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Circle Reader Service Number 301
64/128 VIEW
COMPUTE says goodbye to Amiga Resource, but Gazette will continue—with your help!
Tom Netsel
here's good news and
bad news this month.
Let's get the depressing
item out of the way and then finish on a couple of up- beat notes.
The bad news is that this issue marks the final edition of Amiga Resource. As Ga- zette is available for 64 and 128 users, Amiga Resource was available to Amiga sub- scribers as a special section in COMPUTE. Subscribers to COMPUTE's multiedition received both the Amiga and Gazette sections.
What began in 1988 as a sporadic buyer's guide for Amiga products evolved in- to a quarterly publication in the spring of 1989. Reader response was enthusiastic, and Amiga Resource be- came a bimonthly publica- tion less than a year later. In the summer of 1990, Gener- al Media bought COMPUTE Publications and re- launched the magazines in their present format. Amiga Resource went monthly with Denny Atkin as editor.
In a computer market dom- inated by IBM and clones, Amiga Resource and Ga- zette provided coverage for a dedicated core of Commo- dore users. As long as each section had a sufficient sub- scribers, publication could continue. Those numbers are no longer there for Ami- ga Resource.
That's the bad news. The good news is that Gazette continues. Thanks to your support, we still have enough subscribers to war- rant the time, effort, and ex- pense of turning out a 40- page section devoted to an 11-year-old computer. How long Gazette continues is up to you readers. If you re-
new your subscription and encourage fellow Commo- dore owners to subscribe, then we'll continue. If you feel it's time for Gazette to call it quits, let your subscrip- tion lapse.
Naturally, | hope you'll con- tinue supporting Gazette as you've done for the past ten years. Commodore users from around the world contin- ue to produce amazing pro- grams for the magazine and its companion disk. And af- ter more than a decade of publishing, our columnists and writers still haven't ex- hausted their editorial pos- sibilities. I've got some great programs and articles that | want to share with you, and it'd be a shame to waste all this valuable infor- mation. | hope | can count on your continuing support.
Here's some more good news. Creative Micro De- signs (CMD) is now han- dling a lot more Commo- dore software and hard- ware. It recently purchased all of the products that RUN magazine once offered through TechMedia.
CMD has confirmed that it is taking orders, and a new catalog of products that include the GEOS Com- panion disks, Productivity Pak, modems, and heavy- duty power supplies should be available by the time you read this.
CMD is searching for more Commodore products from other firms as well. The Massachusetts-based com- pany wants to become an even greater resource for Commodore owners by offer- ing a wider range of soft- ware and hard-to-find prod- ucts. Keep up the goo work, CMD! a
GAZETTE
64/128 VIEW G-1
COMPUTE says goodbye to Amiga Resource. By Tom Netsel.
PRINTER POTPOURRI G-3
Facts about dot-matrix printers. By Ranjan Bose.
REVIEWS G-10 BBU and BBG, | Paint, and Grafix Grab Bag. FEEDBACK G-14 Questions, answers, and comments.
PD PICKS G-16
1581 Directory Assistant and 1581 Disk Utilities. By Steve Vander Ark.
MACHINE LANGUAGE G-18 Load and run ML programs from BASIC.
By Jim Butterfield.
D’IVERSIONS G-20
When your computer speaks, will you answer? By Fred D'Ignazio.
BEGINNER BASIC G-22 How does data get inside your computer?
By Larry Cotton.
GEOS G-23 Have you heard GEOS lately?
By Steve Vander Ark.
PROGRAMMER’S PAGE G-24 Programming hints and tips from readers.
By Randy Thompson.
PROGRAMS
DataBase (64) G-25 Brick Layer (64) G-28 CD+ (64) G-31 Silicon Cobbler (64) G-34 Teleword 128 G-36 The Automatic Proofreader (64/128) G-37 MLX (64) G-38
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Printers are practically a requirement for any well-equipped computer system. Through the use of an interface, a 64 or 128 can connect to almost any printer, but the dot-matrix is still the choice of most Commodore users.
PRINTER
When the 64 was introduced 11 years ago, its users were severely restricted in their selection of printers. One of the reasons for this was because their computer didn’t come with an industry standard Centronics paral- lel or RS-232 serial port.
Printers from Commodore were the only game in town for some years, and they were generally high- priced and of poor quality. Most third-party printers came equipped with Centronics parallel ports (RS-232 ports were available as an option), but they were incompatible with Commodore hardware. Luckily for us users, a number of companies produced printer inter- faces that enabled us to use these third-party printers with our Commodores.
transparent mode. This means that the output from your program is sent unaltered to the printer. In this case, the interface simply takes the Commodore serial data bit by bit and sends the information as eight parallel data bits. It also sends along a few handshake signals, which the printer needs in order to communicate with your computer. More about these later.
Then There’s PETSCII
Not only is the 64's hardware nonstandard, but the numerical codes that it uses to represent characters is also nonstandard. Practically all printers use what is known as the ASCII standard, where a code value of 65 stands for an uppercase letter A. The 64, however, in-
POTPOURRI
These days, most any printer, be it dot-matrix, ink jet, or laser, can be connected to a Commodore through one of these printer interfaces. Although laser printers have experienced dramatic price reductions, most Commodore users still opt for dot-matrix printers, which offer excellent quality at affordable prices.
In the Mode Getting back to the interface, these devices take the nonstandard Commodore serial port signal and make it look like a Centronics-compatible signal, which most third-party printers can recognize. Interfaces typically allow several modes of operation. One mode always is the downwardly compatible 1525-emulation mode. This mode uses Commodore graphic characters stored in the interface ROM and blocks all non-Commodore printer codes from reaching the printer. This means that a fancy printer is essentially downgraded into acting like a 1525. This mode is useful only with ancient pro- grams that don't support any other printer.
Printer interfaces also allow you to use all the fea- tures of your printer through what is aptly named
terprets an ASCII value of 65 as a lowercase a.
For the benefit of the printer—and your printouts— the interface translates the Commodore codes (some- times called PETSCII or CBMSCII) that flow from the computer into ASCII codes. Some 64 word processors generate ASCII output directly, and these work very well if you set the interface to its transparent mode. Even if your 64 program sends true ASCII code, you still need the interface in order to supply the correct electrical signals for the printer.
Interfaces also allow you to print program listings in several ways. The embedded graphic characters and control codes that represent color changes, cursor movements, or screen-clearing functions that you see when you list a program on your monitor can be made to appear in the printed listing as graphic characters, key combinations, or a numerical code.
Some interfaces also have a hex-dump mode in which the hexadecimal values of all the characters that are sent by the computer are printed. This comes in handy when you're debugging should a program hang up the printer by sending an unwanted control char-
BY RANJAN BOSE
acter. Since many printers can be set to work in this mode, you probably won't miss it if your interface lacks a hex mode.
Interfaces also allow you to turn linefeeds on or off as needed. This is another fea- ture that's present on many of today's printers.
Most printer interfaces come with a buffer. This is memory that is resident out- side the computer. It can be as tiny as 128 bytes or as large as 32K. Rather than waiting around for the print- er to accept the printout information, the computer dumps it to the buffer. The computer is free to work on other chores, and the buffer hangs onto the information until the printer is ready to print it. The bigger the buffer, the sooner it frees the computer when you have a large file to print.
Making Contact
The printer and computer first establish a common time frame (handshake) by using a strobe signal, which is a volley of very fast and regularly occurring electric pulses, The computer then waits for the printer to signal its availability with a high acknowledge signal or a low busy signal. On receiving the appropriate signal, the computer sends_ the information that is to be printed. These characters, which are nothing more than electrical pulses, get sent at a rate of 400-600 characters per second.
Few printers can handle information this quickly. Since most are limited to printing at a much slower rate, typically 40-150 char- acters per second, the char- acters coming from the computer are stored in buffers, which may be in the printer or in the interface. When the buffers are full, the computer receives a signal to stop sending data. From that moment, the computer waits until the printer catch- es up and signals that it's ready for more data.
In a system with a tiny buffer, this waiting game can occur every few sec- G-4 COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
Tresente the
NX-2420 MULTI
With a printer interface, you can connect your 64 or 128 to practical- ly any printer, such as these multifont models from Star Micronics.
onds until everything has been printed. If a big buffer is available, then the com- puter can send a large amount of data before it is interrupted. After sending the last packet of data, the computer becomes avail- able for further use.
A Dip into History Modern-day dot-matrix print- ers descend from line print- ers, dinosaurs that were used long ago when video monitors were prohibitively expensive. By firing a single column of six to eight pins as the printhead moved across the page, the line printer was able to reproduce charac- ters and graphic shapes. Its printing speed was compa- rable with present stan- dards, but the quality was terrible. The dots that made up the printout were visible from a mile away.
For those requiring better print quality, the only re- course was to acquire a heavy, expensive, noisy, and slow daisywheel printer. The daisywheel has all but disappeared with the advent of laser and ink-jet printers. (These latter printers still employ the dot-matrix meth- od of printing, but they employ very tiny dots.)
Still on the Dot
Despite the poor quality of their early printouts, dot- matrix printers have re- mained popular. They've survived primarily by a fierce reduction in price, aided by an increase in features and a boost in print quality. In an effort to keep their cus- tomers and attract new ones, printer companies have increased the number of pins in the printhead, added color, and offered im- proved paper handling.
As lasers and ink jets con- tinue to drop in price, it's quite possible that some day peo- ple will find it economical to have a laser printer for letter quality printouts and keep a dot-matrix printer on hand for printing multipart forms. Forms are beyond the capability of the mighty laser printer right now because it doesn't use impact technology.
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The print quality on today’s dot-maitrix printers is far from bad. Even 9-pin printers can produce near letter quality printouts by using multiple passes. This does affect printing speed, however. The printing speed in NLQ mode is about 30-50 percent slower than when printing in draft mode.
You may experience some reduction in print quali- ty when using fanfold paper. Since the printer grips fan- fold paper less firmly than friction-fed single sheets, you often get a line or two of text with jagged characters because of unavoidable paper movement between the multiple passes of the printhead. A 24-pin print- head avoids this problem by printing LQ characters in a single pass. Also, by using a denser dot-matrix (up to 30 x 48 dots per character as opposed to 18 x 18 on a 9- pin printer), a 24-pin printer produces letters that are bet- ter shaped with smoother curves than its 9-pin cousin. It generally prints faster, too.
Some Useful Features As | mentioned earlier, prices of dot-matrix printers have dropped dramatically over the years, and to make them even more appealing, manufacturers have piled on the features. Here are a few that can make your printing sessions more enjoyable.
PRINTER LIFESAVERS
Dot-matrix printers typically need minimal care, but here are a few things to keep them online even longer.
e Use the best quality paper. Cheap paper sheds a lot of minute particles. This paper dust can mix with lubri- cants to form a dough that can clog moving parts.
e Clean the printer by lightly vacuuming, taking care not to touch ICs, cables, or other electronic parts. Static elec- tricity generated during vacuuming can be damaging.
e Smoking, eating, and drinking near computer equip- ment is like playing Russian roulette! You'll win most of the time, but you'll remember the time you lose.
e Once or twice a year, depending on usage, clean the guide rail supporting the print head with a dry lint-free cloth. Lubricate the rail sparingly with a very light oil.
e Once a year, clean the rubber platen and paper bail rollers with ethanol (or special cleaning solution avail- able for this purpose from office supply stores) and with a rubber-conditioning compound.
e |f the print head becomes dirty and begins to smudge printouts, remove the ribbon and then use a strip of lint- free wipes, moistened in alcohol to gently floss the print head and the ribbon mask (the plastic or metal frame that lies between the print head and the paper).
e Never use a ribbon with a weak area, one that appears as a translucent patch when the ribbon is viewed against light. Don't use one that has an actual tear in it as this could snag the print head pins.
e Never use the printer for extended periods of time. Most printers have a detector that shuts the printer down automatically when the print head overheats. When printing more than a few pages, it's wise to leave the cover open for promoting ventilation.
@ Re-inking a printer ribbon might appeal to the Scrooge in you, but it could cost you the print head! For proper opera- tion, ribbons need to have the right amount of ink and lubri- cant. Darker printing ribbons may look good on paper, but they generally have less lubricants. A cheap ribbon that’s short on lubricant could rip and catch the delicate pins, costing you an expensive print head replacement.
cially when several people used the same printer. It was very easy to have mis- aligned sprocket holes. Often, someone would for- get to disengage the friction setting after loading the fan- fold. This situation usually occurred when you went for a cup of coffee after starting to print your 20-page docu- ment.
The other option was to use the fanfold from the beginning and to discard the blank top page. The trees would probably like to say something about this wasteful procedure.
In newer printers equip- ped with pushfeeds, it’s possible to advance the page after printing, tear off the last printed page, and then retract the paper to the top printing position. Rather than going through the con- tortions outlined earlier, all you have to do is press a switch to move the paper.
Improved paper han- dling. Newer impact dot- matrix printers allow a greater adjustment of the gap between the printhead and the platen, thereby per- mitting the use of thicker forms. In general, paper handling is more positive, precise, and predictable on newer printers than on those from even a few years ago. The improvement makes it much easier to print envelopes, multipart
Paper parking. In older printers, at any given instant, you were limited to using either fanfold paper or single sheets. If you had fanfold paper in the printer and wanted to print on letter- head or other single-sheet stock, you had to remove the fanfold paper. When you'd finished with the single sheets, you then had to go through the whole tedious procedure of reloading and aligning the fanfold paper.
In newer printers, you don’t have to remove fanfold paper in order to use single sheets. It can be “parked” out of the way while single sheets are used. When you're ready to switch back to fanfold, it can be brought back into position by moving a lever or pressing a switch.
In some printers, the parked paper is held in a curved shape. If the paper is left for a day or two like this, the curl can cause the paper to jam or at least G-6 COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
give an unsightly top page on the next document that’s printed.
Other printers hold the parked pa- per flat and don’t have this curly prob- lem. In fact, even when using fanfold paper, it’s a good practice to park the paper at the end of each session. Pa- per left wrapped around the platen can definitely develop a curl, giving you a top page that looks unruly.
Zero-inch tear off. With earlier printers equipped with pull-tractors, when you finished printing a document, you normally had to advance the fan- fold, tear off the printed pages, and then use friction feed to print the first half of the next page until it caught the tractor sprockets. You then took the printer offline, engaged the paper in the sprockets properly, disengaged the friction-feed, and printed the rest. It was as painful a procedure as it sounds.
This procedure was prone to numerous frustrating problems, espe-
forms, and labels.
Scalable fonts. No matter how good a regular font looks (even on 24- pin printers), the jaggies show up when you print them in double width or double height. Scalable fonts smooth out the jaggies. With them, new printers can print out slick-look- ing characters over a wide range of sizes. A few printers have scalable fonts built in, while others print those with the help of special software.
Quiet operation. While improved print quality attracts users, the noise that dot-matrix printers generate turns quite a few prospective users away. A typical workhorse, churning out 40-80 cps in letter quality mode, is noisy enough to render nearby conversation impossible. Printer hoods can bring the noise down considerably, but they take away easy access to the printer's controls and paper.
Most new printers come with a quiet
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Individual issues of the disk are available for $9.95 (plus $2.00 shipping and handling) by writing to COMPUTE, 324 West Wendover Avenue, Suite 200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408.
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“Residents of NC and NY, please add appropriate sales tax for your area. Canadian orders, add 7% goods and services tax.
| | H YES! Start my one-year subscription | to COMPUTE’s Gazette Disk right away for only $49.95.* | Gi Payment enclosed (check or money order) | OCharge OMasterCard O Visa | | Acct. No. Exp. Date i : ! Signature ean Name | | Address i. Aaa Ci | Stata] ZIP/ Province Postal Code |
mode, which reduces the printing noise by slowing down the printing speed. Panasonic, followed by others, has gone beyond this technique to equip newer printers with quieter mov- ing parts and added insulation. There’s even a superquiet mode that alters the method of firing pins in two passes. Even at regular speeds, these printers are supposed to produce about se as much noise as earlier printers.
Color. Practically all self-respect- ing dot-matrix printer manufacturers now have at least one model that prints in color. Color printers use a rib- bon with tracks of colored ink and a motor which moves the ribbon up and down to bring one of the (usually) four-colored bands against the print- ing pins. By printing in one color and then reprinting over it in another color, up to seven colors can be generated.
Since accurate registration of superimposed characters is essential, most of the printers become unidirec- tional when printing in color. The resultant output is slower than when the printer is printing with a black rib- bon, but the only other alternative would be to purchase an ink jet or
color laser costing many times more.
Color intensity varies from printer to printer, and one band of color in the ribbons usually dries out faster than the others, leading to shifts in hue over a period of use. Colored ribbons are generally two to three times more expensive than black ribbon, and they have a shorter life.
Improved printhead move- ment. Printers rely on major move- ment in two directions. The paper moves up and down (vertical move- ment) while the printhead moves left and right (lateral movement). Some heads rest at the left edge of the print- ing line, while others rest in the mid- dle. Most heads print a line from left to right and then the next line from right to left. Printers that use this bidirec- tional printing can often figure out after printing a line whether it would be quicker to start the next line from the left or right edge (logic-seeking).
When printing graphics, you can either select bidirectional or unidirectional movement for improving vertical alignment, the lack of which shows up when printing a long vertical straight line. The faster a printer is, the more likely it is to print a vertical line
Nose anys ia os
that appears to zigzag. Some printers compensate for this by allowing you to adjust the timing for the printhead to reach the starting point for each line (bidirectional timing adjustment).
As a printer grows old and the cog belts that move the head become loose, the misalignment becomes more noticeable. By adjusting the tim- ing, you can get a few more miles out of it before you'll be forced to see a service technician.
Printheads must move parallel to the platen (paper) in order to make an even impression across the page. With age, this alignment could go out of whack, resulting in printouts with a darker left or right edge. A sawtooth test pattern that can be generated on some printers can readily reveal such a misalignment. The adjustment that corrects this problem shouldn't be attempted by an untrained person. This adjustment may also be required when replacing the printhead. (Such replacements aren't common unless you are heavily into printing bit- mapped images and large banners.)
Check out today's feature-packed printers, Their low price and high quality make them a great buy. Qa
G-8 COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
COMMODORE 64/128
PUBLIC DOMAIN SHAREWARE PROGRAMS
CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE DESCRIPTIVE CATALOG OF COMMODORE 64/128 PUBLIC DOMAIN & SHAREWARE SOFT- WARE OR SEND $2.00 FOR DE-
SCRIPTIVE CATALOG AND SAMPLE DISK. ADULT SOFT- WARE LISTING AVAILABLE TO THOSE OF LEGAL ADULT AGE.
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Circle Reader Service Number 253
WESTERN HERITAGE THE BIGGEST VARIETY OF ALL NEW PROFESSIONAL WESTERN PRINT SHOP GRAPHICS, BORDERS AND FONTS. FROM WILD WEST RODEOS TO MODERN HORSE SHOWS, YOU WILL HAVE GRAPHICS FOR EVERY WESTERN OCCASION.
$24.95 prus usa sit $4.00 WARES. $1.95 TAX PLUS: UK S/H $12.00 % AUSTRALIA S/H $16.00 APO, FPO, AK, HI S/H $6.00 t& CANADA S/H $5.00 f PAYMENT IN USA FUNDS t OR CANADA ORDERS $37.50 TOTAL IN CANADIAN FUNDS. Call NOW 509-276-6928 C64 sy WRITE FOR FREE BROCHURE * IBK HORSE FEATHERS GRAPHICS N. 27310 Short Rd, Deer Park, WA 99006 REQUEST 5.25 OR 3.5 FOR IBM SPECIFY IBM OR C64
@ oY mA
Circle Reader Service Number 234
WHEN YOU CAN'T BREATHE,
NOTHING ELSE MATTERS,’
Help the American Lung Association fight lung disease.
AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION.
Space contributed by the publisher as a public service.
KeyDOS ROM Version 2 is here!
The KeyDOS ROMis a chip for the empty socket inside your C128 that adds more than 40 powerful features. KeyDOS is available instantly as soon as you switch on your 128! KeyDOS is loaded with useful tools to simplify file access on multiple drive systems without typ- ing file names—all major DOS functions included. Select multiple files for copying, viewing, printing, renaming or scratching. ASCIVCBM/Screen code converter. Full support for 1581
subdirectories. Built-in RAMDOS for REUs up to 2MB. New GEOS SupeRBoot Alarm clock. Disk editor. Powerful debugger.
Only $32.50. Satisfaction Guaranteed! Write for more information. Enhance your system with the speed and convenience that KeyDOS provides! Antigrav Toolkit, PO Box 1074, Cambridge, MA 02142 Shipping outside of US, Canada and Mexico add $3
Circle Reader Service Number 244
I Pe —the MOST POWER for the BUCK’ CONV. cprccansonranen cern nee etre 0 pe: + RUN Oct. 1991
= 1 Paint let: te on a 640 by 400 pixel -- that" I= Interlace! at LEAST DOUBLE thes uted by ny other pais software! = i 1Palnt's Interlace screen offers the uni ity to blend colors for T= Incredible! U Pains Interac screen ofers the unique ability to Bend colors fo Supports 24 pin, COLOR, & LASER Printers, & RAM Expansion!
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IAC, GEOS, Basick, Doodle Mr top! 4
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NOW Version 1.2 - UP TO 3 TIMES FASTER! SAVE! both $54.95
Prices for U.S.A. Check or money order only. MN res, add 6-1/2% sales tax, Allow 2 - 4 wooks for delivery
Circle Reader Service Number 146
xs Fast Action Arcade Style Game : Ne for the Commodore 64/128+1541
en 24. 95 plus $3 Shipping and =) Sliders e Handling in the U.S.A.
S/H in Canada $5 and $10 for all others.
— American Currency Only — pec HeroStorm Software. Order to: Box 1086, Sidney, MT 59270
Circle Reader Service Number 289
NEW GEOS SOFTWARE Take THE LANDMARK SERIES Checkerboard
Dual Top - The PREMIER Desk Top replacement, Provides full four drive suppor, RAM drive priority system, one .¢55 to major file functions, comprehensive error reports, full set of hortcuts, multiple user options plus many more features. 40 and 80 col modes. and Basic8 pictures, Full color. 128 - 80 column mode only color 40 and 80 column modes: . Full color, 40 and 80 columns, with a friend, Full color, 40 columns.
REU users: Battery Back any 17xx, or GEORAM, with the BBU. Use with GEOS (V1.3 up), RAMDOS or other programs that use REUs. Great for BBS. No heavy power supply needed. GEOS users: BBGRam, Battery backed RAM for GEOS 2.0. A fast, reliable alternative to mechanical drives. Supports all drive types, multiple partitions and altemate DESKTOPs.
PERFORMANCE PERIPHERALS, Inc.
5 Upper Loudon Road, Loudonville, NY 12211.
US orders, literature: 800-925-9774. Tech support, orders, FAX: 518-436-0485. BBU $59, BBGRam 512K $89, BBGRam 1M$119, BBGRam 2M $159. US S&H $6. US COD $4. Canada & Mexico S&H $10. Other countries S&H $19.
30 day money back guarantee. 90 day warrantee. Master Card / VISA welcome.
Circle Reader Service Number 153
REVIEWS
BBU AND BBG
Experts said these products could nev- er be made. It’s a good thing Perform- ance Peripherals didn't hear that, or it might not have created BBU and BBG. BBU is a battery backup cartridge for the 64 or 128 that provides permanent memory (nonvolatile) for Commodore RAM expansion units and geoRAM. BBG is a backup RAM disk for GEOS 2.0, GEOS 128, or Gateway (CMD's GEOS system). BBG is available in siz- es ranging from 512K to 2MB.
BBU
One RAM cartridge technician told me that if a battery backup for an REU were developed, it would be the size of a car battery and wouldn't hold power for more than a few minutes. BBU us- es an AC power supply backed up by four D batteries. While the power must be on for the cartridge contents to be accessible, | have left only the batter- ies connected for over a day without any loss of cartridge memory. With care, cartridge portability between com- puters should be possible as long as the batteries are connected.
BBU allows an REU to be used in its normal way. If you don't initialize the REU when you load the Commodore RAMDOS, whatever was previously stored in the REU will still be available. In my case, I've found programs that I'd copied between disks, Speed- Script, and images used by The Print Shap still in memory. Of course, if the program you use automatically initial- izes the REU, then its memory will be erased.
The Write Stuff word processor lets you use an REU to store its large dic- tionary and text files. | know an opera- tor of a mail-order business who uses this word processor, and he would leave his 64 turned on from Monday to Friday, just to be sure he didn't lose any- thing. With BBU, the computer can be turned off without the fear of losing any files.
Many BBU users will place GEOS or Gateway in their cartridges. When Rboot is loaded from disk, GEOS and all reauired files are available in less than eight seconds. This technique makes GEOS a true operating system, since it no longer has to be loaded G10 COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
from disk like a program.
BBG
BBG doesn't use an REU. It holds only GEOS 2.0 or Gateway. Loading BBG Rboot from a floppy disk provides equal- ly fast access to the cartridge con- tents. This backup cartridge is availa- ble in sizes ranging from 512K to 2MB. If GEOS 2.0 is used with the provided
BBU is a battery backup interface module for 1700- series REUs and geoRAM 512.
| | |
BBG is a battery backup RAM disk for GEOS 2.0 and GEOS 128.
software, the cartridge configures itself in sections like the 1750-series RAM disk. On the 2MB model, this is like hav- ing five RAM disks. If Gateway is used, BBG is configured as one large RAM disk. With Gateway's Slider and Browse functions, this makes all files easily accessible.
The Aprospand board has four slots that allow up to four cartridges to be switched on or off with a 64 or 128. | have connected one of these boards to my cartridge port via a ribbon ex- tender. This ribbon allows more eco- nomical use of table space. In the Apro- spand slots | have connected a Quick
Brown Box (QBB) and BBU connected to a 1750 REU. A QBB-specific version of The Write Stuff word processor is in the QBB; the BBU-REU combination contains Gateway. With this setup, it's possible to stop writing in the middle of a text document, load geoTerm from the REU in eight seconds, and return to my word processor with no loss of text.
The Aprospand makes another inter- esting combination possible. | have used one board to access both BBU and BBG. | placed Gateway in both, and found that | could run GEOS from either with no interference from the oth- er. This could increase your total avail- able RAM for GEOS (separately accessi- ble), or allow use of GEOS in one car- tridge and Gateway in the other, since each system has different advantages. Employment of BBG and BBU togeth- er would require ordering BBG with the optional disable switch, so that it would not be available when BBU was being accessed. A reset switch is stan- dard with BBU and available as an op- tion with BBG.
None of my other cartridges works with either BBG or BBU. In order to use Gateway in my BBU-REU combination, | have sacrificed the ability to use the REU with other programs for fast disk and file copying.
Many Commodore users will choose to place BBG or BBU directly in their cartridge ports. This is how BBG and BBU were designed to be used. There should be no problems for any 64 or 128 with this configuration.
For very little money, REU owners can turn their 64s into permanent-mem- ory machines with several thousand ki- lobytes of memory. GEOS users who don't own an REU should appreciate BBG especially for the large memory it Offers. It's a tribute to Peter Fiset, the designer of both BBG and BBU, that a number of other combinations are pos- sible with these devices.
Fiset is in a sense competing against himself, since he also devel- oped the CMD RAMDrive, but RAMDrive is more expensive than these cartridges. BBU and BBG are for those of us who don't have a large budget, and who have more specific needs for our computers.
Although the experts said it couldn't
be done, Fiset went ahead and proved them wrong. |, for one, am glad he was successful.
JOHN ELLIOTT
Performance Peripherals 5 Upper Loudon Rd. Loudonville, NY 12211 (800) 925-9774 BBU—$59
BBG (512K)—S89
BBG (1MB)—$119
BBG (2MB)—$159
Circle Reader Service Number 414
| PAINT
Do we really need another drawing pro- gram? If it's for the 128 and if it's a qual- ity program, then, yes, we do! You can now add | Paint to your short list of good graphics programs for the 128. It requires a 128D or 128 with 64K video RAM added, a 1351 or compatible mouse, and an RGBI or 80-column mon- itor. In return, | Paint offers you a 640- x 400-pixel screen and the ability to blend more than 65,000 apparent col- ors. While they aren't required, | Paint supports 1700, 1764, or 1750 RAM ex- pansion units, 24-pin, color, and laser printers.
The manual describes | Paint as pro- ducing hi-res interlaced color graphics for the 128D. | immediately found my- self wondering what interlaced meant. | didn't have to look any further than the manual for an explanation.
Basically, a video image is made up of horizontal scan lines which are bro- ken into two fields, one displaying even lines and the other odd lines. If an im- age is interlaced, the image of one field appears between the lines of the other field. This method doubles the number of lines holding information, which in turn doubles the vertical pixel resolution, | realize that this probably doesn’t make much sense to a lot of computer users, but this is what gives you the greater resolution and all of the apparent colors. After all, interlaced graphics is what this program is about.
Getting started with the program posed a problem for me. | couldn't get it to load with my 1571 drive. The au- thor provided me with a new program, but the same problem still plagued me. Finally, we hooked up a 1541 drive,
CMD Sets Pace for 1993 with New Products and Lower Prices
CMD Offers One-Stop Shopping to Commodore Owners
Effective May 1, 1993 CMD acquired all rights to RUN software and Nas RUN Mag.- back issues Blank disks - 3.5" & 5.25"
Microprose games.
|] purchased all items from their inventory. As result, CMD will be offering one of RUN/ReRUN sohware | Xetoc Printer Interfaces} Misc. IC Chips
i] the largest selections of Commodore 64/128 sohware and hardware available Abacus books & software | Electronic Ats Gamws | RAM Chips'SiMM's today. CMD's decision reinforcesits commitmentto C-64/128 ownersworidwide. GEOS20 8 applcatons | Skyles Elects Works | .. and MUCH More Itis our hope that we can offer "One Stop. "to Commodore owners. If Timeworks Sottware Or. T's Music Software
we dont have it..we can probably find it! Here is a partial Ist of products. Fora Superbase & Superscript | Power: complete Ist cal or write for a tree catalog. ‘SOGWAP-¢ Blue Reader! Miscellaneous Cables
| | CMD Utiliti A Powerful and Unique Collection of Disk Utilities | les for Commodore and CMD Storage Devices
FCOPY+ A two drive file copier featuring 1541,71,81, REU and CMD DIR SORT Alphabotizing utility for 1541,71,81 drives and all CMD ] device compatibility which is capable of copying any size PRG, SEQ, storage devices makes It easy to organize large directories.
REL, USA File, NEW features include: MCOMPARE Two dri mmoara Oil t soa Scratch Unscratch Files *Copy/Doleto C128 Boot Sector Disk/Parttion Ing serurancy ol a CMO partion noansta Gok Copy,
UnNew + File Compare * Access DOS Commands thru Menus + Lock/ If] Unock ries Porta Disk Panton’ Creslolomove Sub Deciones FOLLOW LINKS Helps to locate and remove corup es
| Rename FilePartition/Header « Change Current Partition/Subdirectory [ERT 41<>71 Converts between 1541 & 71 formats. Allows
MCOPY Atwo.drive whole disk/partition filecoplerwhich supportsCMD iNereased storage on 1541 disks after MCOPYing to 1571 or partition.
storage devices and Commodore 1541, 71, 81 disk drives. ZAP REUIDACC Clears memory in REU or RAMLink DACC partition, BCOPY+ A powerful backup/testore utility which backs up any CMD HD POWER TOOLS Allows editing of CMD Device Parttion Table. device of partition to a 1541,71,81 drive or CMD FD Series floppy drive, REBUILD PDIRHelpsto recover partitions atter completely recreating This new version incorpoates the ability to dump an entire CMD device the system on CMD Devices, to an HD Series hard drive. Shareware Utilities Included: FIND Searches specified partitions on CMD devices for files that match DEDIT64/128, SuperDEDIT64/128 Sort or manually edit directories user defined filename pattern, Includes handy printer/scraen toggle. subdirectories and partitions on 1541,71,81 drives and all CMO Devices.
High Performance SCSI Hard Drive for the C64 & C128
RAMLik wih 0 MB RAMCard HO Series Hard Drives are avalablein capacites up to 200 MB, are fuly parttionable, and FRAMLk wih 1 MB RAM Cara can emulate 1541, 1571, & 1581 disks while Native parStons utize MSDOS-styia B) paaturk wen 4 MB RAUCars subdirectories. HD's connect easily tothe sera bus o: parallel va RAMLnk Includes bult-
in JtlyOOS, SWAP feature and RaalTime-Ciock HO Series Dnves offer superior compatbilty with most commercial software including BBS, Productivity and GEOS. And wit new pricing, HD Series crives ote the lowest cost MB of any C64/128 storage device,
Fal Tme Cock fr RAMCard (Opera) RAMLik Batery Back up (Optona)
1B 8 4MB SIM Hoses
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HD-Series Hard Disk Drives HD-9, (Spall Edicn w 85 MB Drive) HD-100, (Special Edition w! 170 MB Drive) HO-200, (Special Eaton wi 245 MB Drive) FD-Series 3.5", Floppy Disk Drives FD-2000 (ROOM ang + 6 MB Formats)
FO 4000 (ton, 1 8 on 32M Foray
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JittyDOS ison Comozerore rel se moe CE4-System (Computer & drive}
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Power Backed indable RAM Disk and Interface
The fastest possibie form of storage, RAMLnk provides instant access tofles and retains data while your compute is ured of. Easy to use an expandable up o 16 MB. RAMLink uslzes the same powertul operating systom found in the HD. RAMLink also offers bult: in JtyOOS, SWAP featur, reset button, enableldsable swiich, pass thru port and RAM
RAMink port for REU/GEORAM use. deal for those requiring maximum speed, expandabity and compatbilty with al types and hardware incuding GEOS.
High Capacity 1.6 and 3.2 MB 3.5" Floppy Disk Drives TheFD-2000 and FD-4000 disk crives utize today slatest3.5inch technology. FD-2000's J support 800 (1581 stye) and 1,6 MB (High Densty) formats, while the FD-4000's otter J ‘support for the 3.2 MB (Enhanced Density) format as well. Fast and reliable, they support __ 1541, 1571 and 1881 style partons, Natwe Mode parttonin y
write 1581 Gisks, FO’s feature built-in JittyDOS, SWAP button and optonal ATC. High capacity, spned and compatbity make the FD nightlor every application, including GEOS. Jp
ee
JittyDOS Speeds up disk access by
maintaining 100% compatibility with commercial software =| + Speeds up Loading, Saving, Vertyng, Forrating and Reading Wrtng of PRG, SEO, USA and REL tes | /=] + BuitinDOS Wedge plus 17 additonal features including fle copier, laxtdump, printer oggle, and redafinable tunction keys 7] + ROMupgrade instals easly into most computers and disk dives. Supports C-64, 64C, SX-64, C-128, 128-0, 1541, 1 15410, 1541, 1571, 1581 anc move. 128 5 28
order Font Collection 1 24 Bower Fant JHYMON - ML Mentor for Jy D054 (CMO Unites - Colecton of Power Dick Unites Miscellaneous CMD Products
SwitLink, BS-282 Intertace (300 1 38.400 baud) ‘SwitLink Caple (089 to DB25)
$2495,
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Orders: (800) 638-3263 | CD
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oes
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Circle Reader Service Number 139
Upgrada your Commodore systarn Refurbished Hardware 2 APROTEK modems rioMmrors DRIVES OVER Araign-@400 Bed
WOK F219 $4t- F 99 Cod Tos ch-$44 ConvertaA=Corr WO2- F239 W4ie- F109 6 Mew CMD accessories WO2- $ese i \ af 8 SV STEM"~
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E UsAstS?
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SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE G-11
G-12
C64/128 PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE REQUEST FREE CATALOG or send $2 for sample disk and catalog (RE- FUNDABLE). Categories Include education, utllities, games, business, PRINT SHOP graphics, pre-tested programs and more. Rent for 75¢ or buy as low as $1.00 per disk side or for 80¢ for 70 or more. $20 order gets 4 free disks of your cholce.
NEXT DAY SHIPPING!
\ CALOKE INDUSTRIES (Dept. GK) = PO BOX 18477, RAYTOWN, MO 64133
SINCE 1986
Circle Reader Service Number 181
DEPENDABLE SERVICE FOR YOUR COMMODORE! C-64, 1541, C-128, or 1571:==FAST Turnaround!
$25, PLUS PARTS AUTHORIZED COMMODORE Send computer* or drive with name, ad- SERVICE CENTER dress, phone, & describe problem. We'll ke ke ke ke call with parts estimate, then repair and 90 DAY WARRANTY return to you insured by UPS. Payment ON ALL REPAIRS can be COD or VISA, M/C. Minimum charge, estimate only is $20. * Include power supply.
503 East St. Dept. C TYCOM Inc. eid, MA O17
Pittsfield, MA 01201 (413) 442-9771
Circle Reader Service Number 242
THE MBINGE, AE CBSE
C-64 or C-128 in 64 mode ARCADE/ROLE PLAYING GAME Assume the role of Circe and Pegasus! Battle wizards and dragons! i $19.95 Check or Money Order (
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P.O, BOX 592, LIBRARY, PA 15129
Circle Reader Service Number 113
COMPUTER REPAIR sxe
C-64: $40.00 1541: $54.95 64C: $50.00 1541-I: $64.95 C128: $64.95 6€128D: $74.95
1581: $64.95 ElGiven WE ALSO REPAIR IBM Clones, Sega, Genesis, Nintendo
For more info call: BEAR TECHNOLOGIES
Computer Sales, Service 6 Repair lar 1005 McKean Street, Philadelphia, PA 19148, sic] 215-336-5295 1-800-755-5295 !
Circle Reader Service Number 152
Label Maker- Use 11 pre-designed labels or create your own, floppy & micro disk labels, audio & video cassette labels, and more. Use your printer's font and color capabilities. Both Commodore 64 and 128 versions Included. - $19.95
Special - both for only $35.00
Mail List Manager - Makes maillist management a snap! Print one record ata time, pick and choose for exporting or printing, or print the entire list. Holds 300 records for each C64 list, 1000 for C128, transfer between lists. Use new label designs created with Label Maker. Both 64 and 128 versions included - $19.95 SHIPPING: - U.S. $4.50, Canada $5.50, Intl. orders $12.00. Int. orders paid by credit card or Canadian postal money order only. Write for free catalog of Software and Leroy’s Cheatsheets. Keystone Software Dept.G P.O. Box 8369 Pittsburgh, PA. 15218 412-243-1049 Fax: 412-731-2460 Hours: 9 to 5 Eastern Time
Circle Reader Service Number 170
COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
REVIEWS
and the program loaded. The author took my disk and loaded it with his 1571 drive, so I’m inclined to think my drive was to blame.
