20 22 2A 22 2C 8B CE68:38 OD 00 OO FF FF 86 G0 65 CE70:FF FF 00 60 FF FF 06 @6 GE CE78:FF FF 60 66 FF FF 66 06 16 CE8G:FF FF 00 00 FF FF 00 06 1E CE88:FF FF 06 00 FF FF 00 06 26 CE9G:FF FF 60 00 FF FF G6 G6 2E CE98:FF FF 00 66 FF FF 66 G8 36 CEAG:FF FF 66 00 FF FF 00 06 3E CEA8:FF FF 06 00 FF FF 52 55 40 CEBO:4E 26 26 41 53 43 49 49 19 CEB8:4C 49 53 54 26 53 43 52 A5 CEC@:45 4E 48 41 52 44 26 44 D9 CEC8:49 52 26 20 42 4C 41 4E B9 CED@:4B 45 52 52 4F 52 4B 45 7A CED8:57 28 20 55 4E 4E 45 57 11 CEE@:55 4B 44 45 4C 42 59 54 @C CEE8:45 53 49 4E 49 54 26 56 3E CEF@:41 4C 49 44 52 45 53 45 43 CEF8:54 56 45 52 46 59 6G @@ BB

Richard Penn, the author of Xlogic (Sep- tember 1992), lives in Montreal, Que- bec, Canada. a

BAFFLES

By Michael Gresham

Baffles is a one-player game of strategy in which you must find ten diagonal mir- rors, Called baffles. These baffles are hid- den randomly under a 10x 10 grid. This game for the 64 is both interesting and challenging.

Baffles is written entirely in BASIC, To help avoid typing errors, use The Auto- matic Proofreader to enter the program. See "Typing Aids” elsewhere in this sec- tion. Be sure to save a copy of the pro- gram before exiting Proofreader. Note that line 910 fills two complete screen lines. Your cursor will drop down to a third line after you enter it. Be sure to cur- sor back up to line 910 and then press Re- turn. To avoid any problems when enter-

ing this line, you may want to use a ques- tion mark (?) as a shorthand symbol for the PRINT statement.

Using the Program

When the game begins, the 10 x 10 grid appears with 40 numbered lasers surrounding the perimeter, facing into the grid. You have three choices at this point: fire a laser, look for a baffle, or quit the game. Press F to fire one of the lasers, press L to guess the loca- tion of a baffle, or press Q if you de- cide that you want to end the game and reveal any hidden baffles.

Firing a Laser

Activate a laser by typing its number. Only a one- or two-digit number from 1- 40 will be accepted. Use the Del key to make corrections. Press Return without typing in anything to cancel the option.

When a laser beam is fired, it travels unseen in a straight line until it hits a baf- fle or reaches one of the edges of the grid, If the beam hits a baffle, it is de- flected 90 degrees and continues trav- eling until it hits any other baffle or leaves the grid. The new direction of a deflected beam is chosen by the posi- tion of the mirror. For example, if a beam is traveling down the grid and it hits a baffle that looks like the slash sym- bol (/), then the beam will be deflected to the left. If that beam were traveling up the grid toward the same baffle, the beam would be deflected to the right.

The laser that is activated is colored green. When the beam exits the grid, the laser that it strikes is colored red. By using the results of one or more la- ser beams as information, you should be able to determine the location of a baffle.

As another example, if a beam is fired down from laser 1 in the top left corner and there are no baffles, then the beam should exit at laser 30 on the opposite side of the playing grid. If it ex- its to the left at laser 35, for example, there could be a baffle at the intersec- tion of those two lasers (column A, row E). Of course, the beam might have been deflected any number of times. If no baffle is found, try firing a second la- ser, such as laser 30 or laser 16. With practice, it becomes easier to read the laser results as a series of deflections and misses.

Looking for Baffles

When you think that you know where a baffle is located, press L to look for a baffle. You will be asked to type in two letters, representing the column and row of your guess. The column letters (from A to J) are highlighted in red, and the row letters (also from A to J) are yellow. Each letter is accepted as soon as it is typed in. If you make a mis- take, you can cancel the option by pressing Return before entering the row letter.

If your guess is correct, a baffle will be revealed as a yellow diagonal. An empty location is represented as a red asterisk. The game ends when all ten baffles are located.

Keeping Score

The score is kept just below the play- ing grid, although keeping score isn't necessary. For those people who want to see how good they are or how much they've improved, the object is to find all of the baffles while accumulat- ing the lowest possible score. Each ac- tivated laser adds one point to the score, and each guess adds two points. No points are added if you guess a location that has already been revealed.

Theoretically, the lowest possible score is 20, but that would be difficult to achieve. To get a score that low, you'd have to find all ten baffles in ex- actly ten guesses. Someone who has practiced often (and is very lucky) may receive a score of 30 to 40. An aver- age score would probably be from 40 to 60 points.

Helpful Hints

Although it happens very rarely, it is possible that some baffles may appear hidden, even when hit by lasers. This sit- uation can cause your score to in- crease dramatically while you're at- tempting to find the last baffles. While | don't know how many different ways there are to hide baffles, | can offer a few hints. The starting and ending points of a laser beam can be inter- changed. This means that if the beam from laser 1 exits at laser 4, then a beam from laser 4 must exit at laser 1. There are actually only 20 laser combi- nations in any game. By writing down these results (in the form 1 : 4 or 1-4),

you can avoid finding the same laser beam path twice and keep your score low.

Even though the path of a laser may seem obvious after one or more baffles have been revealed, the laser beam could have been deflected by even more baffles. Usually, these baffles will reveal themselves after other lasers have been used.

A helpful side effect of writing this program in BASIC is that the laser beam travels considerably slower than the speed of light. If the path of a laser beam is very long because of deflec- tions, the beam will take some time to reach the second laser. Watch for baf- fles in the path of these lasers.

If all else fails, a good rule is to as- sume that the missing baffles are on the same column or row as one of the other baffles. Use these locations one at a time as guesses until the baffles are found. This method should not be used unless all possible laser combina- tions have been fired, since it will in- crease your score even faster.

BAFFLES

PK 5 REM COPYRIGHT 1993 - COMP UTE PUBLICATIONS INTL LTD ~ ALL RIGHTS RESERVED POKE 53281,0:POKE 53286, 6 GOSUB 1339 PRINT" {CLR}";:FOR I=1 TO 16:FOR J=1 TO 16:B(I,J) =G:NEXT J,I ND(-TI):FOR BA=1 TO 1 :B=2:IF RND(1)<.5 THEN {SPACE }B=3 I=INT (RND(1)*1@)+1:J=INT (RND(1)*1@)+1:IF B(I,J)< >@ THEN 56 B(I,J)=B:NEXT BA GOSUB 1110:BA=6:SC=0 C¥=21:CX=15:GOSUB 249:PR INT "{WHT}SCORE: 9" 96 CY=22:CX=G:GOSUB 240 166 PRINT "{GRN}"TAB(18)" {RVS}F{OFF} - FIRE LASE R":PRINT TAB(16)"{RVS}L {OFF} - LOOK FOR BAFFLE 1

CE 16

26 36

Qu HP

CH 49

RH 58

6G 76 8G

110 PRINT TAB(16)"{RVS}Q {OFF} - QUIT GAME"; POKE 198,0:WAIT 198,1:G ET AS

GS=- (AS="F") ~2* (AS="L") -3* (AS="Q") :0N GS GOSUB 286,828,1380

GOSUB 1870:IF GS=3 THEN CY=23:CX=G:GOSUB 246:G

126

DI 136

HE 146

sD Gx

156 160

176

189 196 266 216 226 236 246 256 260 278 286 298 388

3198

328

336

346

358 366

376

380

396

460

416

426

436

449

459

466

470

486

oTO 170

IF BA<1@ THEN GOTO 96

CY=22:CX=4:GOSUB24G: PRI

NT "{YEL}YOU'VE FOUND A

LL OF THE BAFFLES!"

PRINTTAB (12) " {WHT} PLAY {SPACE}AGAIN? [{GRN}Y/N {WHT}]":POKE 198,0

WAIT 198,1:GET AS:IF A$

="Y" THEN 39

IF AS<>"N" THEN 186

POKE SD+24,@:END

REM

REM ***** POSITION CURS

OR kkk

REM

POKE 781,CY:POKE 782,CX :POKE 783,0:SYS65520:RE

TURN

REM

REM ***** FIRE LASER ** kK

REM

GOSUB197@:CY=22:CX=12:G

OSUB24G:PRINT"LASER TO {SPACE}FIRE: "; LS="":C=6

PRINT "{RVS} {OFF} {LEFT}";

POKE198,@:WAIT 198,1:GE

T AS:IF AS=CHRS$(13) THE N PRINT " ":GOTO 359

IF AS=CHR$(2@) AND C>G {SPACE}THEN PRINT A$;:C =C-1:LS=LEFTS(L$,C) :GOT

oO 310

IF AS<"G" OR AS>"9" OR {SPACE}C=2 THEN 316 PRINT A$; :LS=L$+A$:C=C+ 1:GOTO 309

IF L$="" THEN RETURN L=VAL(LS):IF L<l OR L>4 @ THEN 286

SC=SC+1:IF (L>1@ AND L< 21) OR L>3@ THEN 410 AA=L-1:IF L>26 THEN AA= 36-L

XL=15+AA:YL=3:1IF L>26 T HEN YL=16 P=55296+XL+4G*YL:FOR I= 6 TO 86 STEP49:POKE P+I ,5:NEXT:GOTO 446 AA=L-11:IF L>2@ THEN AA =4G6-L

YL=6+AA:XL=25:1F L>20 T

HEN XL=12 P=55296+XL+40*YL:FOR I= @ TO 2:POKE P+I,5:NEXT DY=(L<31 AND L>26)-(L<1 1)

DX=(L<21 AND L>16)-(L>3 @)

X=1:Y=41-L:1F L<31 THEN X=31-L: Y=10

IF L<21 THEN X=16:Y=L-1 @

IF L<ll THEN X=L:Y=1

APRIL 1993 COMPUTE G-29

PROGRAMS

RP

CF

PR

MK

EA

RB

AF

SP

BM

490

566

5146

520

530

540

558

560 570 588 590 0) 616 626

638

640 659 666 676

686 698 766 716

726

736

748 756 766

770

786

G-30

FR=2000+L*108:POKE SD+4 165 FQ=FR+PEEK (SD+27) /2:HF= INT (FQ/256) :LF=FQAND255 :POKE SD,LF:POKE SD+1,Hi F B=ABS (B(Y,X)):1F B<2 TH EN 556 IF DX=@ THEN 546 DY=1+2*((DX=1 AND B=3 {SPACE}OR (DX=-1 AND B= 2)):DX=@:GOTO 554 DX=1+2* ((DY=1 AND B=3) {SPACE}OR (DY=-1 AND B= 2)) :DY=0 X=X+DX:Y=Y+DY:IF X<11 A ND X>@ AND Y<1l AND Y>@ THEN 500 POKE SD+4,64:IF Y= THE N B=X IF X=1l THEN E=Y+10 IF Y=1l THEN E=31-x IF X=@ THEN E=41-¥ IF (E>1@ AND E<21) OR E >36 THEN 640 AA=E-1:IF E>2@ THEN AA= 30-E XE=15+AA:YE=3:1F E>26 T HEN YE=16 P=55296+XE+4G*YE:FOR I= 6 TO 80 STEP40:POKE P+I ,2:NEXT:GOTO 676 AA=E-11:IF E>20 THEN AA =40-E YE=6+AA:XE=25:1F E>20 T HEN XE=12 P=55296+XE+4@*YE:FOR I= @ TO 2:POKE P+I,2:NEXT FR=2000+E*106:HF=INT (FR /256) : LF=FRAND255: POKES D, LF: POKESD+1,HF POKE SD+4,65:FOR T=1 TO 260:NEXT:POKE SD+4,64 PRINT TAB(11)"{RED)EXIT AT LASER #";E Cy=21:CX=21:GOSUB246:PR INT" {WHT}"SC"{2 DOWN}" PRINT TAB(8)"{BLU}PRESS {RVS}SPACE{OFF} TO CON TINUE"; POKE 198,0:WAIT 198,1:G ET AS:IF AS<>" " THEN 7 26 C=6~-8* ( (L/2) =INT (L/2) ) = P=55296+XL+40*YL:IF YL> 3 AND YL<16 THEN 759 FOR I=G6 TO 80 STEP 40:P OKE P+I,C:NEXT:GOTO 760 FOR I=0 TO 2:POKE P+I,C :NEXT C=6-8* ((E/2)=INT(E/2)): P=55296+XE+40*YE:IF YE> 3 AND YE<16 THEN 780 FOR I=6 TO 80 STEP 40:P OKE P+I,C:NEXT: RETURN FOR I=G TO 2:POKE P+I,C :NEXT: RETURN

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

GP KE

EM

CM

BQ

SQ

GD

796 809

810

826

836

846

856

860

876

886

896 906

916

920

939 946

956 966

976

986

996

1688

1616

1626

1936

1646 1656

1066 16796

REM REM ***** LOOK FOR A BA FFLE ***** REM GOSUB1976:CY=22:CX=10:G OSUB24G:PRINT "{RED}BAF FLE X LOCATION: POKE 198,0:WAIT198,1:GE T A$:IF AS=CHR$(13) THE N RETURN IF AS<"A" OR AS>"J" THE N 830 X=ASC (A$) -64:PRINT AS PRINTTAB (16) "{YEL}BAFFL E Y LOCATION: POKE198,@:WAIT 198,1:GE T AS:IF AS=CHR$(13) THE N RETURN IF AS<"A" OR AS>"J" THE N 876 Y¥=75-ASC (A$) :PRINT AS B=B(Y,X):IF B>=@ THEN 9 26 PRINT" {WHT}{RVS}THAT L OCATION HAS ALREADY BEE N CALLED {OFF}";:POKE198 ,@:WAIT198,1:RETURN SC=SC+2:C¥=21:CX=21:GO0S UB24G:PRINT"{WHT}"SC" {2 DOWN}" IF B>O THEN 998 PRINT TAB(16)"{RED} {RVS}THAT IS NOT A BAFF LE{OFF}";:B(¥,X)=-1 CY=Y¥+5:CX=X+14:GOSUB246 : PRINT" {RED} {OFF}*"; FR=1060:FORBZ=6 TO 10:F R=2500-FR:HF=INT (FR/256 ) :LF=FRAND255 POKE SD,LF:POKE SD+1,HF :POKESD+4,65:FOR T=1 TO 5:NEXT:POKE SD+4,64:NE XT BZ POKE198,0:WAIT198,1:RET URN PRINT TAB(8)"{YEL}{RVS} YOU HAVE FOUND A BAFFLE !{OFF}";:B(Y,X)=-B:BA=B A+1 CY=Y¥+5:CX=X+14:GOSUB24 O:AS="M":IF B=3 THEN A S="N" PRINT" {YEL}"AS; :FR=100 GG:FOR BL=6 TO 16:FR=2 16060-FPR:HF=INT (FR/256) ?LF=FRAND255 POKESD, LF: POKESD+1,HF: POKESD+4,65:FORT=1 TO {SPACE}26:NEXT: POKESD+ 4,64:NEXT BL POKE198,@:WAIT198,1:RE TURN REM > REM ***** CLEAR SCREEN BOTTOM ***** REM CX=6:FOR CY=22T024:GOS

Wy i

XJ JE

KJ FS

PJ

HS

xc

PP

MX

Qs

PG

QM

HD

AE

GX

AA

GP

KG

BH

1686 1696

1169 1119

1126

1136

1146

1150

1166

1176

11890

1196

1260

12106

1226

1236

1249

1256

1266

UB240:SYS59903:NEXT CY : RETURN

REM

REM ***** DRAW GAME SC REEN *#*#%

REM

PRINT TAB(16)"{YEL}BAF FLES {DOWN}" PRINTTAB (15) "{RED}ABCD EFGHIJ"

PRINT TAB(12)"{7}{RVS} £{BLU}{2 SPACES}8{7}6 TBLU}G{7}G{BLU}O{7}G {BLU} 6{7}6{BLU}0{7}1 {2 SPACES}{*}"

PRINT TAB(12)"{7}{RVS} {2 SPACES}{BLU} 1{7}2 {BLU}3{7}4 {BLU}5¢7}6 {BLU}7¢738{BLU}9{736 {2 SPACES}{BLU} " PRINT TAB(12)"{7}{RVS} {2 SPACES} {OFF} £{BLU} =$7}={BLU}-¢7}-{BLU}- {7}-TBLU}-€7}-TBLU}~ £7}-{*} {RVS} {BLU}

{2 SPACES}"

PRINT TAB(11)"{YEL}J {7P{RVS}4G{OFF] *+++4+4++ ++++{BLU}*{RVS}11{YEL} {OFF}J"

PRINT TAB(11)"{YEL}I {BLU} {RVS}39 {OFF} *{7}+ ++++++4++*(RVS}12TYEL} {OFF}I"

PRINT TAB(11)"{YEL}H {7} {RVS}38 {OFF} *+4+4+++ ++++{BLU}*{RVS}13{YEL} {OFF}H"

PRINT TAB(11)"{YEL}G {BLU} {RVS}37{OFF}*{7}+ ++++++4+++*{RVS}14TYEL} {OFF}G"

PRINT TAB(11)"{YEL}F {7}{RVS}36 {OFF} *+++++4+ ++++{BLU}*{RVS}15{YEL} {OFF}EF"

PRINT TAB(11)"{YEL}E {BLU} {RVS}35{OFF}*{7}+ +++++++++*{RVS}16TYEL} {OFF}E"

PRINT TAB(11)"{YEL}D £7}{RVS}34 {OFF} *++++++ ++++{BLU}*{RVS}17{YEL} {OFF}D"

PRINT TAB(11)"{YEL}C {BLU} {RVS}33{OFF}*{7}+ +++++++++*{RVS}18(YEL} {OFF}c"

PRINT TAB(11)"{YEL}B {7} (RVS}32{OFF}*+++4+++ ++++{BLU}*{RVS}19{YEL} {OFF}B"

PRINT TAB(11)"{YEL}A {BLU} {RVS}31{OFF}*{7}+ +++++++++*{RVS} 201 YEL} {OFF}A"

PRINT TAB(12)"{BLU}

{RVS}{2 SPACES} {7}{*} {OFF}~{BLU}-{7}-{BLU}~ £7}~{BLU}~{7}-{BLU}~ £7}=(BLU}={7}{RVS}£

{2 SPACES}"

PRINT TAB(12)"{BLU} {RVS} ¢{7}{2 SPACES}3 {BLU}2{7}2{BLU}2¢7}2 {BLU}2¢7}2{BLU}2¢7}2 {BLU}2 {7}{2 SPACES}" PRINT TAB(12)"{7}¢*} {RVS}{2 SPACES}G{BLU}9 £7}8{BLU}7{7}6{BLU}5 £734 {BLU}3{7}2{BLU}1 {2 SPACES}{7}{OFF}£" PRINTTAB (15) "{RED}ABCD EFGHIJ": RETURN

REM

REM ***** SOUND SETUP {SPACE} *****

REM

SD=54272:FOR L=0T024:P OKESD+L,@:NEXT: POKESD+ 3,8:POKESD+5,41:POKESD +6,89

SA 1276

HX 1280

RX 1296

CE 1300 JA 1316

EG 1320 XR 1330

FF 1346 POKE SD+14,117:POKE SD +18,16:POKE SD+24,143: RETURN

DJ 1356 REM

XM 1366 REM ***** REVEAL BAFFL ES kk

FM 1376 REM _

SX 1386 CY=6:CX=15:GOSUB240:PR INT" {YEL}";

CH 1390 FOR I=1 TO 10:PRINT TA B(15);

HR 1400 FOR J=1 TO 16:B=B(I,J)

:IE B<=6 THEN PRINT " {RIGHT}";:GOTO 1436

IF B=2 THEN PRINT "M"; :GOTO 1430

IF B=3 THEN PRINT "N"; NEXT J:PRINT:NEXT I:RE TURN

DP 1416

RP 1420 Qc 1436

Michael Gresham, 21, has been pro- gramming the 64 in BASIC and ma- chine language for eight years but says he still has a lot to learn. He lives in Dunnsville, Virginia.