To start, plug your mouse into port 1 and then boot the program. The first menu provides four options: Start, Set- up, Install RAMDOS, or Exit. For the first time, choose Start. You can play around with the Setup process later. When you get around to setting up the program, one of the choices involves the mouse. It can be set up as either a left-handed or right-handed mouse. The setup configures the On button un- der your index finger and the Off but- ton under your middle finger.
The next menu will be the main menu, which will present a selection of 14 options. These are Pen, Brush, Spray Can, Shapes, Fill, Palette, Mag- nify, Areas, Drawmode, Text, Files, Print, Options, and Clear. You'll notice that the Pen icon will be reversed. This indicates that the Pen mode is ac- tive. From this point on, the artist in you is given the freedom and power to cre- ate works from the most simple to the intricately involved.
I'm not an artist-—computer or other- wise—but as | sat in front of the com- puter drawing cute little geometrical shapes and filling them in with different blocks of color, | felt rather creative and proud of what | could do with this program. Then | loaded some files of pictures the author had supplied. The impact of what could be done with this program was overwhelming. For the person who enjoys computer-aided drawing and creating personal de- signs, this is an ideal program.
You are provided with three modes of freehand drawing: Pen, Brush, and Spray Can. Each of these modes al- lows you to clip and paste and select colors while maintaining your choice of drawing mode. Each is represented by an icon on the main menu.
The Palette icon on the main menu Calls up its own menu when clicked on. In the color mode, ink and paper col- ors are selected for both fields of the in- terlace screen. There are 16 colors from which to choose. By clicking on the palette on the submenu, you enter the Color Wash mode. Here, you are able to change colors without affecting the bitmap data. It is well worth the time to experiment with the effects that can be created using the various coloring combinations.
Paint includes all of the basic tools that can be found in most drawing pro- grams. It gives you the ability to clip,
paste, reverse, flip, and create pat- terns. There's also a text mode that of- fers a choice of six fonts, a system font, and one loadable custom font. You can manipulate text as to its direc- tion on the drawing and character size, and there are six other options for greater flexibility and creativity.
My only real complaint is that the pro- gram is slow to load and to print out my creations, but we can thank Com- modore for that. Perhaps even that drawback has its advantage. | can start loading the program, go make my necessary cup of tea, and be back at the computer ready to work by the time that the program has loaded.
| Paint is a powerful graphics pro- gram. It's loaded with features that time and space don't allow me to go in- to, so | can’t give them their proper due. If you're the type of person who en- joys drawing at the computer and cre- ating graphic designs, then this pro- gram is well worth your time and finan- cial investment.
CHERYL SCHUH
Living Proof
P.O. Box 80714
Minneapolis, MN 55408-8714 $39.95
Circle Reader Service Number 415
GRAFIX GRAB BAG
The Print Shop has long been a favor- ite with 64 users for combining text and graphics to create greeting cards, signs, fliers, and banners. You can type in any message you like and com- bine it with any of 60 graphic images— but everyone needs more graphics.
That's where Clip Art Cupboard comes in. It offers Grafix Grab Bag, a disk filled with 80 additional images that load easily into The Print Shop
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SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE
G-13
Questions
and answers about switching out
ROM to get more RAM, printers, interfaces, and more
G-14
FEEDBACK
More RAM
| know the 64 has 8K of RAM under BASIC ROM at 40960- 49151 and that it can be used as long as BASIC isn't being used, Which machine language LDA and STA do | need to use to switch be- tween ROM and RAM?
NICOLE BLAKE NEW YORK, NY
I'd like to write a program en- tirely in ML, but | need about 50K of free RAM. My machine language book says | can free a memory block from $0801 to $CFFF with LDA #$36: STA $01. But when | do this, the computer crashes. Ei- ther something's wrong with my computer or | can't use this free RAM in direct mode. Can you tell me how can | pro- gram this memory?
JASPER HOUK QUINBY CUL, VA
Bit 0 of location 1 determines whether the computer sees memory at $AQ00-$BFFF as BASIC ROM or as the RAM un- derneath. Bit 1, likewise, sees memory at $E000- $FFFF as Kernal ROM or as the RAM underneath. If either bit is on, ROM is enabled. If both are off, the memory is available. On the 64, to turn off the BASIC ROM, store a $06 into location $01. To turn off both BASIC and Kernal ROM, store a $04 in location $01. To recover both, store a $07 in the same location. You mustn't turn off the Kernal ROM with BASIC ROM still en- gaged because BASIC relies upon the Kernal.
If you make this memory available without copying ROM to the RAM underneath, you pay a price—you lose BA- SIC ROM and/or Kernal ROM. BASIC is gone, which is fine if you're writing a program entire- ly in ML and if the program doesn't call any built-in ROM routines from that area. But
COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
you must store a $07 to loca- tion $01 before you end the ML program and return to di- rect mode. BASIC is in charge of monitoring your keypresses, printing them to the screen, and interpreting commands (such as RUN or SYS) that you might type. If you've switched out BASIC, di- rect mode will seem to be lock- ed up.
What about the case where you've copied the ROM routines to the RAM un- derneath? Well, as long as the process was done correct- ly and that RAM wasn't over- written later, switching out ROM should be no problem. The correct way of writing BA- SIC ROM to RAM is as simple as the following.
FOR X=40960 TO 49151: POKE X, PEEK(X); NEXT
Just modify the range to cov- er the addresses from 57344 to 65535 if you want the Ker- nal ROM copied also, Whatev- er you do, don't disable BA- SIC until after this routine has run, because it uses BASIC to work!
Software or Interface?
| have a 64, a 1541 disk drive, an Epson RX-80 printer, and a Turboprint/GT inter- face. | wrote a multipage re- port in Homeword with top, bottom, and side borders de- fined according to the word processor's instructions. When the report was printed, the first page was OK, but each succeeding page went beyond the bottom border and crossed over the page serrations.
When | initially set up the printer and interface, | set the DIP switches by the instruc- tions. | did find that | had to set one on the printer to off to prevent double-spacing be- cause the computer controls the linefeed. The test pro-
gram built into the printer worked perfectly across multi- page prints, recognizing the end of the page and going to the next page.
Am | the one at fault? Or is the problem with the software or the interface?
SCARLET LYNCH WAYCROSS, GA
There are a couple of solu- tions to your problem. But first here's an explanation which applies to printers and interfaces in general.
When the printer finishes printing a line, two things need to happen: The print- head should move to the be- ginning of the line, and the pa- per should advance one line. Traditionally, a carriage return (CR) only moves the print- head to the beginning of the line it's on. It can thus be used to print a line and go back to the beginning to un- derline or overstrike various characters that are already printed. A separate linefeed (LF) character causes the pa- per to move up a line. The AS- Cll codes for CR and LF are CHR$(13) and CHR$(10), re- spectively.
Commodore printers and screens use only a CR at the end of a line. In this case, CHR$(13) means move to the beginning of a line and move to the next line. It also means you need to add a linefeed when you print something to the printer.
The printer, the interface, and the computer are all pro- grammable. There are a vari- ety of ASCII codes you can use to send commands to each of them. In addition, print- ers and interfaces generally have rows of DIP switches you can set to create various effects.
All three devices—the com- puter, the interface, and the printer—are capable of add- ing the linefeed. The question
is, who's in charge? If no de- vice adds a CHR$(10), every- thing will print on the same line. On the other hand, you could have a program that sends a 13 plus a 10. The in- terface sees the 13 and adds another CHR$(10), and the printer says to itself, ‘Aha, a 13 just arrived. I'd better add a linefeed.” In this case, you'd have triple spacing.
It doesn't really matter which device adds the line- feed, as long as one (and on- ly one) does so.
The same idea applies to skipping over the perforation at the end of the page. You've indicated that the print- er is set to skip over the per- foration. The printer keeps a tally of how many lines have been printed so far. When the page is nearly full, it skips ahead a few lines to start a new page.
The problem is that your word processing program is doing the same thing. When it approaches the bottom of a page, it sends some blank lines. In the meantime, the printer has also decided to move to the next page and, when it gets there, starts print- ing the blank lines the comput- er has sent.
You'll have to decide who's in charge of skipping over the perforation between pages. If it's the printer, then set the word processing program to have no margin at the top or bottom. If the word processor controls the margins, then you'll have to turn off the au- tomatic paging feature of the printer.
Empty Arrays
I'm writing a program on my 128 using 80 columns, and I'm having a problem han- dling arrays. If no data is en- tered in an array, the data doesn’t stay where | put it. The first time through the pro- gram, everything is where it
should be. On each subse- quent reading of the sequen- tial file, data shifts to the left to fill any empty arrays.
ALVIN DWINDLE MCLEAN, VA
When you create an array us- ing DIM, numeric arrays are in- itialized to Os, and string ar- rays are initialized to null strings. A null string contains no characters; it's a string full of nothing. If you open a se- quential file and write a null string to it, you're writing noth- ing at all to the file. A PRINT# statement generally adds a carriage return—CHRS$(13)— after each string or number, so if you examine the con- tents of the file, you'll see a CHR$(13) only. We experi- mented a bit with sequential files and discovered that IN- PUT# doesn't like null strings. For example, if you PRINT# “ABC” followed by a null string and then “DEF” and read through the characters (with GET#), you'll see 65, 66, 67, 13, 13, 68, 69, 70, 13— three ASCII characters for ABC, a 13, nothing for the null string, another 13, then three ASCII characters for DEF, followed by another 13 (carriage return).
If you INPUT# from the file, you'll receive an ABC and a DEF, but no null string. This is true in both 64 and 128 modes.
A couple of solutions are available. The first is to avoid writing a null string if you're go- ing to use INPUT# to read the file. Instead, send some char- acter to indicate a null entry. INPUT and INPUT# ignore leading spaces, so don't send a space. You should be able to use any other charac- ter—including a_ shifted space, CHR$ (160). The sec-
,ond is to avoid using INPUT#.
If you use GET# to retrieve one character at a time, you can concatenate the string un-
til it encounters a CHR§(13). Graphics Mode
While trying to write a simula- tion program for the Commo- dore 128, | can't get variables to print in the graphics mode. Here is part of my program.
10 GRAPHIC 1,1
15 H=180
20 CHAR 1,5,5,‘‘HEADING:” iH
The variable in line 20 doesn't print out. what's wrong?
STEVE PETTIGREW COLTON, CA
BASIC 7.0's CHAR statement won't print the value of a nu- meric variable; it will display only strings (or the contents of string variables). Fortunate- ly, BASIC provides a simple way to generate a string con- taining the digits of a numeric variable—the STR$ function. For example, A$=STR$(123) produces the same result as A$="123", and STR$(H) will produce the string equivalent of the value of the numeric var- jable H. There's just one oth- er consideration: Unlike PRINT, CHAR will display on- ly a single string, so you can't use print separators like the semicolon you have in line 20 above. Instead, you must use the + operator to concatenate (join) any substrings into a sin- gle string. Here's a workable version of line 20 for your pro- gram fragment:
20 CHAR 1,5,5,"‘HEADING: ” +STRS(H)
Do you have a question or comment? Have you discov- ered something that could help other Commodore us- ers? Write to Gazette Feed- back, COMPUTE Publica- tions, 324 West Wendover Av- enue, Suite 200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408. a
Working with
arrays and printing
variables in graphics mode on the 128
SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE
G15
Here are a couple of excellent,
head-banging utilities
G-16
that'll make managing a 1581 drive almost fun.
PD PICKS
Steve Vander Ark
1581 UTILITIES
For the past two issues I've been rummaging around in QuantumLinks's more exciting (sillier?) corners, pulling out some dynamite games—the kind of games that'll keep you glued to your monitor for hours. Hey, | happen to like games! So, sue me!
But enough games! How about something for you 1581 users? This month | figured I'd dish up something a little dif- ferent: utilities—some really ex- cellent, head-banging utilities. A contradiction of terms, you say? Not on your life. Utilities have their own kind of cool, es- pecially the ones I've scrounged up for you. The point is, when you need utili- ties, these will do the job with that little extra oompf that al- most makes the work fun.
If you're humming “Spoon- ful of Sugar” now and shaking your head, just hang on. You need to format a disk and re- arrange a directory now and then, same as anyone else. Un- less you get a thrill out of mem- orizing BASIC’s gobbledy- gook commands, you'll be glad to have these utilities around. Trust me!
1581 Disk Utilities
By Joe Gilberto
Q-Link filename: 1581 UT- 128R1.5, uploaded by DrJoe. This program requires a 128 with a 1581 or other drive and an 80-column monitor.
It's hard to find a good disk utility on Q-Link by sim- ply browsing the libraries. Eve- ry one of the myriad files in that area has the name Disk Utility, which tells you nothing. That's why I'm all for gutsy names, the kind that get your attention. Fortunately, Q-Link users often leave comments on files after they've download- ed them and taken them for a spin. | started perusing the comments and quickly nar-
COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
rowed the utilities down to just a few that really have some substance.
This nifty program was the winner, hands down. | do wish it had a snazzier name, something macho like Disk Commander or clever like Disk-Functional or even just plain weird like DisKom- BooBaLate. A good name would make you want to try this puppy out. But it’s a utili- ty, so it’s got a boring name.
You won't have to look deeper than a sprite or two to notice this program's elegant touches. It uses windows to set up the 80-column screen in two sections, one for the menu of options and the oth- er for displaying disk directo- ries. It does this with all the sleekness of a Jaguar parked in front of the opera. It flips you back and forth between menus just as smoothly, al- ways taking you where you want to go in the program with quiet ease. Unobtrusive prompts remind you to turn up your monitor's sound so you'll get the full effect of the SID chip’s contribution.
| don't know why, but the 80-column screen always seems to have its own special elegance, a kind of ambience of efficiency with a touch of a smile. If you don't have a clue as to what I'm talking about, check out this pro- gram for a good example.
Its list of options includes all the usual disk and file func- tions: copying, renaming, de- leting, and so on. The 1581 drive in particular is support- ed with numerous features de- signed for that device only. The program works with CMD's RAM devices, but not between their partitions. If you do heavy-duty work on those devices, you're better off with CMD's own utility disks.
And last but not least, get a load of that error sound! There's no way | can de-
scribe it to you, but it's almost worth getting this program just to hear it!
1581 Directory Assistant By Captain Morgan Q-Link filename: 1581DIR/ CAPCODE, uploaded by Dakkri. This program works with a 1581 and a 64 or 128. | have been running myself ragged trying to find a 64 disk utility program with as much pizazz as the 128’s 1581 Disk Utilities. This one, 1581 Directory Assistant, is similar, with a slick opening graphics screen and inter- face. In addition to the usual formatting and file handling, it features an option to add a dashed line in the directory list- ing to separate group files.
There are a few drawbacks to this program. For one thing, it didn’t seem to want to recognize my CMD FD-4000 disk drive as a 1581, even though | had a 1581-format disk in the drive. That sur- prised me, since the FD has al- ways doubled as a 1581 with- out the slightest hitch. Sec- ond—and this will affect more of you—this program is for the 1581 drive only; it in- cludes no commands for the 1541, 1571, or any RAM de- vice. | know that quite a few of you use one of those other types of drives at least as much as you do a 1581, so this utility must be only one of several you'll need to get your work done.
But don't get me wrong; this program is a very nice piece of work. It does what it's supposed to and even manages to do it with a little flair. The author has tried to in- clude every type of 1581 op- tion he could imagine.
So if you have a 1581, you'll want to check out these two programs. Look for them on a BBS near you, on Quan- tumLink, or on this month's Ga- zette Disk. a
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Load and run a machine language program from within a BASIC one.
G-18
MACHINE LANGUAGE
Jim Butterfield
BOOT BASICS
There are several ways to choose a location for a ma- chine language program. One good method is to stick it onto the end of a BASIC program. That way, BASIC and ML will load together. A method that | often use in this column is to poke the program into a cho- sen part of memory.
When a machine language program is located away from its BASIC driver, it's often nec- essary for the BASIC and ML programs to be loaded in sep- arate actions. To spare the us- er from the need to type a com- plex loading sequence, pro- grammers use boot programs.
A boot program may load many items into various parts of memory. For example, you could have it load a video screen, a machine language Program, and a music player.
We'll look at a simple boot program that loads a machine language program from disk and then proceeds to call it as needed. First, let's create a very simple ML program that prints the message HELLO.
O200E 48 45 4C 4C 4F 21 OD
Using a machine language monitor program, you could en- ter the code almost exactly as shown above and then save it to disk with a command such as: S “HI.ML",08,2000,2015. You could also create the pro- gram using the following BA- SIC program.
100 REM HELLO ML MAKER
110 DATA 0,32
120 DATA 162,0,189,14,32,32, 210,255
130 DATA 232,224,7,208,245,96
COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
140 DATA 72,69,76,76,79,33,13
200 OPEN 1,8,2,‘0:HI.ML,P,W”
210 READ A:T=T+A
220 PRINT#1,CHRS$(A);
230 N=N+1
240 IF N<23 GOTO 210
250 CLOSE 1
260 PRINT ‘FILE WRITTEN!”
270 IF T<>2356 THEN PRINT “.. . WRONG!”
Do not overlook the semico- lon at the end of line 220. Run the program, and it will gener- ate file HI.ML. Later, if you en- ter LOAD “HI.ML",8,1 fol- lowed by SYS 8192, the pro- gram prints HELLO! The extra /1 at the end of the LOAD com- mand forces the program to be loaded without relocation at address hex 2000 (decimal 8192).
Now, we'll ask a BASIC pro- gram to act as a boot, bring- ing in our HI.ML program and then calling upon it to perform the greeting. Before we do, however, we must go to “boot camp" and learn some new rules.
On the Commodore 128, command BLOAD “HI.ML"” would do everything we need- ed: It would bring in the pro- gram and allow us to contin- ue with more code. On other machines, we must deal with the chain effect.
When a program brings something into memory using LOAD, a curious thing hap- pens. The program returns to its first statement because the computer anticipates a chain, a program destroying it- self by loading in a fresh pro- gram over its own memory space.
It's fun to work with BASIC chaining, getting one pro- gram to do some work, then calling in another program to continue the job. That's not our task here. But before we pick up our HI.ML job, here's a tip for those who would like to play with BASIC chaining: Programs loaded by chaining
must be no bigger than the first program of the chain. Back to our task. We wish to load the machine language program into memory, but this loading action will cause our program to go back to its first statement. That's almost the same as the program start- ing over, except that now the program's variables could con- tain values. You might think that the program must end up caught in a loop. First, it will load, then it will go back and load, and so on. But there's a way around this problem. When a program goes back to its first statement after performing LOAD, it doesn't lose its variable values. Sup- pose the first program state- ment is IF X=1 GOTO. When the program starts, all varia- bles, X included, are 0. So we won't take the GOTO branch. As our program continues, we may now set X=1 and then LOAD, The program will return to its first statement, but this time it will take the GOTO and then proceed. The following code uses ON X instead of if X=1, but the principle is the same. When we start, the program proceeds to lines 110 and 120 and executes the LOAD command. The program nev- er reaches line 130; instead, it returns to its first statement. This time, X has a value of 1, so the program immediately leaps to line 200. Here's the tiny program. Don't forget to use the com- mand NEW before entering it.
100 ON X GOTO 200
110 X=1
120 LOAD ‘‘HI.ML”,8,1
130 STOP
200 PRINT “ML NOW LOADED”
210 SYS 8192
220 END
Can you see why the program never reaches line 130?
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POWERFUL WORKHORSE!
When your computer
Starts to talk
with the voice of your
favorite movie
star, will you be cast
G-20
in merely a supporting role?
D'IVERSIONS
Fred D'lgnazio
HELLO, TOON TOWN!