LARGE NUMBER CALCULATOR

By Bruce M. Bowden Calculate exact solutions for large fac- torial and power problems to as many as 5964 digits with this remarkable large number calculator for the 64. You can al- so send the results to your printer. When a number is multiplied by itself N times, it's said to be raised to the pow- er of N—1. For example, 2 raised to the

power of 3 is 2 multiplied by 2 multiplied by 2. Note that the base (2 in this case) is written N times but actually multiplied by itself N-1 times.

The factorial of any positive integer number, X, is that number multiplied by 1 less than itself, multiplied by 2 less than itself, and so on down until multiplied by 1. Here's an algebraic way of writing this formula.

X! = X(X-1)(X-2)(X-3) . . . (4)(3)(2)(1)

An exclamation mark is used to indicate that a factorial operation is taking place. As a practical illustration, one may write out 5! (read 5-factorial) as 5 times 4 times 3 times 2 times 1, or 120.

A special case is 0!, which is assigned a value of 1. Factorials are also defined, in higher mathematics, for fractional, neg- ative, and complex numbers, but with this program we're sticking to the more common case of positive integers.

Large Number Calculator will give you exact solutions to power and factorial problems, separately or combined, to as many as 5984 digits. After the solution is found, various options are available for dis- playing, printing, or chain multiplying it to arrive at new solutions.

Typing It In

Large Number Calculator is written en- tirely in BASIC. To help avoid typing er- rors, enter it with The Automatic Proof- reader. See “Typing Aids" elsewhere in this section. When you've finished, save the program before running it.

Getting Started

Run Large Number Calculator and then press any key for a quick pro- gram description. Press another key, and you'll have two options to solve for X to the power of Y or solve for X-fac- torial. X and Y are integer values which you provide the program.

As a demonstration, press f1. You're prompted for the number which is to be raised to a power. Let's say that we want to know what 17 to the 21st pow- er is. Enter 17 and press Return. Now you're prompted for the power. Enter 21 and press Return, You're advised that the solution has 26 digits. In a mo- ment, the solution will appear in blocks of six digits which are read from left to right and from the top

down. There are often leading Os, and these can be ignored. You should see the following.

000000 000069 091933 913008 732880 827217

Now press any key to get to the op- tions screen. The following options are available:

f1 ** Review the solution

f3 ** Multiply the result by a number f5 ** Multiply the result by a factorial f7 ** Multiply by an exponential

f2 ** Start over

f4 ** Send solution to printer

{6 ** End

To continue our demonstration, press f2 (Shift-f1) to start over. Now we're back to the original two options. Let's calculate 93! (93-factorial). Press f3. Now enter 93 at the prompt. You're advised that 93! has 145 digits. After about one and a half minutes, the fol- lowing solution is displayed.

000001 156772 507081 641574 759205 162306 240436 214753 229576 413535 186142 281213 246807 121467 315215 203289 516844 845303 838996 289387 078090 752000 000000 000000 000000

Press any key for the option screen. Suppose you want to multiply this so- lution by 17 to the 21st power. To do so, press f7. Again, enter 17 and 27 at the prompts as you did the first time. Af- ter less than half a minute, the new so- lution is shown:

000000 000079 923649 611670 206135 264796 971537 140352 563408 351224 973345 747405 439544 378291 335514 104653 718355 692345 124600 883020 375497 054614 028846 092611 076902 757597 184000 000000 000000 000000

This number is 170 digits long. Press any key to return to the option screen.

Now, try multiplying the result by 201-factorial. Press f5, then enter 207 at the prompt. There will be a wait of about 16% minutes before the new so-

APRIL 1993 COMPUTE G-31

PROGRAMS

lution is arrived at and displayed. | won't list them all here, but the answer contains 548 digits. Since it fills more than one screen, you'll see the mes- sage NOT FINISHED YET below the number. At this message press any key to see a continuation of the digits.

To quit the program cleanly, merely press the f6 (Shift-f5) key.

SP

FG

sD

KQ

JP

EG

HB

XX

PE

DF

cx

KX BM

KC QB EG

RA

cc

G-32

26

36

49

56

6G

119

126

136

146

158

168

178 186

1996

PUTE PUBLICATIONS INTL L TD - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINT"{CLR}{3 DOWN} {N}": POKE 53280,6:POKE 53281, 6 PRINT" {YEL}":MS$="LARGE {SPACE}NUMBER CALCULATOR ":GOSUB 5909 PRINT" {CYN}":MSS="BY BRU CE M. BOWDEN":GOSUB5006: PRINT"{2 DOWN} {WHT}" MSS$="COPYRIGHT, 1993":GO SUB5000:MSS="COMPUTE PUB LICATIONS INTL LTD":GOSU B5000 MS$="ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ":GOSUB 5000:GOSUB6000 PRINT" {CLR}{4 DOWN} {WHT} THIS PROGRAM WILL GIVE EXACT SOLUTIONS" PRINT"{2 SPACES}FOR POW ER (X7¥) AND FACTORIAL {SPACE} (xX!)" PRINTTAB (14) "PROBLEMS." :PRINT"{2 DOWN} {2 SPACES}IF THE PROBLE M IS OF THE FORM XTY¥, X "

PRINT"{4 SPACES}AND Y M UST BE POSITIVE INTEGER s,"

PRINT"{5 SPACES}AS MUST X WHEN CALCULATING X!" : PRINTTAB (13) "(X-FACTOR IAL) .{2 DOWN}" PRINTTAB(5) "YOUR SOLUTI ONS ARE LIMITED TO":PRI NTTAB(14)"5964 DIGITS." GOSUB 6000

PRINT" {CLR}{6 DOWN}":MS $="CHOOSE A SUITABLE FU NCTION: ":GOSUB5600

DIMM (168) :M (1600) =1:M(

* 4)=1006

2098

216

226

238

DEFFNL (X) =LOG (X) /LOG (16

)

PRINT"{3 DOWN}":PRINT"F 1 ** SOLVING FOR X TO T HE POWER OF ¥{2 DOWN}" PRINT"F3 ** SOLVING FOR X FACTORIAL"

GETAS: IFAS=""OR(AS<>" {F1L}"ANDAS<>"{F3}") THEN

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

RG

cD

XM

JP

MB

246

250

260 276 280

290 309

310 320 330

346 356 369

3768 386 396

400 419

426

436 44g

456 466

476 486

496

560

516

526 536

236

PRINT" {CLR}{2 DOWN}":ON ASC (A$) -132GOT025G,720 PRINT"ENTER THE NUMBER {SPACE}WHICH IS BEING R AISED{2 SPACES}TO A POW ER:{2 DOWN}" PRINTTAB (1G) ; : INPUTX IFX>=@THEN300 PRINTX;"IS A NUMBER LES S THAN ZERO,":PRINT"WHI CH IS NOT ALLOWED. TRY {SPACE}AGAIN." rs GOTO266

IFLEN (STRS (INT (X))) >4TH ENPRINT" {DOWN}

{4 SPACES}TOO MANY DIGI TS! TRY AGAIN. {DOWN}":G OTO268

GOSUB320:GOTO336 M(2)=INT (X) :RETURN PRINTTAB(8)"{2 DOWN}NOW ENTER THE POWER:

{2 DOWN}" PRINTTAB(1@);:INPUT Y IFY>=QTHEN38G PRINTY;"IS A NUMBER LES S THAN ZERO, WHICH IS N OT ALLOWED. TRY AGAIN." GOTO346

IFX<>GTHEN4G6

PRINT"{2 DOWN}

{4 SPACES}ZERO TO ANY P OWER IS STILL ZERO":GOS UB 6866:GOTO846 IFY<>GTHEN4 26

PRINT" {2 DOWN} ANYTHING TO THE POWER OF ZERO I S ONE.":GOSUB 6849:GOTO 840

IFLEN (STRS (INT (Y¥)))>7TH ENPRINT"TOO MANY DIGITS ! TRY AGAIN.":GOTO34G M(3) =¥:A=5964:IFEG=1THE N676

B=INT (FNL (M(2) ) *M(3) +1) IFQS<>""THEN47@ QS=STRS$(X)+" TO THE POW ER OF"+STR$(Y) : PRINT" {2 DOWN}";QS$;" HAS";B;" DIGITS."

IFB>ATHEN738 PRINTTAB(7)"{2 DOWN}STA NDBY FOR COMPUTATION... "

M(@) =INT (FNL (999) /FNL (M (2))) =M(5)=M(2) 2M(2)=IN T(M(2) 7M(G)+.5) M(1)=M(3)/M(@) :M(3) =INT (M(1))

M(5)=INT (M(5) 7 (INT ((M(1 )-INT (M(1))) *M(@)+.5)) + +5) TEM (3) =OTHEN626 M(1)=0

M(B) =(M(2) *M(M(4)) #M(1) ) INT (1E6+.5) :M(1) =INT ( M(@))