When | began writing for COM- PUTE 11 years ago, | wrote a series of articles about a “com- puter friend” program that par- ents could load into the com- puter for their children. The computer friend was a user- friendly interface for young chil- dren that would take their or- ders, play games, and ad- dress the children by name.
At the time, having a friend who lived inside a computer seemed like something out of science fiction. Today, howev- er, this vision may be close to reality. The Qualix Group in San Mateo, California, has a program called Saylt that fea- tures a little onscreen charac- ter named Simon. Simon can actually hear and understand you. This is accomplished through a sound card and the Saylt program's voice-recogni- tion functions.
When the program is first loaded into the computer, Si- mon pops onto the screen in ready mode. Once you attach a microphone and activate him, he puts his hand to his ear and announces that he's listening for your first voice command. If he understands your command, he gives you the thumbs-up sign. If he can’t understand your command, he scratches his head to show you that he’s confused. If you don't want him eaves- dropping on your regular con- versations, you issue the voice command, “Cover your ears!” and he puts his fingers in his ears to show you that he’s not listening.
Voice-recognition pro- grams aren't new. What is new is personalizing the program with a computer friend like Si- mon. Even more important, the newest programs have far greater power than their older counterparts, and they run on
COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
standard computers. Simon, for example, runs only on Sun Workstations, but he costs on- ly $295 and can be trained to recognize more than a thou- sand words.
Two other programs, IBM's VoiceType Control for Win- dows and Microsoft Windows Sound System cost even less ($129 and $289 respectively) and run on standard Windows- based PCs. A similar program, Voice Navigator SW, runs on Macintosh computers and costs $399, and Apple is about to introduce its highly touted Caspar voice-recogni- tion program, also for the Mac. Except for VoiceType (which recognizes only 64 spoken commands), all of the pro- grams recognize 1000 or more spoken commands. While they’re not up to the pace of normal speech, they can handle complicated com- mands if spoken slowly.
It's not clear yet if all the pro- grams will follow Saylt’s lead with a cute, friendly character like Simon, but it is clear that these programs will revolution- ize the way we use comput- ers. And the newer speech- recognition programs are cou- pled with high-fidelity speech synthesis programs that let the computer talk back.
One immediate application of the new speech technology that is already available to all of us (even those of us without PCs) is AT & T's new talking tel- ephone that was introduced nationwide last summer. When you dial O in many parts of the country, you no longer get a human operator. Instead, you get a computer equipped with speech recog- nition and speech synthesis. The computer prompts you to place your collect, person-to- person, or credit-card call. If it can't understand you, how- ever, it's supposed to ask a hu- man operator to step in.
Theoretically, this is great,
but sometimes things don't work as we would like. For ex- ample, last week my 14-year- old son Eric was downtown, and he needed his mother to pick him up in the car when it started to rain. He had no mon- ey, so he dialed O to place a collect call to our home. When my wife answered the phone, she heard Eric identifying him- self to the computer operator. “Eric D'Ignazio,” he said.
“| don't understand you,” said the computerized voice. “Please repeat.”
“E-ric D'lg-nay-zee-oh,” Eric repeated, enunciating slowly and clearly.
“| don't understand you,” the computer said. And it hung up!
Eric has spent 14 years in the company of a mad hacker father, so he's learned to be tol- erant of computers. He prompt- ly redialed and tried his luck again. Still no luck. He tried again. No luck. Finally, Eric gave up and walked home in the cold, pouring rain.
When he arrived home, drip- ping wet and sneezing, he and his mother vowed that the next time this happened, they would rip the offending pay phone from the wall and deliv- er it personally to the local tel- ephone company executives who have replaced human op- erators with brain-damaged computers who can't under- stand English!
Unfortunately, even the phone company's advanced voice-recognition systems are far from perfect. If you have a stuffy nose or a frog in your throat, it's less likely that the computer will understand your spoken commands. Also, background noise can mix with your voice and confuse the computer. So it seems that even though we are stuck with computer operators, it may still be some time before they can even remotely be clas- sified as computer friends.
But the real frontiers in human-com- puter relations still lie ahead. Imagine a whole office full of talking, listening computers. If the experts are right and the keyboard really is a dinosaur, then in the future we'll all be communicating with our computers via voice. We'll give a verbal order to our computers, and they will respond with a verbal re- ply. If only one or two workers in the of- fice are carrying on conversations with their computers, then it's little more than anuisance or curiosity to the other workers. But can you imagine five, ten, or twenty people firing off voice com- mands to their computers and their com- puters answering back? Remember, too, that most people tend to talk to a computer in a loud voice in order to make sure that the computer under- stands. They also speak to the comput- er slowly and clearly as if the computer were a not-so-bright servant or pet.
The result is obvious: computer ca- cophony. But that's not the worst of it. With voice-sensitive computers sitting on everyone's desktop, it's likely that a command intended for one computer will mistakenly be obeyed by another computer. Having an office full of eaves- dropping computers could lead to ca- tastrophe if someone orders one comput- er to delete a file or format a disk. It could also lead to office-wide insanity if anumber of commands are picked up by other people's computers and they start dialing telephones, changing ther- mostats, turning off lights, printing docu- ments, and playing music files and voice mail.
We may have to adopt radical meth- ods to curb this computer eavesdrop- ping and cacophony. One solution is to make computer microphones highly di- rectional and ultrasensitive. This would permit us to become highly intimate with our computers. We could lean over them confidentially and whisper sweet commands into their tiny little ears. An- other solution would be for us to stag- ger our working hours so that we could come into the office late at odd hours to have our serious human-to-comput- er conversations.
This is only the tip of the iceberg. When talking and listening computers really invade our offices, we'll generate enough materials to keep psycholo- gists, sociologists, and comedians hap-
py for years. Since most computers are going portable, this new human-ma- chine relationship will not be confined to the office.
Our little chatty computers will soon go under our arms to libraries, onto air- planes, and into classrooms and auditori- ums. And judging from the new gener- ation of talking screen savers and soft- ware that licenses the voices of famous celebrities and personalities, we'll soon be inundated with a symphony of little voices that sound like Ronald Re- agan, Clint Eastwood, Scotty on the Starship Enterprise, and Rod Serling on “The Twilight Zone.”
We'll want to personalize our comput- ers and turn them into cute little pets. We'll want our computers to speak to us in the voice of our favorite rock musi- cian, politician, or soap opera star, The cumulative effect will be an intense feel- ing of vertigo, as if we had fallen into a Roger Rabbit cartoon and were sur- rounded by animated characters and disembodied voices. The result will be that the real world, already disorienting and absurd, may soon come to resem- ble a kind of cybernetic Toon Town. And we'll be wondering if we're just one of the players. (ra)
ATTENTION USER GROUPS!
WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU!
Gazette will soon publish an up-to- date list of all Commodore 64/128 us- er groups across the U.S., through- out Canada, and around the world. We are now in the process fo updat- ing this information. If your user group has not appeared in any of our previous lists and you'd like to be included, please send your club name, address, and bulletin board service telephone number to the fol- lowing address.
Commodore 64/128
User Group Update COMPUTE's GAZETTE
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SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE G-21
As the raw material
that a computer
processes, data can be
either part of
the program or entered
G-22
by the user.
BEGINNER BASIC
Larry Cotton
READING DATA
Data is one of the more com- mon words in computer lingo, ranking right up there with the words bytes and RAM. Data is what the computer uses to solve problems, create imag- es, make music, or write let- ters. Data consists of words that are processed, numbers that are crunched, and points to which lines are connected.
Data can be processed once it's in the computer, but how does it get there? The an- swer to that question depends on the programmer and on how the program is construct- ed, Data is often written into the program itself, in which case the BASIC keywords READ and DATA are neces- sary to process it. Here's a sim- ple example.
10 READ A,B 20 PRINT A+B 30 DATA 4,5
This program reads two piec- es of data in line 30 which the programmer has included as part of the program. It then adds the two data items and prints the sum. The syntax of READ and DATA statements is very important. Make sure that the variable names (such as A and B) and the data it- self are separated by com- mas, not periods or spaces.
When the computer encoun- ters the command READ, it im- mediately looks for variable val- ues to read. In this case, since A and B are numeric var- iables (as opposed to varia- bles which represent words), the computer looks for two numbers to read in a DATA line. If more than two num- bers are in the DATA line, the above program will read only the first two. If the DATA line contains less than two num- bers, the program will stop with an OUT-OF-DATA error message.
COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
To get the computer to han- dle words (known as literal or string data), we have to make a few changes.
10 READ A$,B$ 20 PRINT AS+" "+BS 30 DATA BILL,CLINTON
The dollar sign denotes a string variable. A$ (pro- nounced A string) and B$ are treated literally. So, if the da- ta were numbers, as string vari- ables, A$ and B$ can't be mathematically manipulated (such as added or divided.)
Of course, you can do many other things with data. Here's an example using mixed data types.
10 READ A$,B$,A,B
20 PRINT A$‘ IS"A‘‘AND "BS “18"B
30 DATA BONNIE,CLYDE,40,42
The variables and the data must have matching formats and be in the proper order. While a string variable can read a number, a numeric var- iable can't read a string. Arrays—the pigeonholes | mentioned last month—can be filled with data as follows.
10 FOR T=1 T0 8 20 READ A(T)
30 PRINT A(T)
40 NEXT
50 DATA 11,6,4,12,30,5,214,67
This example uses a FOR- NEXT loop to fill an array with data, a very useful technique for manipulating lots of informa- tion. A(1) will become 11, A(2) will become 6, and so on. Can you begin to see the implications for using arrays to store data?
Incidentally, if your array has more than ten entries, you must add a DIM state- ment at the beginning of the program. This statement sets aside space within the comput- ers memory to store the data.
10 DIM NS(15)
20 FOR J=1 T0 15
30 READ NS(J)
40 NEXT
50 DATA TOM, DICK, HARRY, JANE, SUE, BRENDA, SUZANNE, JIM, MARTIN, LOUISE, TERRY
60 DATA MADONNA, FLOPSY, MOPSY,COTTONTAIL
Again, make sure that the num- ber of DATA items matches the size of your array. In this example, we've only filled the array; we haven't done any- thing with it. N$(3) will be HAR- RY, N$(12) will be MADON- NA, and so on.
What you do with data is up to you. You can print it, write a story with it, multiply it, draw with it, list it, catalog it, and so on. But what if your da- ta is changeable?
Suppose a class never has the same 15 students in it? You need to get information from the person who's using the program with the ubiqui- tous INPUT statement. We've reviewed INPUT recently, so | won't dwell on it now. Here's a simple example.
5 PRINT“ [CLR][DOWNJPRESS RETURN AFTER EACH ENTRY.” 10 PRINT:INPUT “HOW MANY CLASS MEMBERS”;M 20 J=1:DIM N$(M):PRINT 30 INPUT“CLASS MEMBER NAME”;CM$ 40 NS(J)=CMS 50 IF J=M THEN 80 60 IF CM$="" ” THEN 80 70 J=d+1:PRINT:GOTO 30 80 PRINT CHRS(147) 90 PRINT:PRINTTHE CLASS MEMBERS ARE”:PRINT 100 FOR T=1 TO J:PRINT NS(T):NEXT
INPUT waits patiently until the person at the keyboard types something and presses the Re- turn key. The data is stored in the N$(M) array.
Next month, we'll look at ways to save your precious da- ta for future use! o
GEOS
Steve Vander Ark
BEEP! BEEP!
There's been a lot of noise com- ing from the IBM crowd lately. Most of it has to do with that GEOS clone that they call Win- dows. The latest pastime for Windows aficionados is to load sound bites that are then keyed to various system events.
Whenever you click on a but- ton, Windows cranks out that digitized bit of sound that you've selected. For example, you might have the Roadrun- ner cartoon character utter his famous ‘Beep! Beep!” every time you close a window. These sound files are a lot of fun, and there are scads of them to be found on various bulletin boards and on commer- cial services such as GEnie and CompuServe.
Of course, the 64 was do- ing sound long before these IBM wonders were even born—and doing it better than anyone. Back when the IBM could barely beep, the 64 was gracing its games with three-voice sound produced by that amazing bit of electron- ics, the SID chip. With a few
.PEEKs and POKEs, any BA- SIC programmer could create sound and music.
It wasn't long before pro- grams like Music Construction Set put the ability to create mu- sic within anyone's reach. When the 128 came along, its enhanced BASIC commands made programming simple. Six voices and stereo capabil- ities became possible when the SID Symphony cartridge (available now from Creative Mi- cro Designs) added an extra SID chip to the Commodore system.
| realize that there's a differ- ence between Commodore's multivoice music and Win- dows’ digitized sounds, but the 64 is capable of playing dig- itized sounds, too. Its only lim- itation is memory, since digit-
ized sound eats kilobytes about as fast as my daughter gobbles potato chips.
The premier program for im- porting and playing digitized sound files is DigiPlayer by Mark Dickenson. It's available on QuantumLink as share- ware. (To help you download it more easily, its filename is DIGIPLAYER31.SDA, and it was uploaded by Mark AD I.)
OK, what's all this have to do with GEOS? There are a couple of programs on Q-Link that will let you import sound files converted with DigiPlayer into a format that GEOS can use. Since DigiPlayer files use the file extension RAW, I'll call them RAW files. One GEOS program which actually plays them is an auto-exec file called AUTORAW. (Filename: AUTORAW, uploaded by WillJ14.) Auto-exec files run au- tomatically when you boot your system.
Let me give you an exam- ple of how you can put this technique to use. In the GEOS message area on Q- Link, several users report that they use geoRAW to signal when their system has fin- ished booting. Many people use auto-exec files such as QwikStash to load a RAM de- vice automatically during the boot process. This is conven- ient, but time consuming. So, rather than just sitting and star- ing at the screen, let digitized sounds or voice clips inform you when everything is load- ed. One popular sound file to use for this is the voice of the HAL 9000 computer from 2001: A Space Odyssey. When you hear HAL's voice, you know that your system is up and waiting for you.
You can also use a pro- gram called Raw (Q-Link file- name: RAW V1.1, uploaded by Denton2) to play all of your RAW files sequentially. Unfor- tunately, this utility was upload- ed in an unfinished form. It
plays the sound files all right, but it includes no slick inter- face screens, no file selector box to pick a file to play, and not even a real icon, but at least it gives us digitized sound.
Digitized sound is great, but let's not forget all those wonderful music files out there. These files, usually re- ferred to as SID files, often car- ry the file extension MUS. Some files even include words and artwork. Stereo SID files which utilize the extra SID chip are also plentiful.
You can play all those won- derful three-voice SIDs using geoS!|DPlayer. This neat utility lets you choose SID music files from a standard file selec- tor dialog box. It then plays a file for you while a little guy on the screen taps his foot and grins. GeoS|DPlayer is avail- able in the Q-Link GEOS librar- ies. Its filename is GEO- SIDPLAYER, and it was upload- ed by RogerLU. Unfortunately, there is no stereo player for GEOS, but since most GEOS users have their cartridge port already filled with a RAM de- vice of some kind, they wouldn't have room for a mu- sic cartridge anyway.
All these programs work fine, but | would love to see some more work done with sound programs for GEOS. I'd like to see the digitized sound player cleaned up and given a proper interface. I'd like a SID player for GEOS that dis- plays the words if a WRD file is included. And that’s not all. Someone on Q-Link a few weeks ago was talking about programming a SID player that would play in the back- ground so you could listen to your favorite tunes while you're pounding the keys in geoWrite or mouse-hopping in geoPublish. Now that sounds like a dream GEOS program to me. | think I'd call it geoJukebox. a
You know GEOS is
geared toward
graphics, but have
you heard about
Capabilities?
SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE
G-23
Here are some readers’ programs for adding
vectors, bouncing screens, and protecting programs
G-24
PROGRAMMER’S PAGE
Randy Thompson
VECTORS, BOUNCERS, AND BASIC SAVERS
We have some more great tips from readers this month, so let's get to them.
Vector Addition
This program performs vector addition on two vectors and gives the resultant vector's magnitude and angle. The magnitudes and angles (be- tween 0 and 360 degrees) of the vectors to be added are all that you enter. This can be a useful little program for phys- ics students.
NILES NOONAN TINLEY PARK, IL
XD 160 REM VECTOR FINDER
PJ 105 DIM M(3),A(3):QS="y¥"
JM 116 X=d:¥=0
AC 120 DEF FN R(X)=(INT(X*1000 +.5))/1000
KQ 130 FOR I=1 TO 2
QA 140 PRINT
AA 150 PRINT "MAGNITUDE OF VEC TOR"; 1;
MJ 166 INPUT M(I)
DQ 174 PRINT "ANGLE OF VECTOR" 313
SE 180 INPUT A(I)
BH 196 A(I)#A(1I)*]/186
GK 200 Y=M(I)*SIN(A(I))+¥
ME 210 X=M(I)*COS(A(I))+X
QD 226 NEXT I
XR 230 M(3)=EN R(SQR(X*X+Y*Y) )
DP 246 A(3)*FN R((ATN(Y/X))*18
9/1)
EA 250 IF X<@ THEN A(3)=A(3)+1 80
DA 260 IF A(3)<@ THEN A(3)=A(3 )+360
PC 276 IF M(3)=0 THEN A(3)=0
HK 286 PRINT
AK 296 PRINT "MAGNITUDE OF RES ULTANT VECTOR =";M(3)
SK 366 PRINT "ANGLE OF RESULTA NT VECTOR =";A(3)
GM 310 PRINT
AA 326 PRINT "FIGURE ANOTHER";
BC 33G INPUT QS
HM 346 IF QS="Y" THEN 110
Screen Bouncer
Using a technique known as flexible line distance, the fol- lowing program smoothly “bounces” the 64’s screen down and up. Be sure to re- move all cartridges from your computer before you run the program. After you load and run the program, type SYS 49152 to set your screen in motion. Press Run/Stop-Re-
COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
store to return your computer to a more stable state.
SE 5 D=9G KC 16 READ A:IFA=-1THEN4S PK 26 IFA>256THENSG CF 30 B=B+A:POKE49152+C,A:C=C+ 1:GOTO18 MA 40 PRINT "ALL DONE! {RVS}SY S 49152(OFF} TO INSTALL. ":POKE16383,170:END D=D+10: IFB=ATHENB=6:GOTO 16 JD 6G PRINT"{CLR}YOU TYPED LIN E"D"IN WRONG. RECHECK AN D{RVS)RUN(OFF} AGAIN!" CK 70 PRINT "{2 DOWN)LIST"D” {3 UP}":POKE631,13:POKE {SPACE} 198,1 AF 100 DATA 169,147,32,210,255 7120,162,1,142,26,268,2 G2,142,32,208,2056 KG 118 DATA 169,49,141,18,208, 169,127,141,13,226,169, 27,141,17,208,169,1986 SK 12@ DATA 42,162,192,141,20, 3,142,21,3,88,96,238,25 7 208,238,112,192,1923 XK 130 DATA 173,112,192,16,11, 41,127,141,111,192,169, 128,56,237,111,192,178, 2179 XE 148 DATA 268,2,162,1,172,18 7208,152,56,233,2,41,7, 9,16,141,17,1445 HC 150 DATA 208,204,18,208,240 +251,206,202,208,236,17 3,18,208,208,251,169,27 13029 AJ 16@ DATA 141,17,208,173,13, 226,76,49,234,0,8,8,1,1 132,-1
RP 50
The secret to smoothly mov- ing the 64's screen down and up is simple yet ingenious. This program installs a verti- cal-blank interrupt that tempo- rarily keeps the computer's VIC chip (the chip responsi- ble for the 64's video display) so busy that it won't have time to send any video informa- tion to your monitor. The long- er the program occupies the VIC chip's time, the longer the screen's video output is de- layed, and the lower the screen's graphics appear on your television or monitor. To get rid of the streaks the pro- gram leaves in the empty are- as at the top of the screen, type POKE 16838,0 while the program is running.
BOB BRODERICK SAN RAMON, CA
Easy Program Protection
If you want to read-protect your BASIC programs (make them unloadable by BASIC),
Richard Reano of San Diego, California, has two sugges- tions: Save your programs as sequential files, or, better yet, save them as user files.
When using the SAVE com- mand, add a comma and the letter S after the filename to save a program as a sequen- tial file, or add a comma and the letter U to save it as a us- er file.
SAVE “‘filename,S” ,8 SAVE “‘filename,U",8
Now, when you list the disk di- rectory, you'll find that your PRG file has become a SEQ or USR file. And if you try to load the file, BASIC responds with a FILE TYPE MISMATCH error message.
Actually, there is a way to load these modified files, but you have to know the secret. To load one of these files, use the same ,S or ,U you used when you saved the program. For example, to load a BASIC program saved with SAVE “file- name,S",8, use LOAD “‘file- name,S",8.
Taking It With You
Henning Vahlenkamp from Ma- tawan, New Jersey, provides this tip for 128 owners who do a lot of BASIC programming in 64 mode. To move from 128 mode to 64 mode without losing the current BASIC pro- gram, simply enter these two POKEs after executing the computer’s GO 64 command.
POKE 43,1 POKE 44,28
These POKE statements tell the 64 portion of your com- puter that the current BASIC program is located in memo- ry starting at 7169 ($1C01). That's the default location where BASIC programs are stored when your computer is in 128 mode. ia]
PROGRAMS
DATABASE
By Todd Piltingsrud With DataBase you can store practically any type of information to disk and then retrieve or edit it as you like. DataBase has a powerful screen editor that oper- ates like aconventional word processor, so it can be used for a variety of tasks. DataBase consists of a BASIC pro- gram and a short machine language rou- tine. To enter the BASIC program, use The Automatic Proofreader to help avoid typing errors. Look for Proofreader else- where in this section, Be sure to save a copy of the program before you run it. Enter the machine language routine with MLX, our machine language entry program, which can be found elsewhere in this section. When MLX prompts, reply with the following addresses.
Starting address: CO00 Ending address: C397
Be sure to save this program with the filename DATA.ML to the same disk that contains the BASIC portion. The BA- SIC program automatically searches for and loads that filename.
Using the Program
After loading and running DataBase, use the cursor keys and the Return key to move around on the menu screen and select the various options. The first time you run the program, you'll probably want to create an entry. Cur- sor to this option and press Return.
Note the difference between an en- try and a file on the menu. A file is made up of several entries. For exam- ple, you could have numerous entries listing the names, addresses, and tele- phone numbers of your friends. Taken as a whole, these entries could then be saved as a file, perhaps with the file- name FRIENDS.
When you create an entry, the screen clears, and the program goes to input mode. DataBase doesn't ask for a title for an entry. Instead, the first line of each entry acts as its title, but this line is still seen as part of the en- try. Once you have entered the informa- tion you wish, press f7 to return to the menu. If you wish to create additional entries at this time, simply press Return with the cursor on the Create Entry op-
tion. After typing in several entries, you can press f1 or f8 to move up and down through the entries in the file.
After you have entered several en- tries, you can then save them under one filename, To do this, select the Save File option from the menu, You'll then be asked for a filename. Suppose we used FRIENDS as suggested earli- er. This sequential file will then be saved to disk with all of the information entered so far.
From the DataBase menu, you can load a file back into memory, see a disk directory, scratch files, print files, and list or print all of the entries in a file. You can also recall, erase, or print individual entries within a larger file.
Once you have loaded a file and you want to recall a specific entry, se- lect the Recall Entry option. You'll be asked for a name. Suppose you want the entry that contains Jack Johnson's information, simply type J or JACK. If you have several friends in the file whose names are Jack, simply enter the full name of the entry you want.
Entries are alphabetized by the first word on the line. Should you wish to add a new name to your FRIENDS file, load the file and select the Create En- try option to add new information. Just remember to save the file again when you have finished editing. You can use the same filename since DataBase lets you overwrite the old file.
Defaults DataBase is set to handle up to 60 en- tries and 20 lines per entry. This de- fault can be changed if you desire. Load DataBase, but before running it, list line 10. Notice that W equals the number of entries and H equals the number of lines per entry. By changing these values, you can decrease or in- crease the size of DataBase’s memory. However, W can be no more than 255. A warning is also in order here. The 64's memory has limits. Putting in num- bers that are too high can lead to diffi- culties such as garbage collecting. This occurs when the 64 has to erase old memory to make room for new in- formation. In an extreme case, you could run out of memory. Due to the 64's memory limitations, a practical lim- it for DataBase should be 50-100 en- tries and 15-20 lines per entry. This as-
sumes that you probably won't fill each individual entry to its limit.
Printing
DataBase is also set so that the device number is 8 and the printer number is 4. These numbers can also be changed if you desire. Before running, list line 5. Here, D is the device num- ber and P is the printer number. By changing these numbers, DataBase can be made to access other disk drives and printers.
If changes are made to these varia- bles, be sure to save a copy of Data- Base to avoid having to change them each time you load the program.
DATABASE BM ® REM COPYRIGHT 1993 -COMPU TE PUBLICATIONS INTL LTD {SPACE}- ALL RIGHTS RESER VED GS 5 D=8:P=4;REM DEVICE AND PR INTER SM 10 W=66:H=20:REM NUMBER OF {SPACE)ENTRIES AND NUMBE R OF LINES PER ENTRY POKE650,128: POKE53265,@: POKE53281,6:POKE53286,6 IFPEEK (49152) <>76THENLOA D"DATA.ML",D,1 K=49152:DR=49155:IN=4915 8:AL=49161:EE=49164:CM=4 9167:BF=49170:LF=49173 J=H+1:DIMAR$ (W+1,H+1) ,TS (12) NS=""ZARS (1,0) ="":X=4:Y= 5:T=1 FORA=1T012:READTS (A) :NEX
Px 15 BJ 26
EH 25
QF 36 AX 35 EC 46
“i
POKE198,0:NS="":PRINT" {CLR} {DOWN} {CYN}"CHRS (14 ) TAB (15) "DATABASE {DOWN}" PRINTTAB (4) "{A}*** HAH RHE FOOT OI IOI I IO ITI TITIES a ee eee FORA=1T06: PRINTTAB (4) " {CYN}-{7}"TS (A) TAB (23) TS (A+6) TAB (35) "{CYN}-=":NEX fn} PRINTTAB (4) "{CYN} {Z}**** PIII IIIT IR RTI RII TTR III ¥* EX}? POKES 3265, 27:GOTO 166
GETAS: IFAS=""THEN65 IFA$=CHRS (13) THENPOKE781 ,12:POKE782,6:POKE783,@: SYS6552G:PRINT"{7}"; :GOT 0116
PRINTTAB(Y) "{7}"TS(T) IFA$="{UP}"ANDX>4THENX=X -1:T=T-1
IFAS=" {DOWN} "ANDX<9THENX =X+1:T=T+1
SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE
PK 45
cQ 56
SX 55
JS 66
SJ 65 BQ 798
AB 75 KK 86
BB 85
G-25
PROGRAMS
MM 90 IFAS="{LEFT}"ANDY=23THEN | XH 2686 REM UP FC 425 B=B+1:GOSUB500:SYSBF:AR Y=5:T=T-6 FS 265 IFB=@THEN220 $(A,B)=NS
MA 95 IFAS="{RIGHT}"ANDY=S5THEN | GD 278 GOSUB485:SYSLF:ARS(A,B) |AX 438 AR$(A,B-1)=LEFTS(ARS(A, Y=23:T=1T+6 =N$:IFB=SXTHENSX=SX-1:B B-1) ,LEN(AR$(A,B-1))-LE
HK 100 POKE781,X:POKE782,Y:POK =B-1:GOSUB495:PRINTAS;: N(ARS$ (A,B) )) E783,0:SYS65520: PRINTTA GoT022g DK 435 PRINT:GOSUB485:GOSUB495 B(Y)"{WHT}"TS(T)"{UP}": | KC 275 B=B-1:GOSUB59G@: PRINTAS; :GOTO226 GoTo6s :GOTO224 XQ 446 REM Fl
MP 165 PRINT"{CLR}"; :END SX 280 REM DOWN, SHIFTED RETUR|CP 445 IFA=1THEN22@
RR 116 ONTGOTO125,175,565, 210, N FP 450 IFFL=G@THENS45 626,656,730,768,596,635| SQ 285 IFB=HTHEN220 JF 455 FL=0:SYSLF:ARS$(A,B)=NS: 160,105 BC 2906 SYSLF:AR$(A,B) =N$:GOSUB GOT053G
BX 115 GOTO65 500 JF 466 REM F3 AND F7
EJ 120 REM LOAD FILE PJ 295 IFCY=24THENSX=SX+1:B=B+ | FB 465 IFARS(A+1,0)=""THEN220
SM 125 NNS="": INPUT"FILENAME"; 1:PRINTCHRS$ (13) ARS$(A,B) |RJ 470 IFFL=QTHENS45 NNS: IFNNS=""THEN45 OSUB584:GOTO226 AG 475 FL=@:SYSLF:ARS (A,B) =NS:
EA 130 SYSCM:OPEN1,D,15:0PEN8, | MD 306 B=B+1:GOSUB5@G: PRINTAS; GOTO53G D,8,NNS+",S,R": INPUT#1, :GOTO226 XE 480 REM SAVE CURSOR LOCATIO A,B$,B,C:IFA<>GTHEN710 | HS 305 REM CLR/HOME (GO TO BOT N
QH 135 FORA=1TOW+1:SYSIN:ARS(A TOM) MP 485 POKE783,1:SYS65520:CX=P ,@) =AS: IFLEN (AS) =G@THENC| CX 314 SYSLF:ARS (A,B) =N$:FORB= EEK (782) :CY=PEEK(781):R LOSE1:CLOSE8:GOTO45 GOTOJ:IFARS$(A,B+1) <>""TH ETURN
KJ 140 FORB=1TOJ:SYSIN:ARS(A,B ENNEXT XE 490 REM REDRAW SCREEN ) =A$: IFLEN (AS) =GANDST=6| AE 315 SX=B:GOSUB495: PRINT" SG 495 POKE212,0:PRINT"{CLR}"A THENNEXTA:GOTO810 {HOME}";:GOTO226 RS(A,SX);
EE 145 IFST=GTHENNEXTB:NEXTA:G| RP 329 REM HOME SG 496 FORU=SX+1TOSX+24:IFU<>J OT0816 XC 325 SYSLF:ARS$(A,B) =NS$:B=0:S THENPRINTCHRS (13) ARS(A,
EQ 150 ARS$(A+1,6)="":CLOSE1:CL X=B:GOSUB495: PRINTAS; :G U) ; :NEXT OSE8:GOTO45 0T022¢ XB 509 POKE783,@:POKE782,CX:PO
SR 155 REM CLEAR MEMORY QH 330 REM INSERT KE781,CY:SYS65520:RETUR
SR 166 PRINT"ARE YOU SURE? Y/N| QD 335 GOSUB485:SYSLF:ARS(A,B) N ":WAIT198,1:IFPEEK(631) =N$:GOSUB5@@:IFLEN(ARS( |CG 565 REM PRINT TO SCREEN =89THENRUN A,B) )=39THEN226 AP 516 FL=1:IFCX=38ANDB=HTHENP
MC 165 GOTO45 EP 346 GOTO515 RINTAS"{LEFT}"; :GOTO226
BH 176 REM RECALL PC 345 REM DELETE QQ 515 PRINTAS;:GOSUB485: IFCX=
PS 175 INPUT"NAME";NS:IENS=""T| HH 350 FL=1:IFCX<>G@THENS1G 39THENSYSLF:AR$ (A,B) =N$ HEN45 XE 355 IFB=OTHEN226 : PRINT: B=B+1
DM 186 IFRIGHTS(NS$,1)="*"THENN| FH 360 IFB=SXTHENSX=SX-1:PRINT |EC 520 GOTO228 $=LEFT$ (NS, LEN (NS) -1) "{DOWN}";:GOSUB485:Gosu |JG 525 REM ALPHABETIZE IT
PE 185 FORA=l1TOW:IFARS(A,@)="" B495 XB 530 B=0:FORU=OTOH: IFARS(A,U THENNS="";GOTO800 DJ 365 SYSLF:ARS$ (A,B) =NS:IFLEN ) =""THENNEXT: GOTO546
GC 196 IFLEFTS(ARS$(A,@) ,LEN(NS (ARS (A,B-1) ) =39THENARS( | AJ 535 NS=AR$(A,U) :ARS(A,U)="" ) ) <>NSTHENNEXT : GOTO80G A,B-1) =LEFTS (ARS (A,B-1) tARS (A,B) =N$:B=B+1:NEXT
BQ 195 PRINT" {CLR}"ARS(A,G);:F 138) HG 540 SYSAL ORB=1TOH: IFB<25THENPRIN | DJ 370 AS=LEFTS(ARS(A,B) ,39-LE | RA IFAS="{F1}"ANDA<>1THENA TCHRS (13) ARS (A,B) ; :NEXT N(ARS(A,B-1)) ) OTO19S
DA 296 GoTO215 DB 375 AR$(A,B)=RIGHTS(AR$(A,B |HE 550 IFAS="{F3}"ANDARS (A+1,0
FH 205 REM CREATE ENTRY ) ,LEN (ARS (A,B) ) -LEN (AS) ) <>""THENA=A+1:GOTO195
PE 219 PRINT" {CLR}"; :FORA=1LTOW ) DM 555 GOTO45 :IFARS(A,G@)<>""THENNEXT | EG 386 IFARS(A,B)=""THENFORU=B |HX 560 REM LIST ENTRIES :GOTO810:REM FIND END O TOH:ARS(A,U)=ARS(A,U+1) | AC 565 FORA=1TOW:IFARS(A,@)="" F FILE :NEXT THEN815
EM 215 PRINT" {HOME}";:B=6:SX=@| FE 385 B=B-1:CY=CY-1:GOSUB500: |HP 570 PRINT: FORB=GTOH:IFARS(A
CS 229 SYSK:GOSUB485 PRINTARS (A,B) ;:GOSUB485 7B) <>""THENPRINTARS (A,B
DR 225 ONPEEK(2)GOT0235,516,26 : PRINTAS; :SYSLF:AR$(A,B ) :NEXTB 5,285,316,325,335,350,4 )=NS AA 575 IFPEEK(2@3) <>64THEN575 66,285,445,465,470,516 |DQ 398 GOSUB495:GoT022¢0 AM 586 NEXTA:GOTO816
HG 236 REM LEFT BA 395 REM RETURN SD 585 REM ERASE ENTRY
SJ 235 IFCX<>@THENS19 KD 400 IFB=HTHEN226 RE 590 INPUT"NAME";NS: IENS=""T
BR 249 IFB=GTHEN22G CG 465 FL=l:IFAR$(A,H) <>""THEN HEN45
SP 245 GOSUB485:SYSLF:ARS(A,B) 296 BX 595 IFRIGHTS(NS$,1)="*"THENN =NS AS 416 IFCY=24THENSX=SX+1 S$=LEFTS$ (N$,LEN (N$) -1)
BK 256 IPB=SXTHENSX=SX-1:B=B-1|FB 415 GOSUB485:SYSLF:ARS(A,B) |QR 680 FORA=1TOW+1:IFARS(A,@)= :GOSUB495: PRINTASAS; :GO =NS “PHENNS="""': GOTO86G T0226 XB 420 FORU=HTOB+1STEP-1:ARS(A |MJ 665 IFLEFTS(ARS(A,@) ,LEN(NS
GD 255 B=B-1:GOSUB5G0:PRINTASA ,U) =ARS$ (A,U=1) :NEXT: REM ) ) <>NSTHENNEXT : GOTO809 $;:GOTO226 INSERT FG 610 ARS(A,G)="":SYSEE:GOTO4
G-26
COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
XP
PJ
sp IX
GD
JG
615 626
625 636 635 646
645 656
655 665
665
676
675
686 685
695
695 708 765 716 715, 728 725 739 735
746
745 750 755 766 765 776 775 788
785
796
5
REM DIRECTORY POKE186,D:SYSDR: PRINT:G oTo815
IFB=GTHEN819
REM SCRATCH FILE
INPUT" FILENAME"; NS: IENS =""THEN45: OPEN1,D,15,"S@:"+N$:CLO SE1:GOTO45
REM SAVE FILE CLOSE1:CLOSE8:NNS="":PO KE198,0:REM NO REPLACE IFRIGHTS (NNS$,1)="*"THEN Nuge"" IENNS=""THENINPUT"FILEN AME"; NNS: IENNS=""THEN45 OPEN1,D,15:0PEN8,D,8,"" +NNS+",S,W": INPUT#1,A,8 $,B,C IFA=63THENCLOSE8: PRINT" REPLACE "NNS"? Y/N":WAI 7198,1:I1PPEEK(631)<>89T HEN656 IFA=63THENOPENS,D,8,"@0 2"+NNS+",S,W":sINPUT#1,A 1BS,B,C
IFA<>GTHEN71@ FORA=LTOW+1: PRINT#8,ARS (A,@) :IFARS$(A,@) =""THEN CLOSE1:CLOSE8:GOTO45 FORB=1TOJ:PRINT#8,ARS(A 7B) sIFARS (A,B) <>""THENN EXTB
NEXTA CLOSE1:CLOSE8:GOTO45 REM DRIVE STATUS PRINTA;B$;B;C:CLOSE1:CL OSE8:GOTO815
REM QUIT
PRINT" {CLR}"; END
REM PRINT FILE PRINT"PRESS RETURN TO C ANCEL" OPEN1,P,7:FORA=1TOW: IFA RS (A,@)=""THEN75G PRINT#1:FORB=GOTOH: IFARS (A,B) <>""THENPRINT#1,AR $(A,B) :NEXTB
GETAS: IFAS<>CHRS (13) THR NNEXTA
CLOSE1:GOTO815
REM PRINT ENTRY
INPUT" NAME"; NS: IENS=""T HEN4S
IFRIGHTS (NS$,1)="*"THENN $=LEFTS$ (N$,LEN (NS) -1) FORA=1TOW:IFARS(A,@)="" THENNS="";:GOTO8G8 IFLEFT$(AR$(A,@) , LEN (NS ) ) <>NSTHENNEXTA: GOTO8G3 PRINT"PRESS RETURN TO C ANCEL" OPEN1,P,7:PRINT#1:FORB= OTOH: IFARS (A,B) <>""THEN PRINT#1,ARS$ (A,B)
GETAS: IFAS<>CHRS$ (13) THE
KE FD
795 800
SF 865
KM HB
810 815
BQ 828
Ss 825
C196:D9 C198:A5 C11G:AG C118:16 C126:A9 C128:Cl C13G:E8 C138:AG C146:C9 C148:F1 C15@0:F4 C158:B6 C166:91 C168:A5 C176:AG C178:7F
NNEXT CLOSE1:GOTO815 PRINT"NOT FOUND, 815 CLOSE1:CLOSE8: PRINT" FIL E NOT COMPATIBLE, "zARS (1,6) ="":NNS="":GOTO815 PRINT"FULL FILE, "; POKE198,0:PRINT"{WHT}PR ESS ANY KEY":WAIT198,1: GoTo45
DATA LOAD FILE,RECALL £ NTRY,LIST PILE,CREATE E NTRY,DIRECTORY,SAVE FIL E
DATA PRINT FILE,PRINT E NTRY,ERASE ENTRY,SCRATC H PILE,CLEAR MEMORY, QUI T
DATA.ML
C66G:4C C@68:Cl CG1G:A2 CO18:FF CG26:88 CG28:D1 CO30:F7 CG38:A9 C640:98 CO48:A6 CG56:62 CG58:AG C860:29 C868:09 CG76:76 CG78:A5 CO80:91 CG88:38 CO90:
C698:85 CGAG:69
":GOTO
AS 4c c2 18 ce @5 18 1) E5 6s 26 1) 3F 86 G2 06 33 26
2A G4 cl F4 88 91 03 Bl 86 FF 62 cc 91 84 2D oo 18 80 c8 c8 i) 6D 26 B4 A2 G3
34
ao AG
C186:FF C188: 20 €190:88 €198:68 C1AG: 06 C1A8:26 C1BG:A9 C1B8:40 C1CG:BA C1C8:00 C1pd:98 c1p8:18 C1EG:00 C1E8:71 C1FO:65 C1E8:65 C200:B1 C208:90 €210:¢8 C218;85 C220:B1 C228:03 €230:C4 C238:A0 C240:00 C248:D0 C25G:FF C258: 26 C26G:E6 C268:34 €270:85 C278:05 €286:02 C288:8A €299:9E €298:64 C2AG:3E
C2DG6:EC C2D8:AG C2EG:9F C2E8:96 C2FG:A9 C2FP8:65 C360:FO
C336:64 C338: 63 C34:03 C348:04 C350:65 C358:65 C360:D8 C368:aG C376:65 C378:85 C386:39 C388:11 C398:86
A6 D2 16 AA 84 aS @D De 20 85 Bl LS) 65 AQ FB FC G3 o4 BL 66 03 Dl G2 66 AB 8E Bl OF OF 72 @4 Ag Bl 91 65 85 c2 ag Bl 85 ie) 65 cé 68 GA G2 oc 36 12 Ag De G3 66 65 85 88 85 cé FB EC BE 96 FB FC 41 93 88
Todd Piltingsrud is attending Concor- dia College in Moorhead, Minnesota. SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE
G-27
PROGRAMS
LS See ASA) APL SERS SRE ET AL OS a 3k BEA OES LE
BRICK LAYER
By Maurice Yanney
You're the mason who has to repair holes in a brick wall. To make matters more interesting, each hole requires a brick of a certain color. For an additional twist, the wall you have to repair is mov- ing, and the bricks you need are scat- tered about a maze. How many mazes can you complete in this arcade-style game for the 64?