QM

SR

EP

546 556 566

576 586

596 608

616

620 639 640

656 668 678

680 696

706 716

726

736

746

758

766

776

786

796

806 810 826

825

836

M(M(4)) =INT (INT (1E6+.5) *(M(@)-INT (M(G@)))+.5 M(4)=M(4)-1:TEM(M(4)) <> OTHEN530 M(4)=M(4)+1:1EM(M(4)) <> OTHEN58@ M(4)=M(4) -1:GOT0530 M(4)=M(4) -1: IFEG=GTHENG6 ao M(2)=M(2)+1 M(M(4))=M(1) =M(3) =M(3) - 1:1EM (3) =@THEN629 M(4)=1006:M(1) =9:GOTO53 8 M(@)=M(4) : IFF1L=1THEN756 F1=1:A=M(5) :GOTO668 PRINTTAB (16) ; : INPUTY: Y= INT (ABS (Y) ) :X=1:GOSUB32 6:FG=1:F1=1:GOT0426 M(4)=M(@) :GOTO75G M(2)=A:M(3)=1:B=INT (A/F NL (M(2)+.1)) :GOTO610 B=INT (FNL (M(3)) *M(3) ~FN L(EXP(1))*M(3) +PNL (2*]* M(3))/2) 41 IFQS<>""THEN7@9 QS=STRS (M(3))+" FACTORI AL":PRINT"{2 DOWN}";QS; " HAS";B;"DIGITS." IFB>ATHEN73@ PRINTTAB(7)"{2 DOWN}STA NDBY FOR COMPUTATION... ":GOTO530 C=2:PRINT"ENTER THE NUM BER FOR WHICH YOU NEED {SPACE}A{3 SPACES}FACTO RIAL: {4 DOWN}":GOTO649 PRINT" {2 DOWN} {4 SPACES}SORRY, THIS R ESULT IS TOO LARGE!" PRINT"{2 DOWN}YOU ARE O NLY ALLOWED 5964 DIGITS TOTAL.":GOSUB 6066:GOT 0840 PRINT" {CLR}{2 DOWN}";Q$ 7" IS EQUAL TO:" PRINT" {2 DOWN}":X=1 NS=MIDS$ (STRS$ (M(M(4) ) , LEN (STRS$ (M(M(4))))) M(M(4)) =@THENNS="" M(4)=M(4) +1: I1FLEN (NS) =6 THENPRINTNS, :X=X+1:GOTO 800 FORZ=1T06-LEN (N$) : PRINT "9"; :NEXT: PRINTNS , 2 X=X+ 1 IFM (4) =10061THEN830 IFX<>41THEN776 PRINT: PRINTTAB(16)" {2 DOWN} (NOT FINISHED Y ET)":GOSUB 6606 PRINT" {CLR} {DOWN}":MSS= "CONTINUING...":GOSUB58 0:GOTO76G PRINT: PRINT" {DOWN}":MS$ ="--- END OF SOLUTION - ":GOSUB 5600:GOSUB6G0

),2 tIF

cQ

QP Cx

BJ

JD

FE

ED SE

KR

cx

DC

Js EQ AK

HK PM

JG

MG MX

RS

QP

846

856 860

876

886

896

966 916

920

930

946

956 966 978

986 996

1606

16196 1626

1636

1646

1656

16698 1676 1686 1696 50068

5619

(7

PRINT" {CLR}{4 DOWN}":MS

$="CHOOSE A SUITABLE FU

NCTION KEY:":GOSUB5G09

PRINT"{2 DOWN}F1l ** REV

IEW THE SOLUTION"

PRINT" {DOWN}F3 ** MULTI

PLY THE RESULT BY A NUM

BER"

PRINT" {DOWN}F5 ** MULTI

PLY THE RESULT BY A FAC

TORIAL"

PRINT"F7 ** MULTIPLY BY AN EXPONENTIAL"

PRINT" {DOWN}F2 ** START OVER": PRINT" {DOWNJF4 *

* SEND SOLUTION TO PRIN

TER"

PRINT" {DOWN}F6 ** END"

M(4)=1600:GETAS:IFAS=""

THEN91@

TSASC (A$) -132: 1FT<1ORT>

7THENS16

PRINT" {CLR}{2 DOWN}":ON T GOTO 650,940,940,946

1980,996,95G

QS$="THE FINAL SOLUTION"

ON T-1 GOTO 979,720,96

6

STOP

FG=6:F1=0:GOTO250

INPUT"WHAT IS THE NUMBE

R";A:GOTO66G

RUN 180

PRINT" {CLR}{2 DOWN}

{RVS} OUTPUTTING THE SO

LUTION TO A PRINTER

{3 SPACES} {OFF}" PRINT" {2 DOWN}BE SURE {SPACE}THAT THE PRINTE R IS SWITCHED ON AND I S DEVICE NUMBER 4." GOSUB 6000:M(4)=M(@ OPEN3,4,7:PRINT#3,CHRS (14)Q$;" IS EQUAL TO:" CHRS$ (15) : PRINT#3:PRINT #3:2X=1 NS=MID$ (STRS (M(M(4))), 2,LEN(STRS(M(M(4))))): IFM(M(4)) =@THENNS="" M(4)=M(4) +1: ITELEN (NS) = 6THENPRINT#3,N$,:X=X+1 :GOTO1066 FORZ=1T06~LEN (NS) : PRIN T#3,"0";:NEXT: PRINT#3, NS,:X=X4+1 IFM (4) =10G1THEN1O8@ GOTO1930 PRINT#3:PRINT#3:PRINT# 3,"{6 SPACES}-~-~- END 0 F SOLUTION ~--" FORT=1T05:PRINT#3:NEXT :CLOSE3:GOTO840 REM MESSAGE CENTERING {SPACE} ROUTINE FOR MX=1 TO 2G-LEN (MSS ) /2: PRINTCHRS (32) ; :NEX

T: PRINTMS$: RETURN

HP 6060 PRINT" {HOME}{21 DOWN} {YEL}"

ER 6016 MSS="PRESS ANY KEY TO {SPACE} CONTINUE": GOSUB 5000

BD 6026 GET AS:IF AS="" THEN 6 626

CC 6636 PRINT" {WHT}":RETURN

Bruce M. Bowden, a programmer at COMPUTE, claims he wrote Large Num- ber Calculator to help him manage his personal finances.

FILE INDEX 128

By Donald Klich

Have you ever tried to locate a file or pro- gram but couldn't remember which disk it was on? Have you ever wanted to mod- ify a program and its backups but couldn't remember how many copies you had on how many disks? File Index 128 can help you.

File Index 128 is a utility for the 128 that lets you print an alphabetically ar- ranged report of the files and programs on one or more disks. This report can be placed in a binder to help you organize your disk collection and keep track of files and programs.

File Index 128 is written entirely in BA- SIC 7.0. To help avoid typing errors, en- ter the program with The Automatic Proof- reader. See “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this section. Be sure to save a copy of the program before you exit Proofreader.

A Master List When you run File Index 128 and pre- pare to print a directory, you have the option of including sequential files, pro- grams, user files, and relative files. Just press Y or N at the individual prompts. You then have the option of in- cluding a conventional directory listing that lists block size and file type. You are then prompted to insert a disk and press any key to start the sorting proc- ess. Make sure that your printer is on. File Index 128 lets you sort numer- ous disks in order to prepare a master listing of your files and programs. After the first disk has been processed, you then have the option of entering anoth- er disk. File Index 128 can handle up to 2000 files. (If you wish to enlarge this capability, simply change the DIM statements in line 30.)

When you've entered all the disks that you wish to list, make sure your printer is set at the top of the form. If you requested conventional directo- ries, these will print first, beginning with disk name and ID. Then, File In- dex 128 will print a master list in alpha- betical order, with the file type, disk name, and ID following each filename.

In the future, whenever you want to find a certain program, simply check the master list. If you have copies of the program on several disks, they will be grouped together followed by the names of each disk for easy location.

FILE INDEX 128

MS 10 REM COPYRIGHT 1993 ~ COM PUTE PUBLICATIONS INTL L TD - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED REM PROGRAM TO READ DIRE CTORIES AND PRINT THEM A LPHABET ICALLY. DIM AS$(200G) ,BS (2008) ,CS (2608) ,DS (266) :COLOR4,1 :COLORG,1:COLORS, 4:GRAPH 1C@,1 PRINT"{5 DOWN}DO YOU WIS H TO INCLUDE:":PRINTSPC ( 10) ;"{YEL}SEQ{CYN}JENTIAL FILES? Y/N":GOSUB376:1F YS="Y"THENSS=1:ELSEIFYS< >"N"THEN4O PRINTSPC (16) ;"{YEL}PR {CYN}O{YEL}G{CYN}RAM FIL ES? Y/N":GOSUB370:IFYS=" Y"THENPP=1:ELSEIFYS$<>"N" THENSO PRINTSPC(19) ;"{YEL}US {CYN}E{YEL}R{CYN} FILES? ¥/N":GOSUB37@:IFYS="Y"T HENUU=1:ELSEIFYS$<>"N"THE N66 PRINTSPC (1G) ;"{YEL}REL {CYN}ATIVE FILES? Y/N":G OSUB370: IFYS="Y"THENRR=1 : ELSEIFY$<>"N"THEN7@ V=3:PRINT"{DOWN}PRINT TH E DIRECTORIES? Y/N":GOSU B370: IFYS="Y"THENV=4:ELS EIFY$<>"N"THEN8G 90 Q=1:0PEN15,8,15:0PEN4,V 166 T=18:S=G6:PRINT" {DOWN} IN SERT AN INPUT DISK, THE N ANY KEY":GOSUB370 OPENS ,8,5,"#":PRINT#15, "U1L";5;0;T;S FORI=1T0144:GOSUB380:NE xTI MS=""": FORI=1T016:GOSUB3 80: IFASC (Y$) =16@THENNEX TI:GOTO15G MS=MS$+YS$:NEXTI GOSUB389:GOSUB380:NS=""

APRIL 1993 COMPUTE G-33

GP 26

DM 36

HF 40

cI 56

EP 60

FR 70

HX 86

KE QQ

GS 116

PQ 126

DM 136

149 150

QM FG

PROGRAMS

FR

RC

QA

EX

EQ Jc

RK DA

EA

CF

PK

DI GK

G-34

168

178 180 198 200 210

220

236

240

250

269

278

288 298

306 316

320

338

346

358 368

: FORI=6T01:GOSUB380:NS= NS$+Y$:NEXTI:S=1:PRINT#4 :PRINT#4:PRINT#4,SPC (1B )7MS,NS PRINT#15,"U1";5;0;T;S:G OSUB380:T=ASC (Y$) :GOSUB 380:S=ASC (YS) :FORJ=1T08 :GOSUB386 IFSS=LANDASC (Y$) =129THE ND$ (Q) ="SEQ":GOTO229 IFPP=1ANDASC (Y$) =130THE NDS$ (Q) ="PRG":GOTO226 IFUU=1ANDASC (Y$) =131THE NDS (Q) ="USR":GOTO220 IFRR=LANDASC (Y$) =132THE NDS (Q) ="REL":GOTO226 FORI=1T031:GOSUB386:NEX TI:NEXTJ:GOTO280 GOSUB380:GOSUB380:FORI= 17016 :GOSUB38@:IFASC (Y$ ) <> 16@THENCS (Q) =C$ (Q) +¥ $:NEXTI:GOTO246