Typing It In
Brick Layer is written entirely in ma- chine language, but it loads and runs like a BASIC program. To type it in, use MLX, our machine language entry program, which you'll find elsewhere in this section. When MLX prompts, you re- spond with the following values.
Starting address: 0801 Ending address: 1990
Be sure to save a copy of the program before exiting MLX.
Playing the Game
The object of this game is to fill all of the holes which appear in the wall at the bottom of the screen. The holes are filled by dropping in a brick that has the same color as the area around the hole. Use a joystick in port 2 to move your tank around the various mazes.
| didn't mention the tank? This game has an element of danger as well. Press the fire button to have the tank fire bullets, pick up a brick, or drop a brick.
When your tank is directly over a de- sired brick, press the fire button to pick it up. You can carry only one brick at a time. When you're carrying a brick, press the fire button again to drop it (unless all of the spaces current- ly under the tank contain bricks). If your tank isn’t carrying a brick and there isn’t one immediately beneath it, pressing the fire button will shoot bul- lets in all directions.
Obstacles
You need the bullets to make the three electric wheelbarrows drop their bricks. Each wheelbarrow is a different color, and each moves about the maze. The wheelbarrows carry bricks
G-28 COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
that are the same color as the wheel- barrow, When a wheelbarrow carrying a brick is hit by a bullet, it drops a brick. You want to pick up the dropped brick before the wheelbarrow can retrieve it.
When a wheelbarrow is empty, it moves faster than it does when it is filled. A wheelbarrow can pick up a brick by moving over a brick of the same color or by getting a new one at the maze entrance at the top center of the screen. Wheelbarrows will no long- er move to the entrance for new bricks when all bricks of the same color as the wheelbarrow have been brought out onto the maze.
If a wheelbarrow touches any part of the tank, the tank becomes electrified and is destroyed. There are four extra tanks; when all your tanks are de- stroyed, the game is over. Pressing the fire button will start a new game.
When you pick up a brick, your speed will be reduced, but you want to take it to the bottom of the screen and drop it directly over the hole with the ap- propriate color. When all the holes are filled, a new maze appears, and you earn a bonus player.
To pause the game, hold down the Shift key or press the Shift Lock key. To continue playing, release the Shift or Shift Lock key.
BRICK LAYER 9861:6B G8 70 17 9E 32 34 36 6E 6809:37 6G GB GB 24 26 26 26 96 G811:26 26 26 26 26 AB C4 BO GE @819:3C 68 99 F8 66 BO FD 68 F6 @821:99 33 63 88 D@ Fl AG G9 4c 9829:B9 GC G8 99 FF 63 88 DB Al 6831:F7 A9 7E 85 2D AQ 1E 85 Al 9839:2E 4C 66 61 12 EA 60 7E 3E 0841:1E 67 18 BO 6E 69 99 EB 74 9849:07 C8 DG F7 EE 62 @1 EE 19 6851:05 61 C6 F9 D@ ED A2 G3 23 G859:20 34 63 F@ 33 C9 G7 DB 95 G861:16 A2 G1 206 34 63 DB GA AG @869:A2 64 26 34 83 18 69 O87 65 @871:16 65 A2 BA 26 34 G3 @879:A8 A5 A7 85 AI AS FE 85 FB O881:F7 AS FF 85 F8 20 6C G3 73 @889:A5 F8 85 FF A5 F7 85 FE 72 9891:E8 26 34 63 DO 1E A2 G8 21 G899:20 34 63 AG G2 84 AB 85 2A @8A1:A6 18 A5 FC @8A9:A5 FD 65 A7 85 F8 26 6C EF 98B1:03 4C 13 61 E8 206 34 63 FB @8B9:D@ 1C AG G3 84 AB EB 29 36 @8C1:34 03 FO G8 A2 G8 26 34 F4 G8C9:03 4C 5C G1 A2 BC 28 34 C3 @8D1:03 E6 A7 4C 5C @1 E8 26 AF
98D9:34 83 DG GA EB 26 34 G3 B2 GO8E1:18 69 64 A8 DG D6 EB 26 37 G8E9:34 63 DO GA A2 G2 26 34 21 G8F1:03 18 69 G6 D® ED A2 @8 A2 G@8F9:20 34 G3 DG E6 AD BB 85 F7 @961:A7 A4 FB FO GC G6 FA 2A 37 9909:26 A7 C6 FB CA D@ F2 A8 DB 9911:60 48 Bl FE 85 FA A9 68 FE 6919:85 FB 68 A4 FE D@ G2 C6 4A O921:EF C6 FE CO E7 D@ DE A4 BS G929:FF CO 97 DG D8 AD 37 85 BA 0931:91 58 4C BE @8 A4 AB FG 59 G939:22 A5 F7 38 E5 A8 BG 63 7E @941:C6
995 9959:A9 FA GA Bl F7 C6 FD C6 76 9961:F8 C6 AI 18 EC 68 78 E6 98 G969:91 G97 g97 998 9989:69 91 F6 1A A2 8F AG 1D E6 0991:26 17 6D 11 OF CD 79 14 £2 6999:A9 1F C4 GE 8D F7 26 49 97 G9A1:AG 22 G1 14 DC AD 8D G2 AB
G9F9:1F 73 91 62 53 G9 8E CO 67 GAG1:26 24 8D 89 BE FO 14 26 F4 GAG9:E3 1A AD BS 66 38 38 A6 Al
GA11:6A 20 B4 GC AD 1E D@ El F2 GA19:FG 82 EE 66 1B GA 26 @2 C7 GA21:6C 4C 43 G8 EA 46 28 84 7¢ GA29:C6 69 9D C6 GC 8B 2C 1C 1E GA31:12 85 22 27 63 1D 4C 20 AE GA39:09 20 26 09 GE 9E GA AB DO GA41:68 68 AG G3 5F C3 C6 G8 6F GA49:62 5G 19 71 59 72 AB G1 C3 @A51:CA Cl ED A@ 62 DE 61 E5 37 GA59:E9 88 18 AY 66 ES G4 18 GA GA61:48 8E 71 @5 44 AE Cl Bl CD GA69:0C 26 GC 86 BD G3 70 OF 6A GA71:32 4A 4A 4A 66 31 19 15 4c GA79:18 69 55 45 A5 FB 56 28 E4 GA81:85 FB 83 19 E9 G8 G3 1C FA GA89:A5 FC 38 E9 D4 A8 AG GG DE GA91:85 A2 85 Al 85 AG 66 E2 2E GA99:76 84 2C G6 61 A3 G5 G1 91 GAA1:90 FA 4C 88 69 A2 G8 SE 10 GAA9:1F 9D FF D3 9C 88 16 SF 78 @AB1:19 61 83 G3 DG 15 AD 16 77 @AB9:7B 91 41 A2 OF AG FG AB CA GAC1:95 GB A3 AQ 33 4C DS 61 4A @AC9:C3 46 11 A2 F5 AG EF BC 6C GAD1:GD 98 39 OD 21 39 OD C5 56 GAD9:46 46 43 87 3C 3A 73 94 C9 GAE1:6@ Cl 13 A2 F@ AG GBF D2 ED GAE9:B2 14 91 G8 87 GC 54 FF 24 GAF1:38 ED 98 G6 16 11 AA A8 D3 GAF9:A9 13 26 3A AO G4 41 21 5B 6B61:19 8D 61 7B 11 81 A2 FF B2
@BG9:A@ FF 4C 35 CG 15 G4 D4 83) 6D39:GE 8C A7 8C AA LE 8C G9 2B | GF69:38 ED 93 G1 26 98 29 CB 30 @5 D4 8C 86 D4 AY BA F3| 6D41:08 AI 58 9D 8A CB 38 1A 21 | GF71:BF AG CD 85 AD 4A E6 G8 16 4F 14 6D 18 D4 49 11 5A/ 9D49:9D 61 35 BB 9D 99 D6 AS 7 | GF79:C9 6A B7 26 CD AA A4 G4 6G 94 8E B4 86 98 BS 88 96) GD51:1E G1 19 BD 91 O63 BE EB 4C | GF81:C9 G4 3E DF F9 68 2C 32 27 1E A@ 64 2D A2 G2 D1 Cl| 6D59:38 84 DF 3B 85 9F 4D E4 8A | 9F89:60 CD 84 1E BO GF 5B 87 8D BA B3 96 28 B3 18 CA 4D/ 6D61:8C G8 EA 14 20 FC 14 AG 2G | GF91:G2 1C 82 C6 26 BG E2 1C 1A 42 75 CE 42 D2 3C OB 44/ GN69:27 AO AD 8D E7 26 17 98 F4 | OF99:AD 95 1E 29 61 72 9B 8A DD AG 1B 79 8B 19 16 A2 67/ 6D71:97 99 GG G4 DO G1 C3 F5 BD | OFA1:B7 26 DC 10 54 8C FE 67 7A 59 15 41 69 AD 16 A5 B6| GD79:A9 66 8D 13 15 14 10 47 45 | BFA9:A5 8B 59 D9 FG G3 71 AB 65 A9 82 50 53 41 DO B4 47] gp81:15 G4 A2 73 GG 10 87 6A 6C | BFB1:FO FE 59 29 A8 48 83 63 96 88 AG 1C 4C 17 GD G6 97] GD89:1D 87 A2 18 AD G3 18 26 B3 | BFB9:GE EY B6 16 AA 6F G3 1E C8 @B C2 A5 C@ 2B 3E 8A 52] 6D91:GA ES AO 74 AG 1E 20 1E 82 | G@FC1:83 AY G2 AG 1C 2A DE 7C 1A FG F9 26 88 4C 41 C8 FF| 9D99:AB E4 C7 8D B6 46 15 85 FA | OFC9:38 GB GC 56 GB 91 27 G7 66 39 36 2D 68 AS A2 C9 G6| GDA1:48 B7 81 6C 87 8A BS 1E BA | GFD1:G9 99 26 7A 64 22 1A 99 CO 90 ED EE 2A FE A8 86 90| GDA9:60 8C FD GE 8E 4E BC Dl B@ | OFD9:GA 3B 90 40 BF C5 GC G6 15 @DB1:F@ @7 AD 94 89 5B 76 GE AD | GFE1:58 BC F@ CB 86 45 16 BB 7A 4C B8 GA 8D 62 G8 8C 80| GDB9:CE G3 FE 22 D@ 82 21 51 22 | GFE9:C9 GD 9G F3 B3 AC EF 39 EA 55 A@ 1E 4C 1E AB A@ 77] GDC1:C@ GE DB 3C FF 84 41 8D 21 | @FF1:8A 83 2A D2 BG E2 GF G8 DE AQ 26 99 C7 G7 68 73 EB! ODC9:21 14 FZ BD 26 3B 75 5A 9B | GFF9:24 E3 26 11 EA 33 8C 41 77 FA 66 F2 66 A2 AC 29 96/ gDD1:68 AY G8 58 C6 86 Gl 4F 82 | 1061:D8 DB CD BO E3 FO CB 26 A7 13 66 83 53 D4 D8 El 4D] GpD9:46 G8 93 31 G4 4F C6 86 1G | 1089:C8 58 DG Cl 3C 8E 1A 90 BA 32 8D 62 8E 98 8D 64 CO] GpE1:02 4F 46 CF 93 31 G2 4F 4B |1911:02 BG EG 5C 55 Al 66 6C 9E 8 FE 8D 66 8C 66 7C E9| ODE9:46 1c 85 C9 G3 FG Fl CD G9 | 1019:40 DE AB 9C 52 14 17 4C AD D@ AY 1A DO 77 88 AG B7| GDF1:91 11 5@ DC 11 G4 60 64 AE | 1821:38 BO 27 C6 23 19 48 72 5B 63 11 65 10 18 A8 GG 26| GpF9:84 EE 83 G8 AD 96 DB 67 D3 |1029:15 1A 8A 26 19 12 AB AD BD 26 3C 2A 96 12 C9 DA F8] GEG1:Al 18 1B 34 29 C5 4A 1D AC |1031:78 51 40 A2 38 98 66 AB Al @E 38 EO 2A 29 67 C9 3F/ gEg9:34 73 F4 C4 61 26 206 16 B2 | 1639:FG CO 65 C3 E3 C9 3A BO 56 F2 79 E6 66 26 1C 1B D9| ge11:D4 29 @B 97 GE 31 C9 46 C5 | 1041:CC D4 48 2B GE 6B 8D 51 CO 11 GA 11 FC 51 68 77 5B] g£19:56 GF 71 D@ 64 C6 G3 20 BD | 1049:85 EA GA C9 16 E2 34 AG DI FF 98 CB B3 @1 1D D@ 65] ge21:c9 8G D1 43 1C 15 81 51 3A |1051:AG 4C B2 11 FB @1 94 89 D2 @BF9:8D 17 D@ AD 9A BG 82 83 EE] gE29:93 C9 CO BO BC EO GE 74 3D |1059:62 4C BO 11 CA 78 45 AB 71 GE31:78 64 4C 63 1D GB 19 7A le |1961:98 86 AD G6 SE 85 C9 G6 83 GE39:AG 91 33 8A CD 38 G6 G1 75 |1069:90 3C 5D A8 9D AG 4E Al C4 GE41:62 F9 16 50 7D G3 G3 4C 5F |1071:AC 8E F7 3A 10 E2 C@ 26 DB G£49:36 16 4C DC 16 Cl OF 8B 4A |1679:68 30 CO Al G8 CD OB GF AB GE51:87 42 AD 55 66 El Al 28 EF |1981:18 B3 69 47 G4 8C 18 G5 B7 GE59:AD 15 G2 38 CE 94 3C AD 34 | 1089:B9 41 62 2D 64 12 AC EO 8F 9C31:63 CD C9 1D 26 77 BS ER BS! gR61:C9 63 6B 5A 4C 9B 56 20 D3 | 1891:54 C8 44 G8 DG EC 66 G3 15
WVQIQYPRQAOMAWUVYYNAKPSINS DS BOOPONG ~ 2 a i) 12] > wu w rr) 3 nN a " wo w w
6C39:69 GE69:Al 11 EE 9D 96 Dl FG 68 68 | 1099:67 A2 25 16 16 CO 45 20 7A oc4 GE71:D8 27 69 C8 27 BG 15 6B GF |1GA1:7F 12 B8 1D Cl FO EA 69 F6 —oc4 G£79:88 19 C7 AB A8 1D G7 C8 64 |19A9:2A 12 39 7C 36 52 96 1E 8C gc5 @E81:6A BS FD DG BB C3 G5 Al 26 |1GB1:AA 16 26 24 93 DD G8 96 23 @cs GE89:1E B8 24 8C 8C 79 AJ 1c 69 | 16B9:13 BD C3 1A C@ AS 96 GB BS
@C61:8D E6 G7 59 G6 25 4C 19 E6| GE91:AG 4D CB AS BO 27 GA AD EB |10C1:42 18 69 G2 DD 2D 75 CB AS 8C69:60 6C 64 96 G5 E4 DI 1C ED| gE99:FD Cl 86 BD EA G2 36 43 D5 |19C9:63 88 8B @3 CD AD 2C DO 7D OC71:41 GEA1:47 15 4E CG 18 1E CO 18 4F |10D1:25 9A 11 EA 7B 38 BD 98 CC @EA9:6D 86 6A 6D A4 GD 46 6A 14 |16D9:AA 86 CD 1C 1F D@ OD FA BD GEB1:80 FD 36 B4 @1 54 3C 3C EC |1G0E1:11 38 BE 40 FO CF EB AE Cl GEB9:E8 8A 75 8D 60 66 8D 9A C6 |19E9:A4 1E 9D 99 41 91 G3 A3 2B GEC1:48 9C 46 GA 9E 44 GC G4 F3 | 10F1:36 FO BF 28 98 62 47 El A2 GEC9:8C 80 8D 9B 21 G1 9D 1E le |19F9:16 4C E4 GE D8 FB 12 EE 7F GED1:8D 13 EE 9F 26 G4 93 GF 98 |1101:9F ES D2 AG 8F A3 8C 47 3C GED9:82 GE E2 A8 26 AS GF D3 2B |1169:2A 8C 84 17 BE 4G Al 58 B7 @EE1:AB Fl 66 6B A9 C9 FF FG 78 |11l1:DF 18 25 99 46 G5 7A @B AD GEE9:22 C9 28 F@ EG 43 FG 21 B4 |1119:G2 FG GC FA C9 E4 F9 DE SE GEF1:C9 16 FG 14 A8 1B FC A7 2B |1121:DG DD 26 BE 13 AD 3E 85 64 GEF9:AG FG 2E 55 FD D9 66 DG B2 | 1129:BD Cl D@ C9 15 DB 1D C5 3D GFG1:09 E9 3E 8A GE 21 42 6@ 68 |1131:EA 22 63 43 33 FF 74 FA 6F GF09:60 AS BG 88 BB 2G 26 EG 87 |1139:82 AG 13 72 CD G4 DO EB DB GF11:35 G8 16 AQ 2E DG G2 Ag cA |1141:286 72 69 F6 BO 14 35 AB CI GF19:20 8D EG 1E 10.93 98 1E C6 |1149:83 CF F6 1C 98 AO 7A BC 9E @F21:AA C7 15 A8 F@ 1B 5C 86 E6 |1151:8B 8E 82 67 GB G3 4C DG 59 GF29:68 96 G8 2E FG 95 26 DG 72 |1159:4A FE 10 57 CE AQ 32 EC 46 OF31:0C 67 98 41 EG 89 86 91 22 |1161:93 8E A2 B6 48 1A 8C CF 44 GF39:FB 13 1D A2 C6 50 BE 38 GD |1169:CD 79 3B 21 32 3C 3C 8A 30 GF41:42 40 39 26 97 EG AS BF D4 |1171:C9 27 BG 13 C9 26 BO GA DB GF49:29 GF FG 36 1F F7 2B 8A 9A |1179:C9 25 BG G1 94 2B 8D 36 92 GF51:83 38 FD 92 2E 42 25 44 31 |1181:10 40 50 38 CO 44 Cl AD 91 E 79 15 7B 19 26 A3 G9 CC| gF59:29 FG 1D 2E DF FD 69 58 DE |1189:B@ 48 AB Bl C5 G8 B2 1E 76 @D31:4C 91 G9 28 E2 19 C9 81 89] gr61:8G G9 9G 39 93 88 FG 31 79 |1191:6D B3 1E DG G5 BG 5F 97 AG
SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE G-29
PROGRAMS
1199:6F 36 83 68 1E GC BO 11A1:A9 @C D6 89 48 3C 8C 11A9:23 62 2B A7 13 F5 76 11B1:85 AG 66 G6 E6 16 FO 11B9:B@ 5C GA 83 1B E4 DC 11C1:21 D2 4C 59 FB 96 29 11C9:68 78 D@ FG 15 AB 1E 11D1:DE 72 1E 8D A@ 28 CE 11D9:66 98 48 22 BF 68 A8 11E1:FD CA 85 F7 68 A® 3E 11E9:8D 86 B5 E4 88 68 94 11F1:38 24 62 77 68 88 206 11F9:36 @B 8D F8 3B 8C 27 1261:02 62 8D 28 23 65 8D 1269:36 G2 67 8D 2A D@ AY 1211:8D F9 El @4 BE 8D PA 1219:GF 8D FB 6@ 21 C5 52 1221:B3 20 6D 44 68 3C AG 1229:36 16 D® GC 19 34 G3 1231:1C 44 65 B4 8D FC 97 1239:60 1B D@ 6G 76 G5 19 1241:62 CD C2 46 41 Bl 6B 1249:2C 64 14 2A 15 26 14 1251:4C 1D 15 A9 46 E4 71 1259:86 7A 16 EA C@ Bl @3 1261:6C 60 24 A3 66 88 2F 1269:21 @1 67 A5 1D 41 AG 1271:4C 5C 14 Dl 8F 34 85 1279:EE A6 29 FE BA 29 52 1281:FB 28 65 GE GA 6C DG 1289:FC CB 85 FD A9 3@ 85 1291:67 9D 8C 3D 91 FD C8 1299:F9 B6 FC £6 FE E2 25 12A1:00 FO A5 C8 5B 85 G1 12A9:1C 69 G1 8D BE DC AD 12B1:1F 18 29 FS 69 @C 8D 12B9:D@ 68 6F BD 18 1E 9D 12C1:37 E8 E® 26 DG F5 66 12C9:66 70 CE 2E 76 38 DG 12D1:B9 A5 A2 2A 74 BB 15 12D9:43 91 E8 E8 57 CD EG 12E1:64 C9 C4 C9 BC 96 71 12E9:4E 69 26 5D C5 OF 85 12F1:A2 63 CB 55 88 96 EG 12F9:FG@ 3E F9 28 16 03 DB 1361:6D 24 8A 1E 29 03 FG 1369:3B C9 FD DG 85 26 37 1311:FQ0 21 88 B8 97 16 4c 1319:FG 2A A® G@ EG 62 BG 1321:AE C2 71 3C BD 8B 1E 1329:01 9D 12 B7 4C 36 16 1331:26 91 FB 78 B8 67 CC 1339:99 Al 1E 26 FA 89 4C 1341:17 C5 25 6A 69 Bl FB 1349:94 DD 43 1E D4 A® 87 1351:61 66 26 84 69 68 ED 1359:E3 D@ 32 AD AE 96 49 1361:05 6A G7 8D 68 AD 43 1369:8D 64 A@ G1 83 BA G7 1371:67 B9 76 DB 99 6F DB 1379:C@ 28 D@ EF AD 86 CO 1381:41 @7 AD 88 1E 8D 97 1389:60 CE AF 1E 68 CB 55 1391:A8 DA 53 94 95 3B 14 1399:15 68 BC 43 65 26 Cl 13A1:D@ @C 28 95 8C 87 A2 13A9:66 67 12 OB 18 96 @C 13B1:F3 E6 AB 78 C9 39 79 13B9:16 Bl 42 A6 C3 5G 27 13C1:17 82 64 36 6E 7C 1A