NEXTI FORI=1T09:GOSUB386:NEXT :GOSUB380:B=ASC (YS) :GOS UB380:B=B+256*ASC (YS) :Z =Z-B:GOSUB380:GOSUB380: AS (Q) =M$:BS (Q) =NS PRINT#4,SPC(10) ;B;:IFB< 1OTHENPRINT#4,SPC(4);:G 0T0278 IFB<10G0THENPRINT#4,SPC( 3) ; :GOTO270:ELSEPRINT#4 1SPC(2); PRINT#4,C$(Q) ; SPC (19-LE N(C$(Q))) 7D$(Q) :Q=Q+1:N EXTJ

IF T<>@THEN160:ELSECLOS E5

PRINT"ARE ALL INPUT DIS KS ENTERED? Y/N":GOSUB3 70: 1FYS="N"THEN1OG IFYS<>"¥"THEN296 CLOSE15:CLOSE4:0PEN4,4: Q=Q-1:PRINT"{DOWN}SET P RINTER TO HEAD OF FORM {SPACE}- PRESS ANY KEY {SPACE}WHEN READY":GOSU B376:P=1:GOSUB400

FAST :W=0:TS="2222222222 2":FORI=1T0Q: IFCS$ (1) <T$ THENTS=CS$ (I) :W=I

NEXT: [EW=OTHENFORJ=1T06 G-L: PRINT#4:CLOSE4: SLOW : END PRINT#4,SPC(10) ;CS(W) 7S PC (18-LEN (C$ (W))) ;D$ (W) 7SPC(3) ;AS (W) ;SPC(19-LE N(AS (W))) 7BS (W) :CS(W) =" 22222222222" :LC=LC+1:1F LC>59THENFORJ=1T06: PRIN T#4:NEXTJ:GOSUB400 GOTO326 PRINT#4,SPC(16) ; "NAME"; SPC (8) ;"TYPE";SPC(7) ;"H EADER"; SPC (8) ;"ID":PRIN T#4: RETURN

COMPUTE APRIL 1993

PX 370 GETYS$:IFYS=""THEN37@:EL SERETURN GET#5, YS: TFYS=""THENYS= CHRS (6)

RETURN

LC=5: PRINT#4,SPC(16) ;"M ASTER FILE INDEX

{5 SPACES}PAGE";P:PRINT #4,SPC(16);"FILE";SPC(8 );"PILE";SPC(8) ; "DISK"; SPC (8) ;"DISK" PRINT#4,SPC (16) ;"NAME"; SPC (8) ;"TYPE";SPC(7) ;"H EADER"; SPC (8) ;"ID":PRIN 1T#4:P=P+1:RETURN

HJ 386

PX MC

396 406

KR 416

Donald Klich has been involved with system design since 1963 (IBM 630). He is now retired and lives in Mount Prospect, Illinois.

MEMORY FLEXER

By Scott Gifford

When you're programming, wouldn't it be nice to have another 64 next to you? You could run and list other programs and look at a disk directory without erasing the program that you're working on. Mem- ory Flexer does just that—almost. Instead of providing you with another computer, this utility for the 64 divides the memory in your computer into two parts, each of which can hold its own program. This al- lows you to do things other programmers can only dream about.

Typing It In

Memory Flexer consists of two parts, a BASIC program and a machine lan- guage program. The first part, Memo- ry Flexer, is written in BASIC. To help you enter it without typing errors, use The Automatic Proofreader. See “Typ- ing Aids” elsewhere in this section. Be sure to save the program before exit- ing Proofreader.

Switcher is the second part, and it is written in machine language. Enter it with MLX, our machine language entry program. Again, see ‘Typing Aids.” When MLX prompts, reply with the fol- lowing values.

Starting address: CFO8 Ending address: CFEF

Be sure to save this program with the filename SWITCHER, since Memory Flexer loads and executes this file when it runs. Make sure that you save

both programs on the same disk.

How to Switch

Load and run Memory Flexer. The disk drive will run for a few seconds, and then it will ask you for the primary and secondary border colors (0-15). They will change to let you know which bank you are in. The defaults are blue (14) for the primary bank and black (0) for the secondary.

After you've selected the border col- ors, the screen will clear and you'll be instructed to hit Return five times. No- tice that the cursor will jump to five dif- ferent lines with SYS and other com- mands. This activates Memory Flexer and clears the program.

To switch between memory banks, simply type SWAP Neither bank will in- terfere with the other. Each bank can have its own set of variables that will not clear when you switch banks.

Immediately after activating Memory Flexer, it's a good idea to test it by at- tempting to store a brief program (such as 10 PRINT) in each bank. If you get an OUT OF MEMORY ERROR message, Memory Flexer has to “cough.” Clear it by typing NEW in both banks, and it should run fine.

Disk Operations

One use for Memory Flexer is to simpli- fy disk operations. For instance, if you want to see the directory without eras- ing @ program you are working on, just load the program into the other bank. For another use, you might want to keep a short program to read the error channel in one bank.

Cut-and-Paste Programming

Perhaps the most powerful feature of Memory Flexer is the ability to easily move lines between two programs. You could, for example, create a li- brary of subroutines you often use and simply paste them into programs as you need them.

To move a section of lines, load the program you are copying from into one bank and the program you are copying to into the other. List the lines to be cop- ied, and then swap banks and press Re- turn with the cursor on the lines. If you need more than one screenful, simply repeat the process.

Memory Flexer resides at 53000,

which may conflict with some very long machine language programs that start at 49152. The primary bank is about twice as large as the secondary, so try to keep the longer program there. Also, very large programs may not fit into either bank, Programs saved from the secondary bank must be loaded back in without a ,8,1. Oth- erwise, they will load into the secon- dary bank, which is inaccessible with- out Memory Flexer.

MEMORY FLEXER

ER",8,1 JA 100 OPEN1,@ HG 165 PRINT"{CLR}{6 DOWN}" QF 195 PRINT BE 204 PRINTSPC(18)"PRIMARY CO

LOR #14{2 LEFT}"; INPUT#1,C$:PRINT

V=VAL (C$): TF V<@ORV>15 {SPACE}THEN PRINT" {UP}I NVALID; {UP}":GOTO206 POKE53186,V PRINTSPC (16) "SECONDARY {SPACE}COLOR #6{LEFT}"; INPUT#1,C$: PRINT V=VAL(CS$) :IF V<@ORV>15 {SPACE}THEN PRINT" {UP}I NVALID; {UP}":GoT0200 POKE53205,V

PRINT" {CLR}{3 DOWN}SyYS {SPACE}53008{2 DOWN}" PRINT"NEW{2 DOWN}" PRINT"SWAP{2 DOWN}" PRINT" NEW{2 DOWN}" PRINT" SWAP{2 DOWN}" PRINT" {HOME}PLEASE HIT {SPACE}RETURN FIVE TIME Sane

GG 999 END

SWITCHER

CFG8:28 DA CF 20 94 CF AD @5 AE CF1@:93 8D 37 CF AD 04 63 8D 89 CF18:36 CF A9 25 8D G4 63 AD 7A CF26:CF 8D 65 63 66 AG G3 B9 21 CF28:68 62 D9 D6 CF DG G6 88 47 CF30:FG 66 4C 27 CF 4C FF FF 75 CF38:A9 3A AG BB 99 GB G2 CB EB CF40:CG 64 D@ F8 A5 2B CD BO 11 CF48:CF D@ 1E AS 2C CD Bl CF ED CF56:D@ 17 4C 55 CF A9 6G 8D AF CF58:26 D@ 26 DA CF 26 7D CF B7 CF6@:2G E3 CF 20 94 CF 4C 35 B6 CF68:CF A9 Gl 8D 26 DB CF70:CE 20 7D CF 20 DA CF 20 D8 CF78:94 CF 4C 35 CF A® 6G B9 ED CF80:2B 06 91 FB C8 C® BC DB DI CF88:F6 B9 75 G2 91 FB C8 CG AF CF9G:16 DG F6 66 AG GG Bl FB BS

cn 216 FG 226

CM 236 GJ 246

CA 259 EK 260

JJ 276 MX 280

AM 290 KS 360 FM 310 AB 320 GM 330

CF98:99 2B 86 C8 C@ GE DO F6 33 CFAG@:Bl FB 99 73 62 C8 CO 12 49 CFA8:D8 F6 Bl FB 8D 26 DO 68 53 CFBG:G1 68 G3 G8 GA G8 BA G8 40 CFB8:38 75 G6 G6 30 75 GB G8 2D CFCG:36 75 @1 32 75 34 75 3B BB CFC8:75 3B 75 48 AG GO 6H BB AS CFD@:AG 31 75 6B AG BB 53 57 BE CFD8:41 50 A9 BA 85 FB AX CF AC CFE@:85 FC 68 A9 C3 85 FB AI FE CFE8:CF 85 FC 60 68 90 946 60 77

Scott Gifford programs his 64 in Flush- ing, Michigan.

IRA MINIMUM DISTRIBUTION

By Robert Nellist

The Internal Revenue Service has a well- deserved reputation for writing complex and confusing regulations. It really outdid itself, however, when itwrote the rules gov- erning Individual Retirement Account (IRA) Minimum Distribution.

An IRA owner must start periodic min- imum withdrawals from his or her ac- count(s) starting in the year that he or she reaches age 70%—not 70 or 71, mind you, but 702! The amount that must be withdrawn each year is determined by di- viding the combined life expectancy of the owner and the oldest beneficiary in- to the balance in the account at the end of the preceding year. Combined life ex- pectancy is computed using the ages reached in the year the owner reaches 70¥2, Depending on his or her month of birth, the owner could reach either 70 or 71 during that year.

To complicate matters even further, life expectancy is almost always ex- pressed in fractions of a year and, in some cases, can be recalculated each year (rather than simply reducing it by one) to attain a slightly lower minimum withdrawal. Finally, if the owner's spouse is not the sole beneficiary, a dif- ferent set of rules applies.

Of course, you don't have to be too con- cerned about all this because the institu- tion holding the IRA will undoubtedly fig- ure it for you when the time comes. But if you or a relative or friend would like to know ahead of time what an IRA's mini- mum distribution schedule will be, Mini- mum Distribution will print out a person- alized, detailed projection based on the answers you give to a few questions. Just answer the questions as you run the

program. Having this information in ad- vance could prove important.

Typing It In

Minimum Distribution is written entirely in BASIC. To help avoid typing errors, enter it with The Automatic Proofread- er. See “Typing Aids” elsewhere in this section. As always, save a copy be- fore you run it.

Accuracy Considerations

The nearer an IRA owner is to the time when he or she must start periodic with- drawals, the more accurate the projec- tion can be. However, if there will be no further deposits or withdrawals, the program can take the present balance and, using daily compounded interest, predict what the balance will be when its owner reaches 70/2—even if that time is several years away. Accuracy will then depend entirely on how well you forecast the interest rate.

The Printout

Let's take a look at a typical printout. Un- der Account Number and Owner's Name are several of the statistics on which the projection is based. The term MDIB Applied, if it appears, indicates that the Minimum Distribution Incidental Benefit Requirement is in effect because the owner's spouse was not named as the sole beneficiary. In this case, the Ben- eficiary Age In Effect may differ from that person's actual age.

Now look at the projection chart itself. The owner's age is shown and then the year in which each minimum withdrawal must be made. The withdrawal amount appears in the far right column and is ob- tained by dividing the current life expec- tancy into the account balance. If the ac- count is earning a decent interest rate, the balance will probably increase for the first few years despite the withdraw- als. After studying the chart, an IRA own- er may well decide to increase withdraw- als in the early years in order to prevent sharply higher minimums in the later years from severely impacting his or her income tax.

A Grace Period

The IRS, in a burst of generosity, has decreed that the withdrawal deadline for the initial year may be delayed un- til April 1 of the following year without

APRIL 1993 COMPUTE G-35

PROGRAMS

penalty. After that, however, withdraw- als must be completed by December 31 of the year in which they are due.

Limitations

Recalculation (mentioned previously) is not used in this program. It would only reduce minimum withdrawal by a small amount and could cause compli- cations in case of death.

The program can accurately com- pute combined life expectancy when the oldest beneficiary's age falls be- tween 55 and 90 at the start of manda- tory distribution. Anything outside this range would be very unusual.

MINIMUM DISTRIBUTION

GK 10

RG 26

"

FOR X=1 TO 58:DAS$=DAS+"= "3NEXT PRINT"{CLR}{2 DOWN} M {DOWN} I{DOWN} N{DOWN} I {DOWN} M{DOWN} U{DOWN} M {DOWN}"SPC(3)"D I STR {SPACE}I B UT IO N" PRINTTAB(3)"{5 DOWN}B Y" SPC(5)"ROBERT {2 SPACES}N ELLIS tT" PRINTTAB(14)"{5 DOWN}PRE SS ANY KEY" WAIT 198,15:GET MS PRINT" {CLR}{2 DOWN}ENTER THE IRA ACCOUNT NUMBER" INPUT C$:C$="IRA ACCOUNT NO.- "+c$

PRINT" {DOWN}JENTER THE I RA OWNER'S NAME"

INPUT D$:DS$="OWNER'S NA Le "+D$:CD=69-LEN (C$+D

)

PRINT" {DOWN}JENTER THE M ONTH AND YEAR THE IRA O WNER{2 SPACES}WAS BORN {SPACE}- "; PRINT"SEPARATE WITH A C omMMA"

INPUT" (EXAMPLE 4) ";MA,YA MA=MA+6:YO=YA+7G:IF MA> 12 THEN YO=YO+1 OA=YO-YA

PRINT "{DOWN}DOES THE A CCOUNT NAME AT LEAST ON E"SPC(6)"PERSON AS BENE FICIARY";

FP 36

KQ 46

5@

60

76 86

96 168

116

126

136 146 - 68,192 156

166 176

G-36 COMPUTE APRIL 1993

GA

KD

JI

CK BB

KJ

DB PM

MG RH PK

GC

QF

KM

AD

HJ

JK

HH

RX DE

GF CG

CB

Cx

XK

183

196

206

216 226

236

246 256

260 276 288

290

308

316

326

336

346

358

368 376

386 396

466

419

429

PRINT" IN CASE OF THE"S

PC (4) "OWNERS DEATH?

{2 SPACES}<Y¥/N>"

GET B$:IF BS="N"AND OA=

70 THEN LX=16.9:BAS="_N

O":GOTO 300

IF BS="N"AND OA=71 THEN LX=15.3:BA$="_NO":GOTO 306

IF BS<>"Y"THEN 196

PRINT" {DOWN}ENTER THE Y

EAR OF BIRTH OF THE OLD

EST"SPC (3) "BENEFICIARY"

INPUT" (EXAMPLE - 1927)"

7YB:BA=YO-YB:IF BA>99 T

HEN BA=9G

IF BA<55 THEN BA=55

PRINT" {DOWN}IS THE OWNE

R'S SPOUSE THE SOLE"SPC (16) "BENEFICIARY?

{2 SPACES}<y/N>"

GET BS$:IFBSS<>"N"AND B

SS<>"Y"THEN 260

IF BS$="N"AND OA=78 AND BA<6@ THEN BA=60

IF BS$="N"AND OA=71 AND BA<61 THEN BA=61

BAS=STR$(BA) :GOSUB 1016 :REM-COMPUTE LIFE EXPEC

TANCY

PRINT" {CLR}{2 DOWN}THE {SPACE}NEXT QUESTION AS

KS FOR THE ESTIMATEDIRA BALANCE AT THE";

PRINT" END OF"YO~1:PRIN

T"THE PROGRAM WILL PROJ

ECT THIS FOR YOU {2 SPACES}";

PRINT" (USING DAILY COM

POUNDED INTEREST) PROVI

-DING THERE WILL BE NO {SPACE}";

PRINT"FURTHER DEPOSITS, WITHDRAWALS, OR CHANGE IN THE INTEREST {2 SPACES}RATE. "

PRINT" {DOWN}DO YOU WANT THIS PROJECTION?

{2 SPACES}<y/N>"

GET PRS$:IF PRS="N"THEN

{SPACE}496

IF PRS<>"Y"THEN 359

PRINT" {CLR} {DOWN} "TAB (1

%)"SPECIAL COMPUTATION"

PRINT" {2 DOWN}JENTER THE PRESENT YEAR"

INPUT" (EXAMPLE

7PY

PRINT"{2 DOWN}JENTER THE BALANCE IN THE ACCOUNT AT THE END OF"PY-1

INPUT" (EXAMPLE ~ 50546.

06) ";CBS$:SP=VAL (CBS)

PRINT" {2 DOWN}ENTER THE CURRENT INTEREST RATE

{SPACE }THE"SPC (5) "ACCOU

NT IS EARNING"

=.1993))."

BK

QP

JJ

XF

cD

QM

kQ

PS

PJ

HP

DJ

430

44G

456

468

476

486

49G

566

510

526

536

546

556 566

578 580 596 688 618 626 630 64G 656

668

679

686

696

788

INPUT" (EXAMPLE - 5.5)"; IR: IRS=STRS$ (IR) :IR=IR/1 ao PRINT" {CLR}{2 DOWN}"TAB (13)"PLEASE WAIT": PRINT : YL=YO-PY FOR R=1 TO YL:GOSUB98@: PRINT:NEXT:REM-DAILY CO MPOUNDING PPS=STRS$(SP):1F SP=INT ( SP)THEN PPS$=PP$+Q$ PPS=PPS$+TS:V=LEN (STRS (I NT (SP))):PPS=LEFTS (PPS, V+3) PRINT" {CLR} {2 DOWN}"TAB (5)"PROJECTED BALANCE ~ "PPS:GOTO 516 PRINT" {CLR}{2 DOWN}ENTE R THE ACCOUNT'S ESTIMAT ED BALANCE ATTHE END OF "YO-1 INPUT" (EXAMPLE - 65432. G6){2 SPACES}";PPS$:SP=Vv AL (PPS) :PPS=VS$+PPS PRINT"{2 DOWN}ENTER THE ESTIMATED YEARLY INTER EST RATETHE ACCOUNT IS {SPACE}EXPECTED "; PRINT"TO EARN OVER THEP AYOUT YEARS" INPUT "(EXAMPLE - 7.55) {2 SPACES}";IR:INS=STRS (IR) :IF IR=INT (IR) THEN {SPACE} INS=INS+".9" PRINT" {CLR}":NY=INT (LX) :IF LX=NY THEN NY=NY-1 IR=IR/180:SY=YO FORX=OA TO OA+NY:IF LX< 1THEN LX=1 MD=SP/LX:LX$=STRS (LX) +Q $+TS:IF LX<10THEN LXS=v S+Lx$ LX$ (X) =LEFTS (LXS,5) MD=SP/LX: SPS (X) =STRS$ (SP ) =MDS (X) =STRS (MD) IF SP<1064696 THEN SPS(x ) =VS+SPS$ (xX) IF SP<10066 THEN SPS (xX) =VS+SP$ (X) IF MD<16000 THEN MD$(X) =VS+MDS (X) IF MD<1069@ THEN MDS(X)= VS+MDS (X) IF MD=INT (MD) THEN MDS$(X ) =MDS$ (X) +Q$ IF SP=INT(SP)THEN SP$(X ) =SP$(X)+Q$ MDS (X) =LEFTS (MDS$(X)+TS, 9) :SPS(X)=LEFTS (SPS (X)+ TS,10) PRINT X;TAB(4)SY;TAB(1G ) SPS (X) TAB (22) LX$ (X) TAB (29) MDS (X) IF X=OA+NY THEN 716 GOSUB 980:REM-DAILY COM PUNDING SP=SP-MD:LX=LX-1:SY=SY+