G-30 COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
1469:EE 1411:A7 1419:A2 142 a
1429:FA 1431:8C 1439:1E 1441:0A 1449:94
14F1:97 14F9:51
2BADDADBNANA
1551:5A 1559:15 1561:1E 1569:65 1571:AD 1579:78 1581:1E 1589:4B 1591:C8 1599:Al 15A1:8A 15A9:8C 15B1:AA 15B9:EA 15C1:52 15C9:1E 15D1:FE 15D9:62 15E1:F9 15E9:1F
15F1:68~-
3A F8 Ag cl 66 1c 38 De
12 cs 1B cc 07 8c c9 17 26 24 6G 1D 65 FG 62 66 19 34 8B 19 EG 8D GA 74 64 FG AD D6 8D 36 SF 78 61
1681:E8 1689:FS
16D1:8A
21 68
49
AD 26
81
2E AE
o7
1751:66 1759:2A 1761:66 1769:66 1771:88
93 1E 63 5 G6
Cy) 66 OB 46 85
1F GE 27 18 82
1791:67 1799:GE
66 c2
1l 36
13 2E
17C1:34 17C09:6A 17D1:A8
Voartefaa
1811:E4 1819:61 1821:68
B8 4c De 12 4g G3 26 1A 86 G6 @5 27 19
BE ce 04 CF 33 cD 63 57 G6 61 16 42 68
EG oo 19 Ur) 12 4g 16 64 66 36 gc F3 G6
1829:1F 66 G1 23 12 63 6G BG 71 1831:80 17 68 68 15 GB OG 16 D2 1839:15 6A 6G 23 15 G5 FF CG 26 1841:F@ 7F FG Fl CO FC F7 CG 1849:BC OB FE 88 80 86 BO 14 7E 1851:25 26 F9 G6 7F E9 GG 3F 3E 1859:89 66 3E 46 SC 18 40 16 1861:32 64 66 48 69 6G 36 69 El 1869:FE GA 3E 63 8F 48 EF 78 1871:3F 7F 26 61 28 G2 85 OD 17 1879:068 6G 9F 54 62 97 FE 6 53 1881:91 FC 2A 66 3B 98 D2 9G 1889:98 85 46 94 12 98 96 Gc 1891:CB 52 68 14 26 C5 45 lc 3D 1899:0E G5 42 21 FF C3 FF GF 8A 18A1:C3 FO GF FF F@ 5G 71 81 FE 18A9:3F FF FC 4E A@ 3C 18 C2 18B1:18 94 65 10 86 23 65 19 68 18B9:81 55 98 64 94 8F 69 G5 2D 18C1:062 61 69 96 13 76 EO G1 F2 18C9:0C 81 GE 14 1A 86 G1 14 62 18D1:07 7B 18 66 65 Bl 25 OA 18D9:05 G1 18 67 7D 1F @5 Al 54 18E1:6B 20 @8 1A 28 EE @@ 21 66 18E9:69 6C AG G6 39 22 BA G1 95 18F1:31 67 OD 19 64 13 66 OG 28 18F9:6C DG 15 GG GF 1G G1 BC 7E 1961:6C 11 61 12 C@ 61 G1 15 1969:6F 03 3C 12 96 69 15 13 12 1911:5A 12 14 64 64 63 18 OF 23 1919:60 3E 12 G61 6G 18 13 64 B7 1921:60 1E OF 64 G1 1E 16 64 Al 1929:FF @6 6B 7F 3E 77 3E 7F 8C 1931:6B E@ 82 2F 86 GG 3C 3C 4D 1939:69 96 1C C8 68 FF A® 5C 1941:62 @8 42 42 7E 7E 8E 1F 1949:93 68 69 FB F7 @2 64 1951:08 62 65 87 Gl 62 63 G3 32 1959:03 66 69 BC BC GC FA CB 1961:96 64 32 56 52 45 53 53 E4 1969:26 42 55 54 AG C2 GF 4E AB 1971:20 54 4F 26 58 4C 41 59 44 1979:10 4F C8 45 58 54 52 41 EE 1981:3A G@ 12 26 92 4c 45 56 1989:45 4C 3A 66 EA G4 06 66 1G
Maurice Yanney is the author of Cats & Mice and Umbrellas, games that ap- peared in Gazette earlier this year. He lives in Lebanon, Pennsylvania.
CD+
By Daniel Lightner
Character Designer (September 1992) is a utility program that lets you create your own characters and use them to set up animation sequences. With its sketch pad you can create a design, character, or picture that you can save as a sequen- tial file.
CD+ is a special addition to Character Designer (CD) that lets you use the orig- inal program to design high-resolution bitmapped graphics. (Note: You will need a copy of Character Designer in or-
der to use CD+.)
CD+ is written in machine language. To enter it, use MLX, Gazette's machine language entry program, which you'll find elsewhere in this section. When MLX prompts for starting and ending address- es, supply the following values.
Starting address: 0801 Ending address: 1003
When you have finished entering the program, be sure to save a copy of it to a disk that contains the original Char- acter Designer program. Character De- signer must be named CD, because CD+ looks for that name and loads it while booting.
Using the Program
To use CD+, just load and run it as you would any BASIC program. CD+ then loads and activates Character Design- er. The program begins on CD's work screen. Using CD's design and draw- ing features, you can create an image in the program's sketch window. When you have finished sketching, press the back arrow key to exit Sketch mode and then press the aster- isk key (*). At this point, you'll see a menu new to Character Designer.
CD Bitmap Menu Option 1 is Enter Bitmap Mode. Select this first option by pressing the 1 key. If the screen contains garbage, press Shift and Clr/Home simultaneously to clear it. Press Return whenever you wish to return to the Bitmap menu. Your cursor will appear as four visi- ble corners that define a section of the screen. You can move to a new sec- tion of the screen using your joystick or the cursor keys. If you wish to stamp the image from the sketch window into one of these 12 screen sections, move to the desired section and press either the fire button or the f7 key. You may stamp the image into as many of the sections as you like. If you want to remove an image, press the Clr/ Home key without using the Shift key.
Color
CD+ allows you to enter different col- ors in different areas of the screen. This color depends on the color used in the sketch window. If you need to col-
or a section of the screen but don't wish to stamp the graphic image there, just press the C key. That sec- tion of the screen will change to the background color of the sketch win- dow, but it won't contain any graphics. You can equalize the color of the entire screen by pressing the E key.
By pressing the f1 key, you can trans- fer whatever image is under the mark- ers to the sketch window. This is just the opposite of pressing f7. You can toggle the markers on and off by press- ing the asterisk key. Remember, to ex- it Bitmap mode, just hit the Return key.
Loading and Saving
Option 2 lets you load a bitmap from disk. Doodle sketches will load into CD+ just fine.
Option 3 lets you save a screen to disk. This gives you a more powerful way to save character sets created us- ing Character Designer. Just store them in the sketch window as you cre- ate them. When you wish to save them, stamp them on the bitmap and save the file. Later, you can load the bitmap and add more characters or take some or all from the bitmap and save them as sequential files using Character Designer's old Save option.
Disk Commands
Option 4 lets you enter a disk com- mand. Be sure that you have the de- sired disk in the drive.
Disk commands should follow the same format that is used when open- ing the command channel to drive 8, ex- cept for the NEW disk command.
The COPYFILE command is CO: or C: followed by the new filename, an equal sign, and the old name. Here's an example.
CO:NEW FILE=ORIGINAL FILE
The RENAME FILE command works with a similar syntax.
RO:NEW NAME=0LD NAME
The SCRATCH command is SO: fol- lowed by the filename to be scratched. Wildcards are allowed. INI- TIALIZE is 10, and VALIDATE is VO. The NEW command to format a disk works a little different from what you're
SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE G-31
PROGRAMS
j 6861:01 85 FB AS FC 69 G@ 85 46 |GA91:00 8D 6E 87 4C FC 81 AD 56
ROVERS EGE ene eaeet @869:FC 18 AS FD 69 G1 85 FD EA |GA99:6E 87 38 E9 61 36 G9 8D D4
ae Hela 0871:A5 FE 69 G6 85 FE AS FB BG |GAA1:66 87 20 9A 82 4C 46 81 C3
don’t enter a unique ID at this point. | g879:cb B4 @2 FG G3 4C 88 G8 4F |GAA9:A9 GB 8D GE 87 4C 15 82 GB
Simply press Return. You will then be | 6881:a5 FC CD BS G2 FG G3 4C DE |gaBl:A9 GG 85 FB AS 60 85 FC El
Pere RAG BGAReUEinnas woe | WeSu134 degeeIseinice #9n9,08 lenCliteslacazoroeearelassars a4 ' 6 D Ag D ACL:FB AS FB FB
ane ane Lae ts Nl ao enter. | 2899744 8D 36 G3 26 62 84 AD El |GaC9:A5 FC 69 0G 85 FC AS FB 84
7 : en, “ $8A1:60 A2 FF AG FF 28 DS FF 96 /QaAD1:C9 41 FG G3 4C 30 82 AS 37
ing a dollar sign ($) will give you the | g8a9:a9 28 8D 39 69 A9 86 8D 5B |gap9:FC C9 7F DB EG 4C 40 81 16
disk directory. You don't have to use | 98B1:3A 89 4C 28 68 26 E4 FF B7 |gapi:a9 GF 8D 1G DG 4C:°S5D 81 35
quotation marks. To abort any of the eed a ae B oe 23 a a re GAE9:20 6B 83 AG GG Bl FD 91 B7
i i = : i GAF1:FB C8 CO 56 DO F7 26 BG AA
aoe optone, Sm press the aster | Gocasay ao Zi oo 29 ge so 72 tc |ghraces 0 Sr &2 e8 G0 G8 8 89
: ‘ ; 68D1:87 8D 72 87 AD 10 DG 8D AC | gBG1:EA AE 6E 87 BD 3E 87 85 F9
last option (5) will return you to Char- | ggp9:6F 87 AD G@ DG 8D 70 87 5E|QBG9:FB BD 4A 87 85 FC A2 GG B3
acter Designer. G$8E1:AD 61 DG 8D 71 87 AD 18 19 | gB11:AG G@ AD 72 87 91 FB C8 97 88E9:DG 29 GF 69 AG 8D 18 DG 5B |GB19:CG GA DB F6 26 64 1A E8 4B Doodle Converter O8F1:A9 28 8D 88 G2 AI GO 8D SF | GB21:EG 88 DG EC 4C 40 81 AE A7
G8F9:15 DG A9 93 26 D2 FF AG 24 | GB29:6E 87 BD 32 87 AA AG 3G 5B Although seh ey na Bosal 8901:6G B9 68 85 26 D2 FF C8 FB |GB31:BD D2 86 99 04 DG CB EB G3 bitmaps, Doodle cannot loa + | 9969:C@ 6B DO F5 20 E4 FF C9 2E | 6B39:CB G8 DO F4 6G 18 A5 FB OCS
bitmaps. So I've included a short utili- | g911:31 F@ 1B C9 32 FO 1A C9 4B | 6B41:69 40 85 FB AS FC 69 G1 81 ty program that will convert CD+ | 6919:33 FG 19 C9 34 FG 18 C9 26 | 6B49:85 FC 66 26 72 1A 4C 72 76 bitmaps to Doodle. 8921:35 DG £9 AY Gl 8D 15 DG 13 |GB51:1A AE 6E 87 BD 56 87 85 42
ceed ne ; _ | 9929:20 BG 8G 4C DB G8 4C EG C4 |GB59:FB BD 62 87 85 FC A2 GG 87 eee bata iD A asa ae G931:8G 4C 83 83 4C Cl 83 20 CF |GB61:AG 66 AD GG 91 FB C8 CG CB guage, and it will have to be entered | g939:c4 34 4c 59 86 AD 18 DG AQ | OB69:50 DG F7 20 BO 82 20 BE 6B with MLX. When entering it, use the fol- | 9941:29 GF @9 16 8D 18 DG A9 E5 | GB71:82 E8 EG G8 DG EA 4C 74 DE
lowing addresses. 6949:44 8D 88 G2 AD 6F 87 8D B9 | GB79:82 AD 15 D@ DG G8 AO OF F4 6951:14 DG AD 76 87 8D GG DG 9F | 6B81:8D 15 D@ 4C 4G 81 AO BG DD
5 6959:AD 71 87 8D G1 DO 68 AG 15 | @B89:8D 15 DG 4C 40 81 AD GB ES
Sted inatadieseaee G961:06 B9 D3 85 99 BG 50 C8 EA | Q@B91:85 FD A9 44 85 FE A2 OO DG nding address: 6969:CG GG DG F5 6G AD 27 DG 2E | GB99:AG GO AD 72 87 91 FD C8 24
6971:8D 28 DG 8D 29 DG 8D 2A 19 | gBAl:CG 28 DG F6 24 72 1A EB 93 Be sure to save a copy of CD Doodle | 6979:D@ 26 D2 80 AY 46 8D F8 CO | gBAd:EG 19 DB EC 60 8D 73 87 G7 to disk before leaving MLX. 6981:47 AQ 41 8D F9 47 AQ 42 25 | gBB1:AD 86 DC 29 16 C9 16 DG 65 First create and save'a bitmap from | 2089:8D FA 47 a9 43 8D EB 47 34 | QBB9:1A AD 08 DC 29 GF 8D 74 2B CD+. Then exit to BASIC and load and | 222):42 18 D2 2 FG 09 20 29 42 | gncl:87 AQ GF 38 ED 74 87 C9 85 . 9999:0F G9 10 8D 18 D@ AD 44 EB | gBCc9:04 FG GB C9 B8 FG OA AD El run CD Doodle. You will be prompted | g9a1:8D 88 G2 26 9A 82 AD 18 31 | gpp1:73 87 64 A9 88 6G AO 9D EG for the filename that you used to save | 69A9:Dd 69 98 8D 18 DG AD 11 BG | gBpD9:6G AD 1D 6G 2G 6B 83 AG BA the bitmap graphic. Enter that filename ares 22 2g an 3 pa Me aE ue 6BE1:66 Bl FB 91 FD C8 C@ 5@ El and press Return. Be sure that the ; GBE9:DG F7 26 BO 82 20 BE 82 GA disk Containing the graphic is in the | @2C82 92 9D AD 99 OD 29 FC 78 |gpri:e8 EO 98 DO EA 4c 49 81 40 ; 9 9 G9C9:09 G2 8D GB DD AE 6E 87 AG | gBF9:aE GE 87 BD 56 87 85 FB A7 drive. : O9D1:EG 03 DB G3 4C 53 82 EG F4 | gcGl:BD 62 87 85 FC A9 8G 85 EE After the file loads, the program | 99D9:47 D@ G3 4c 53 82 EG OB 3A | gcg9:FD AQ 32 85 FE A2 GG 6G GC prompts you to place a disk in the | 99E1:D@ G3 4c 53 82 A9 OG 8D 24 | gCll1:AG GO 20 BG 8G AI 93 26 7A drive onto which you want to save the | #gB0: 20 DB R2 38 AD ca g2 co 82 GaN TOR WHE MSP MCLG converted image. Do this and press 5 x
69F9:83 the spacebar when ready. CD Doodle will save the file as DD plus the filename that you used. This file can now be used in Doodle.