XH

BB

JJ

GB

MS

EA

QK PF

RC

GS

PS

DJ

QD

HM

EF

JQ

JH

PE BK

719

726

736

746

758

766

776 780

796

806

810 826

830

840

850

860

876

880

890 966

916 926 936

946

956 968

1 NEXT: PRINT" {2 DOWN}"SPC (10)"PRESS P FOR PRINTO ur" GET M$:IF M$<>"P"THEN 7 26 OPEN4,4:IF BSS="Y"THEN {SPACE}BS$="{2 SPACES}S POUSE ONLY " IF BS$="N"THEN BS$=" MD IB APPLIED " PRINT#4,""SPC(3)"M IN {SPACE}I M U M"SPC(3)"D I 8 T Reviploa To N" SPC (3); PRINT#4,"P ROJECT {SPACE}I O N"SPC(3)"C H ART" PRINT#4:PRINT#4: PRINT#4 r""SPC(5)C$;""SPC (CD) DS PRINT#4:PRINT#4,""SPC(5 ) "OWNER'S AGE AT END OF "yo"="0A; PRINT#4,""SPC (8) "BENEFI CIARY AGE IN EFFECT-"BA $:IF PRS="N" THEN 826 PRINT#4:PRINT#4,""SPC(5 ) "SPECIAL COMPUTATION O PTION - "; PRINT#4,CBS" FOR"YL"YEA RS @"IRS"$ ="PPS PRINT#4:PRINT#4,""SPC(5 ) "BALANCE AT END OF"yO- 1"-"PPs; PRINT#4,""SPC (9) "ANNUAL INTEREST RATE-"INS" 3" :PRINT#4 PRINT#4,""SPC(5)"NO REC ALCULATION"SPC(11)BS$"" SPC (11) "DAILY COMPOUNDI NG" PRINT#4: PRINT #4: PRINT #4 :PRINT#4,""SPC(1G) "AGE" SPC (6) "YEAR"; PRINT#4,""SPC(8) "ACCOUN T"SPC(7) "LIFE"SPC (7) "MI NIMUM" PRINT#4,""SPC (31) "BALAN CE"SPC (7) "EXPECT. "SPC (4 ) "DISTRIBUTION" PRINT#4,""SPC(1G)DAS:PR INT#4 FOR Z=0A TO OA+NY PRINT#4,""SPC(9) Z""SPC( 5) YO""SPC(5)SP$(Z)""SPC (5) LX$(Z) ;""SPC(5)MDS(Z

)

YO=YO+1

NEXT :CLOSE4

PRINT" {CLR} {DOWN} "TAB (1

1)"PLEASE CHOOSE ONE"

PRINTTAB(6)"{2 DOWN}P = PROCESS ANOTHER ACCOUN

T": PRINTTAB (6) "{DOWN}Q {SPACE}= QUIT"

GET M$:IF MS="P"THEN 16 IF MS$="Q"THEN SYS64738

XF 970 GOTO 956 MX 986 FOR Y=1 TO 365:REM~DAIL ¥ COMPOUNDING LCOP EQ 996 DY=(SP*IR)/365:SP=SP+DY : PRINTTAB (16) "{RVS}"y" {uP}" SF 1666 NEXT:RETURN XF 1616 IF OA=76 THEN 1036:REM -LIFE EXPECTANCY COMPU TATION PB 1626 FOR X=1 TO 36:READ LL: NEXT XB 1636 FOR X=55 T) 90:READ LL BQ 1046 IF X=BA THEN LX=LL:x=9 6 RK 1656 NEXT: RETURN SE 1666 DATA29.9,29.1,28.4,27. 6,26.9,26.2,25.6,24.9, 24.3,23.7,23.1,22.5,22 -0,21.5 SS 1676 DATA21.1,20.6,36.2,19. 8,19.4,19.1,18.8,18.5, 18.3,18.0,17.8,17.6,17 34) L708 BG 1686 DATA17.1,17.9,16.9,16. 8,16.7,16.6,16.5,16.5 SQ 1690 DATA29.7,29.0,28.2,27. 5,26.7,26.0,25.3,24.7, 24.0,23.4,22.8,22.2,21 aTp2le2 HR 1106 DATA20.7,20.2,19.8,19. 4,19.0,18.6,18.3,18.0, 17.7,17.5,17.2,17.6,16 -8,16.6 SH 1110 DATA16.5,16.3,16.2,16.

1,16.6,15.9,15.8,15.8

Robert Nellist, the author of Ancestry (January 1993), lives in Brockport, New York,

SNAKEY

By Farid Ahmad

Snakey is a game that can help you in- crease your typing speed. At the lowest level, Snakey can be played by children who are just learning their way around the keyboard; the most difficult level should give even experienced typists a workout.

Snakey consists of a BASIC program and a machine language program. To help prevent typing errors, enter the BA- SIC program with The Automatic Proof- reader. See “Typing Aids’ elsewhere in this section. Be sure to save the program before you try to run it. Save both pro- grams on the same disk.

Use MLX, our machine language en- try program, to enter the machine lan- guage portion. Again, see “Typing Aids.” When MLX prompts, reply with the following addresses.

Starting address: CCO8 Ending address: CECF

Be sure to save this program with the filename SNAKEY.ML. The BASIC por- tion loads this file when it runs.

Starting Options

When you run the game, you're first asked to choose a level of difficulty. The game then asks you for the keys on which you want to practice. You can choose alphabet only, numbers on- ly, full keyboard, or specific keys.

If you choose to define specific keys, you're taken to a new screen where you can edit previously entered keys or enter new ones. You cannot en- ter spaces, as they would not be visi- ble on the game screen.

Gameplay

Once you have made your selections, the actual game starts. Characters start to flow from the left side of the screen, rather like a snake crawling out of a basket. This “snake” of characters makes its way toward the right edge of the screen. The object of the game is to force Snakey back into its basket. To do this, you must type the letter at Snakey's head. But hurry. If you take too long, Snakey will grow another char- acter at its head, and you'll have to type it instead. If Snakey reaches the other side of the screen, you lose.

At each level, Snakey grows at a spe- cific rate, giving you time to react. Should you type in a wrong character, however, Snakey grows immediately. This means that if you start pressing keys randomly, Snakey will grow very quickly, even at the easier levels.

The computer will inform you when you have lost or won. If your score is the highest so far, it will also ask for your name. A separate high-score re- cord is kept for each level and is dis- played at the top of the screen during the game.

Modifying Snakey You can easily change the initial length and reaction time associated with each level. List the program from line 1300 to line 1390. Increase the RT variable to increase reaction time, mak- ing the level easier. Increase the RS variable to increase Snakey’s initial APRIL 1993 COMPUTE G-37

PROGRAMS

length, You

making the level more difficult. can also change the string that

is used as the default for the Define

Keys option. Just change the variable TS$ in line 1110.

SNAKEY

PD 5

16 26 30

4G 58 66 76

86

96 16 11 12 13 14 15 16 26

G-38

IF ML=@ THEN ML = 1:PRINT "{CLR}LOADING ML....":LOA D"SNAKEY.ML",8,1

QQ=52232

GOSUB1G10: REM “INITIALIZ E

GOSUB1596

GOSUB126@6:REM "OPTIONS PO=6

PRINT" {CLR}":SY¥SQQ,5,08: PRINT"PRESS ANY KEY WHEN READY": POKE198, @:WAIT19 8,1 GOSUB880:REM N TIS="600006" 6 GOSUB210:REM

"DRAW SCREE

“UPDATE

@ IF PO=GL THEN GOTO58@ @ GOSUB380:REM "GET INPUT 6 GOSUB460:REM "CHECK IT

@ IF PO<>OTHEN1@6

@ CTS=TI$:GOTO68G

O:

@ REM-UPDATE:SELECTS AND {SPACE}PRINTS THE NEXT {SPACE } CHARACTER+MAKES {SPACE} SOUND

@ CC=PX (PO) :PO=P0+1:IFPO= GLTHEN RETURN

® X=RND(1):X=X*TL+1

@ XX=RND (1) :XX=INT (XX*2)

@ IFXX=@THENCC=CC+1:IFCC> 22THENCC=21

@ IFXX=1THEN{2 SPACES}CC= CC-1:IFCC<2 THENCC=3

6 PxX(PO)=CC

@ SNAKES (PO) =MIDS$(TSS,X,1 )

® SYSQQ,CC,PO:PRINTSNAKES (PO)

@ POKESS+1,X+5G

6 POKESS+4,16

@ RETURN

@ REM-GET INPUT:GET INPUT

FROM PLAYER @ R=6 @ GET RES: IFRES<>""THEN41 i) @ R=R+1 :IF R<>RT THEN39@ @ RETURN Oo:

@ REM-CHECK IT :RETRUNS W COMPUTE APRIL 1993

466 470 480 490 566 516 520 530 570 586 596 606 6196 676 686 696 700 710 726 730 748 756 768 778

780

798

800 810 820 836 878 886 896 906

916 920

HEN THERE IS WRONG RESP ONSE OR WHEN GAME IS OV ER

IF RES$<>SNAKES (PO) THEN {3 SPACES}RETURN SYSQQ,PX (PO) ,PO:PRINT" {SPACE}" POKESS+1,P0*2+22 POKESS+4,033:FOR RR= 1 {SPACE}TO 5{2 SPACES}:N EXT

POKESS+4 ,G32

PO=PO-1:IF PO<>G@THENGOS UB38G:GOTO466

RETURN

REM-LOST SYSQQ,06,12:PRINT" {CLR} SORRY, YOU LOST" SYSQQ,08,08:PRINT"WHY D ON'T YOU TRY AGAIN ??" GOTO775

REM-WON CCS=MIDS$(CT$,3,2)+":"+R IGHTS (CT$,2) SYSQQ,06,12:PRINT" {CLR} YOU DID IT! SYSQQ,08,08:PRINT"YOUR {SPACE}TIME WAS : "CCS IF CTS$=>BT$(LE) THEN77@ SYSQQ,12,0:PRINT"WOW!! {SPACE}THIS IS A NEW RE CORD AT LEVEL";LE SYSQQ,15,05:PRINT"WHAT {SPACE}IS YOUR NAME "; R1$="{2 SPACES}AZ":GOSU B1696 R1S="";SYSQQ,15,23,6,R1 $:BPS$(LE)=R1$ BTS (LE) =CT$:BBS$ (LE) =CC$ SYSQQ,20,0:PRINT"PRESS {SPACE}SPACE BAR TO CHA NGE OPTIONS SYSQQ,21,0:PRINT" {6 SPACES}OR ANY OTHER {SPACE}KEY TO PLAY AGAI nN" SYSQQ,22,0:PRINT" {6 SPACES}WITH SAME SET TINGS POKE198,@:WAIT198,1:GET RS IF RS="_" THEN PRINT" {CLR}":{2 SPACES}GOTO5@ GOTO6G

REM-DRAW SCREEN SYSQQ,G6,00:PRINT"{CLR}L EVEL=";LE SYSQQ,9,12:PRINT"BEST T IME ";BB$ (LE) SYSQQ,0,28:PRINT"BY ";B PS (LE) SYSQQ,19,0:PRINT"Q" FORR=1T022:SYSQQ,R ,39: PRINT"Q":NEXT

936 946 956 966 1696 1616 1626 1636 1646 1656 1668 1676

1686 1696

1169 s2

1116 11206

1136 1149 1158

1166 1170

1186 1198

1206 1216 1256 1266 1276

1286

1299

1366 1319

1326 1336 1346 1356 1366 1376 13896 1396 1496 1416 1426 1436 144g

FORR =1TORS:GOSUB21G:NE xT

POKE198,@

RETURN

REM-INITIALIZE POKE53280,6:POKE53281, G: PRINT" {WHT }" I) DIM SNAKE$(5@):REM CON TAINS THE ALPHBETS PUT ON THE SCREEN DIMPX (50) PX(@6)=10{5 SPACES}:REM ROW ON WHICH SNAKEOF {SPACE}COLUMN X IS PUT CC=10:REM THE CURRENT {SPACE} ROW PO=6 :REM THE {SPACE }COLUMN GL=39:REM GAME LOST $1$="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ RSTUVWXYZ" "8123456789" TSS="SNAKEY" FOR R= GTOG9:BTS(R)="9 91600":BBS(R)="10:06": BPS(R)="UMARA": NEXT

?X=RND(-T

CURRENT

REM~SOUND

FOR R=54272 TO 54296:P OKER, 0:NEXT:SS=54272 POKE SS,255

POKE SS+24,15:REM VOLU ME POKESS+5,16*16+01:REM {SPACE }ATT/DELAY POKESS+6,15*16+1 {SPACE}SUS/REL RETURN

:REM

REM-OPTIONS

RT=0

SYSQQ,4,4: PRINT" {CLR}C HOOSE LEVEL (0-9 SYSQQ,5,4:PRINT"(@ IS {SPACE}EASY : 9 IS HAR D) POKE198,0:WAIT198,1:GE T LES:LE=VAL (LES) LE=@THENRT=150:RS=7 LE=1THENRT=100:RS=1

LE=2THENRT=8G6:RS=11 LE=3THENRT=70:RS=12 LE=4THENRT=60:RS=13 LE=5THENRT=50:RS=14 LE=6THENRT=45:RS=15 LE=7THENRT=40:RS=26 LE=8THENRT=30:RS=29 LE=9THENRT=20: RS=26 RS>37 THEN RS = 37 RT=G6THEN1296

PRINT: PRINTTAB (4) LE

XR=12:XC=3

Qs PG

Qs QA DA KR BE SA GM Js QXx EK RQ

QR KG

GE

Qx FE

DA

DJ

DQ

1456 1469

1476 1480 1496 1566 1516 1520 1536 1549 1556 1560 1576

1586 1596

16096

1616 1626

1636

1646

1656

1666

1676 1686 1696

1766 1716

1726 1736

SYSQQ,XR,XC: PRINT"CHOO SE KEYS TO BE USED" SYSQQ,XR+2,XC+3: PRINT" {RVS}A{OFF}LPHABETS ON LY SYSQQ,XR+3,XC+3:PRINT" {RVS}N{OFF}UMBERS ONLY SYSQQ,XR+4,XC+3: PRINT" {RVS}B{OFF}OTH SYSQQ,XR+5,XC+3:PRINT" {RVS}D{OFF}EFINED POKE198,@:WAIT198,1:GE TTS

IFTS="A"THEN TSS= GoTO1580 IFTS="N"THEN TSS$= GOTO1580 IFTS="B"THEN TS$= S1$+ $2$:GOTO1586 IFTS<>"D"THEN GOTO15GG REM~Z PRINT" {CLR} ":R1LS="!1¢*} {K}{B}":GOSUB169G PRINT" {CLR}"%:GOSUB1696 :SYSQQ,0,0,280,TSS TL=LEN (TS$) : RETURN PRINT" {CLR}":SYSQQ,6,1 3:PRINT"S NA KE Y¥" PRINT" {2 DOWN}SNAKEY H AS JUST COME OUT OF IT 'S BASKET.

PRINT"YOU MUST HELP PU T IT BACK IN BY TYPING PRINT" {DOWN}THE CHARAC TER AT IT'S HEAD. PRINT" {DOWN}BUT HURRY {SPACE}UP, IF SNAKEY M AKES IT TO

PRINT" {DOWN}THE WALL O N THE OTHER SIDE, YOU {SPACE}WILL

PRINT" {DOWN}NEVER BE A BLE TO CATCH UP WITH I T! SYSQQ,23,13:PRINT"PRES S ANY KEY":POKE 198,G: WAIT198,1

RETURN

REM~XINPUT

Rl = LRN(R1$) :POKE5294 G,R1/2

FOR R2 = 1 TO RI POKE 52946 + R2, ID$(R1$,R2,1)) NEXT R2

RETURN

S1$:

S2$:

ASC (M

SNAKEY.ML

CCGO8:28 CC1G:26 CC18:84 CC26:CB Cc28:18 CC3G:04 CC38:11 CC4G:A5 CC48:DG

FD FD

AE AE A6 BO oo 0) AS 69 AG

26 26 02 39 65 85 FD 96 i)

9E 9E EG 18 G3 FE 69 85 Bl

B7 B7 19 26 85 A5 28 FE 7A

86 8A BO FO FD G2 85 cé cg

EB A2 B3 FO 62 G2 E9 51 Cu.

CC5G:FO CC58:B7 CC60:37 CC68:FD CC76:69 CC78:FG CC86:C9 CC88:4C CC9G:96 CC98:C9 CCAG:99 CCA8:CE CCB@: 26 CCBB:E8 CCC@:A5 CCC83AG ccp6:65 CCD8:CE CCEG:94 CCE8:84 CCFO:64 CCE8:F@ CD66:C8B CDG8:62 CD16:DD CD18:CD CD29:69 CD28:EF CD36:46 CD38:E9 CD40:69 cn48:C7 CD56:60 CD58:85 CD66:6C CD68:CD CD76:EC CD78:CD CD80:A9 CD88:D8 CD9G:BG CD98:C9 CDAG: 86 CDA8:CD CDBG:C9 CDB8: 28 CDCG: 28 cpc8:11 CDDG:27 CDD8:CB CDEG:69 CDE8:C9 CDFO:F4 CDF8:FD CEGG:E8 CEG8:A9 CE10:CE CE18:94 CE20:C9 CE28:C9 CE30:C7 CE38:A9 CE40:FD CE48:CA CES@:CE CE58:A9 CE60:C9 CE68:C7 CE7@:CC CE78:4C

62 2A BS 59 68 5B Bl D6 De F2

26 8c a5 c8 E9 B9 CE 91 AS 0o

De c8 4c CE 6G BE Da FB 65 AG

@4 CE BS 85 85 CE F5 c8 91 G2

88 ipl) CE 33 34 oo) AG AS FB ao

4c 07 38 85 85 34 92 04 66 86

7E 84 AS a4 65 c8 AD 91 6G 60

CEC8:61

Farid Ahmad is a frequent contributor. He lives Islamabad, Pakistan. a]

ATTENTION USER GROUPS!

WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU!

Gazette will soon publish an up-to-date list of all Commodore 64/128 user groups across the U.S., throughout Can- ada, and around the world. We are now in the process of updating this informa- tion. If your user group has not appeared in any of our previous lists and you'd like to be included, please send your club name, address, and bulletin board service telephone number to the follow- ing address,

Commodore 64/128

User Group Update COMPUTE's Gazette

324 W. Wendover Ave., Ste. 200 Greensboro, NC 27408

TYPING AIDS

MLX, our machine language entry pro- gram for the 64 and 128, and The Auto- matic Proofreader are utilities that help you type in Gazette programs without making mistakes. To make room for more programs, we no longer include these labor-saving utilities in every issue, but they can be found on each Gazette Disk and are printed in all issues of Ga- Zette through June 1990.

We'll send you a free printed copy if you send an SASE to Typing Aids, COM- PUTE’s Gazette 324 West Wendover Av- enue, Suite 200k, Greensboro, North Car- olina 27408.

Write to Typing Aids, COMPUTE's Gazette, 324 West Wendover Avenue, Suite 200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408.

APRIL 1993 COMPUTE G-39

THE AUTOMATIC PROOFREADER

The Automatic Proofreader helps you type in program listings for the 128 and 64 and prevents nearly every kind of typing mistake.

Type in Proofreader exactly as list- ed. Because the program can't check itself, be sure to enter each line care- fully to avoid typographical errors or oth- er mistakes. Don't omit any lines, even if they contain unusual commands. Af- ter you've finished, save a copy of the program before running it.

Next, type RUN and press Return. Af- ter the program displays the message Proofreader Active, you're ready to type in a BASIC program.

Every time you finish typing a line and press Return, Proofreader displays a two-letter checksum in the upper left corner of the screen. Compare this re- sult with the two-letter checksum print- ed to the