CD+ @8G1:22 08 GA GG 9E 32 30 38 BB
6869:38 20 43 44 2B 26 31 39 SF G811:39 33 3A 26 43 4F 4D 56 16 G819:55 54 45 26 26 26 26 20 75 G821:60 6G G@ 75 87 GB 8G AD 6F @829:24 68 8D B2 62 AD 25 68 43 @831:8D B3 62 AD 26 O08 85 FD 6A @839:AD 27 G8 85 FE AQ 8E 85 84 @841:FB A9 98 85 FC 18 A5 FB A2 @849:6D B2 32 8D B4 62 A5 FC CB @851:6D B3 62 8D B5 62 AG GB 15 6859:Bl FB 91 FD 18 A5 FB 69 @C
G-32 COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
@C29:DG FS 20 15 84 AD 35 63 C4 @C31:C9 2A FO 12 20 G2 84 AD B3 @C39:06 A2 FF AG FF 20 D5 FF 36 @C41:26 69 84 26 43 84 AD 93 69 9C49:26 D2 FF 4C 32 86 AG GO BF @C51:26 BG 86 AD 93 2H D2 FF 13 @C59:A9 6G 8D 15 D@ BI 55 85 E6 6C61:28 D2 FF C8 CG 13 D@ FS B4 9C69:26 15 84 AD 35 63 C9 2A B5 GC71:FB 1A 26 2A 84 26 G2 84 5C @C79:A9 6G 85 FB AI 66 85 FC AD @C81:A2 4E AG 7F AQ FB 29 D8 EG 6C89:FF 20 69 84 4C B9 83 AD 1D 6C91:34 @3 A2 35 AG 63 26 BD 3B GC99:FF AI G8 A2 G8 AB GB AC 66 GCA1:BA FF AG @@ 8C 34 63 AD 16 GCA9:26 20 D2 FF AQ 3E 26 D2 8D GCB1:FF AG 6G 26 E4 18 66 AG DC @CB9:88 A2 @@ BD 3E 87 85 FD 6F
@CD1:A9 GCD9:6E @CE1:26 @CE9:GC @CF1:A9 GCF9:FF @D01:85 G@DG9:D2 G6D11:D2 GD19:F6 GD21:8D OD29:FO GD31:A9 @D39:FF 0D41:20 0D49:20 OD51:FF GN59:FF GD61:84 6D69:C9 @D71:60 0D79:86 @D81:B9 @D89:6D @D91:CF @D99:99 GDA1:99 GDA9: G3 @DB1:DF @DB9:55 @DC1:6D 9DC9:4D GDD1:9D @DD9: 46 ODE1:45 GDE9:56 GODF1:4E GDF9:2A GEG1:40 GEG9:26 GE11:4E @£19:4D GE21:6D GB29:44 GE31:6D @E39:45 GE41:00 GE49:4B GE51:44 GE59:49 GEG1L:FF GE69:80 GE71:00 GE79:06 GE81:60 GE89:00 GE91:96 GE99:06 GEAL: G9 GEA9: G3 GEB1:00
66 87 74 De Ci) AS B9 FF EF 26 CA F9 OF AD BD c3 AG cs AD 4E Ag 68 25 Da FF 35 36 EE 84 45 44 4D 26 49 3F 45 41 26 41 2A 54 41 @D 26 @D 20 @D 26 @D 54 E@ ce Go ao I) oo i) Go 97 Ct) 93 a) 96 Ut) ao oo CI) go
8D BD 82 EC 8D BA 29 Ag 26 AB G2 c8 A2 34 BE FF ) co 35 FG OL 68 85 FS 48 63 G3 34 @D 26
49
41 26 4c @D 26 4D 43 58 @D 45 56 32 42 33 42 34 43 @D 26 Ur) ch) ce go oo Cr) Cr) Cr) FF 9o oo Ur) or) 06 06 G6 oo oo
97 41 AE AQ 6E 26 96 26 AS Bes AD ce 68 03 20 26 B9 16 03 12 8D 4c 26 26 AC 68 EE 63 @D 49 53 4E 4c 45 @D 46 45 44 26 @D 52 26 2E 49 2E 49 2E 4P 35 54 ce G6 Us) 96 G6 UT) 0G 06 Ur) G3 4) 4) ao oo 06 Cy) i) OG
Bl De A2 8D 87 8D 66 FF Ag D2 co 06 G2 DG OF 35 EF 84 85 FS 24 2A DG 1A FF FF 3 37 G3 30 46 3F 20 26 41 4E 26 4c ll 42 45 2E 42 4F 4c 4D 53 4D 44 4D 26 26 Ui) CI) ce ao oo oo Ut) ) 93 ao ao Us) 1) i) Uy) oa i) oo
9D 66 8E 87 EG 82 cc 6F 26 26 DG ol 61 69 BA G3 OF cc D2 15 69 ce BO 6o co 26 2c 68 34 4c 51 OD 4F gD 20 4D 41 26 26 54 55 45 54 45 41 50 56 58 53 4E 58 44 0B ce Go GG 66 Cr) 6G 06 0G 0G 63 Go 66 6G G@ 0G 9G Ct)
GEF1:09 GEFI:GG GFG1:00 GFO9:356 @F11:CO GF19:90 GF21:00 GF29:00 GF31:80 GF39:00 GF41:06 GF49:86 GF51:88 GF59:63 G@F61:32 GF69:32 @F71:32 GF79:32 GF81:72 GF89:72 G@F91:72 GF99:72 @FA1:B2 GFA9:B2 OFB1:B2 GFB9:82 GFC1:68 GFC9:48 GFD1:4A GED9:44 GFE1:46 GFE9:50 GFF1:66 GFE9:74 1981:08
Go 1) CT) Go 06 ce oo 06 Oo Oo i) G3 1) 96 58 Al F2 41 56 Al F2 41 56 Al F2 41 16 58 54 44 46 AG 60 74 cl)
CD DOODLE
O8G1:1E G869:38 G811:00 G819:08 G821:06 @829:CC @831:D0 O839:FF G841:0A 9849:0B O851:F5 G859:B1l 9861:07 6869:28 6871:03 G879:03 9881:D0 G889:AD @891:BD G899:20 @8A1:09 G8A9:C6 08B1:85 G8B9:AG G8C1:A5
68 20 G6 7) ls) FFE 8D Ag 26 26 26 09 c9 76 A2 EE 5a, 3A FF BA cg ER FE 06 FD 06 OA
9 4C
10 EE 68 28 B9
06 96 06 co Go 46 Oo Cr) Oo CT) C1) 6G 83 Ci) 32 32 32 32 72 72 72 72 B2 B2 B2 B2 18 58 SE 44 46 Fo 60 74 G6
GA oo Cr) Ci) Ut) AG 21 9A 15 D2 23 AD 2A OA 06 3A 26 G3 Ag FF @D Ag 26 26 69 85 26 BB 4c AQ A2 C3 87
oo 96 60 66 co 06 Ul) CT) Ur) Ul) GG 66 oO G3 18 66 B6 97 18 66 B6 07 18 66 B6 07 26 00 80 45 06 Ci) 6A 90 06
Vr) cr) 06 Oo Cr) GB Do 26 GA FF GA 3E dG 4c BD 63 36 A2 G2 20 FO Ct) E4 EB4 @1 FE B7 68 D3 62 06 FF @B
G909:CO G911:CB G919:EE G921:99 @929:8D G931:AG 0939:68 9941:85 0949:AG 6951:15 6959:15 9961:n2 G969:E4 G971:C9 G979:28 G981:6F G@989:AG G991:C8 8999320 G9A1:62 @9A9:C9 G9B1L:AG G@9B9I:E4 G9ICL:FG G9C9:BB G9D1L: FG G9D9:63 G9E1:26 G9B9:63 G9F1:66 G9F9:3A GAG1L:BG GAG9: 38 GA11:03 GA1O: EF GA21L: FF GA29:D2 GA31:3E GA39:FB OA41:B1 GA49:85 GA5L:A5 GA59:C9 GAG1:FB GA69:00 GA71:CO GA79:00 GA81:93 GA89:AG GA91:68 GA99: FF GAAL: 20 GAAI: 20 GAB1:C9 GABI:BG@ GACL:IE@ GACO: FF GADL: FF GAD9: FF GAEL: FO
@B11l:44 GB19:52
9B31:43
SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE
26 cg 3A 3B 3D G3 AG FB 7F OA OA BE FF ai 08 85 06 26 D2 cg 36 06 FF 39 ED ES co F2 C6 AC 03 63 AD 4c 26 66 FF 29 AQ 91 FB FB 5F c8 B9 4B 8D 26 0B AG A2 D2 E4 46 62 35 26 26 4c 04 40 20 20 AS 6D 4c 49 32 45 41
20 FA 3A 44 3A FF BA 85 26 69 B9 16 cg 4c 26 96 EE) cg AB 08 66 8D FO FG 96 FG DA B8 CA 99 3A 69 E9 Ag Ag 20 26 60 FC AS 69 io} ) BY De 20 60 8D AQ FF BA cé Go BS 26 FE FF AQ FO AS De 4c 4c AQ 61 2D 43 54 4F 55 4F
AS 63 57 03 3c A2 Ci) BE 26 20 20 26 07 4c ag on G2 F2 ES @2 66 26 14 7B 22 3A FF 3A FF EE Ol FF 3A D2 D2 20 AQ 85 AQ Ol FC FC 91 AG cB Ag Ag g9 A2 co 9A FE CB 8D G2 E4 D2 D2 1B CB Ag Ag C3 66 4F 59 39 55 49 26
8D 9D E4 9D EB 81 E2 75 6S DS 56 G2 FA BE 7F BA 4F DB ll ol FA c4 8E BB cc 74 2c 24 39 91 21 BL c4 FS 4a BF 7B FS AD 84 F6 76 9D G2 F2 61 3E 61 DD AA BC CE B8 79 96 BD 5c 89 07 26 B7 cD 48 38 89 27 D6 3E F6 D2
G-33
PROGRAMS
@B39:49 4B 54 4C 26 4C 54 44 F5 @B41:0D 41 4C 4C 26 52 49 47 AG @B49:48 54 53 20 52 45 53 45 98 @B51:52 56 45 44 43 44 29 42 CG @B59:49 54 2D 4D 41 56 20 46 75 @B61:49 4C 45 3F 2C 5@ 2c 52 19 GB69:4E 63 65 66 51 59 5A 5B 92 OB71:44 4F 26 41 4E 4F 54 48 36 @B79:45 52 26 44 4F 4F 44 4C 9B 9B81:45 3F 20 59 2F 4B 50 4C 43 GB89:41 43 45 26 44 4F 4F 44 FD OB91:4C 45 26 44 49 53 4B 26 BS 0B99:49 4E 26 44 52 49 56 45 D9 OBA1:26 48 49 54 20 41 4E 59 44 GBA9:28 4B 45 59 66 BG GB GB EG
Daniel Lightner, the author of Risers and Sliders, lives in Sidney, Montana.
SILICON COBBLER
By Bob Markland
Convenience! Webster defines conven- ience as “anything that saves work.” Busy people of the nineties demand con- venience. Recognizing this, many com- mercial programs load and run with the fewest possible keystrokes from the us- er, Unfortunately, this convenience isn't available on many disks and most short- er programs.
Silicon Cobbler is an autoboot maker that provides a simple solution to this and requires no computer or programming ex- perience. Although there have been a number of autoboot makers written, many attach themselves to a program and permanently alter it. Some work on- ly with BASIC programs; others work on- ly with machine language routines.
Silicon Cobbler works with virtually any program and allows maximum flexibility. Most important, it creates a one-block au- toboot program that is totally independ- ent of the original program.
With an autoboot as the first file on the disk followed by a menu/loader, you have a combination that creates effort- less program selection and loading.
Typing It In
Silicon Cobbler is written entirely in BA- SIC. To help avoid errors, enter it with The Automatic Proofreader, which you will find elsewhere in this section. Be- fore exiting Proofreader, be sure to save a copy of the program to disk.
Creating an Autoboot To use Silicon Cobbler, load and run it as you would any BASIC program. It
G-34 COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
takes only a few minutes to create an autoboot. Silicon Cobbler walks you through, letting you select the border, screen, and character colors during the initial loading. These attributes en- able you to select the visual effects you want for a smooth transition while your main program loads.
You are then prompted for the name of the program to be loaded and run, Enter the filename of the program for which you are creating the auto- boot, You may type the first few letters followed by an asterisk (*) wildcard, as long as no filename conflicts result.
You are then asked for the com- mand to activate the program. Type in the command that you normally use to activate the main program. This is usu- ally RUN or SYS and a starting ad- dress. The next prompt asks for a char- acter color following the load. In most cases, set this attribute to match the screen and border color in steps 1 and 2. This provides for a smooth transition. You are then asked for a filename for the autoboot program. For easy identi- fication, give the autoboot a name sim- ilar to the name of the program it boots. For example, you might add the suffix LOAD or BOOT to the filename. Silicon Cobbler then lists the choices that you have made. Carefully check each attribute. If you find an error, press S to start over; otherwise, press C to Continue.
When you continue, the autoboot will be created. Be sure the destination disk is in the drive. There are two tech- niques for utilizing autoboots. If the au- toboot is the first directory entry, the pro- gram may be booted by typing LOAD"*",8,1. For programs elsewhere in the directory, load the autoboot pro- gram with the ,8,1 extension.
The final prompt gives you the op- tion to make additional autoboots or quit to BASIC.
Troubleshooting
If a BASIC program will not autoboot, check the program's load address. If it's not 2049, change it.
Silicon Cobbler checks for disk drive errors, If a filename already exists on your disk, select another name, or overwrite the existing autoboot. If you find that an autoboot does not work properly, create a new autoboot and
overwrite the old one.
Advanced Techniques
Autoboots can be successfully added to nearly all disks, including backups of commercial software. If the program uses a standard directory, save the au- toboot as you normally would, and then move its filename to the first direc- tory position.
In cases where there is only one file listed and no bytes free, there may still be a solution. With a sector editor, carefully check track 18's directory sec- tors. They may be standard even if the other tracks and sectors are not. If this is the case, create an autoboot on an- other disk and copy it to an unused sec- tor on track 18. Use your sector editor to move the existing filenames in order to open the first position.
Finally, write the first directory entry for the autoboot and set its pointers to the sector on track 18 containing the au- toboot. What with the possibility of a crash, never attempt this on the origi- nal commercial disk!
SILICON COBBLER JS 16 REM: COPYRIGHT 1993 - co MPUTE PUBLICATIONS INTL {SPACE}LTD - ALL RIGHTS {SPACE} RESERVED FF 26 : JP 586 PRINT" {CLR}"CHR$ (142) CHR $ (8) :POKE53280,2:POKE532 81,7:DIMC$(15) :POKE788,5 2 FORR=0T015: READJUS:NEXT: FORR=1T0125:READDT:CK=CK +DT:NEXT IFCK<>15188THENPRINT" {HOME} {BLK}{19 DowN} {8 SPACES}ERROR IN NUMER ICAL DATA": STOP MLS="": RESTORE: FORR=0TO1 5:READCS(R) :NEXT BLS="":FORR=1T039:BLS=BL St! NEXT SP 106 PRINT"{CLR} {BLK}"TAB (12 )"{DOWN} SILICON COBBLER ":PRINTTAB (11) "PROGRAM {SPACE}BOOT MAKER" PRINTTAB(12)"{DOWN}BY R + MARKLAND" PRINTTAB(16)"(C) 1993": PRINTTAB(5) "COMPUTE PUB LICATIONS INTL LTD" FORR=1T024:READDT :MLS=M LS+CHR$ (DT) :NEXT GOSUB830: PRINT" {4 SPACES}SELECT BORDER COLOR DURING LOAD":PRI
CM 66
HB 70
HB 86
GE 99
SB 116
PX 120
FA 130
BD 146
PK
EX
HQ
CE
FP
HP Js
KJ
XK
FX GP
cD
BE
HE
QK FE
ME
BK
EP
AK
PH
JR
DR
PQ
MH
156
166
178
186
196
206 219 226
236
246 256 266
276
288
296 306
316
326 336
346 356
368
376 386
396
NTTAB(16)"(@-15) {DOWN}" TB=18:NT=@:LE=2:GOSUB85 6:BC=VAL (TP$) : IFBC>15TH EN146 MLS=ML$+CHRS (BC) :GOSUB8 26
FORR=1T04:READDT :MLS=ML $+CHRS (DT) :NEXT GOSUB83G: PRINT"
{4 SPACES}SELECT SCREEN COLOR DURING LOAD":PRI NTTAB(16)"(@-15) {DOWN}" TB=18:NT=@:LE=2:GOSUB85 6:SC=VAL (TPS) : IFSC>15TH EN18@ MLS=MLS$+CHR$ (SC) :GOSUB8 26
FORR=1T04:READDT :MLS=ML $+CHRS (DT) : NEXT GOSUB83: PRINT"
{3 SPACES}SELECT CHARAC TER COLOR DURING LOAD": PRINTTAB (16) " (6-15) {DOWN}" TB=18:NT=0:LE=2:GOSUB85 @:CL=VAL (TPS) : IFCL>15TH EN220 MLS=MLS$+CHRS$ (CL) :GOSUB8 26 FORR=1T033: READDT :ML$=M LS+CHR§ (DT) :NEXT GOSUB83@: PRINTTAB (9) "EN TER NAME OF PROGRAM" {17 SPACES} PRINTTAB(11)"T0 BE LOAD ED/RUN: ": PRINTTAB (11) "( 1-16 CHARACTERS) {DOWN}" TB=12:NT=1:LE=16:GOSUB8 50:NAS=TPS:MLS=MLS+CHRS$ (LEN (NAS) ) :GOSUB820 FORR=1T031:READDT :MLS=M LS$+CHR$ (DT) :NEXT GOSUB83@: PRINTTAB (8) "EN TER NECESSARY COMMAND" PRINTTAB(1G)"T0 ACTIVAT E PROGRAM": PRINTTAB (11) "YOU WISH TO BOOT:" PRINTTAB(8)"(E.G. RUN O R S¥S49152) {DOWN}" TB=12:NT=1:LE=8:GOSUB85 @:CMS$=TPS:MLS=MLS+CHRS ( LEN (CMS) ) :GOSUB826 FORR=1T010: READDT : ML$=M L$+CHRS$ (DT) :NEXT MLS=MLS$+CHRS$ (LEN (CMS) +1 ) :FORR=1TO11:READDT :MLS$ =MLS+CHR$ (DT) :NEXT GOSUB83G:PRINT" SELECT {SPACE}CHARACTER COLOR {SPACE}FOLLOWING LOAD" PRINTTAB (16) " (6-15) {DOwN}" TB=18:NT=6:LE=2:GOSUB85 @:CP=VAL (TPS) : IFCP>15TH EN36@ GOSUB820:ML$=MLS+CHRS (C P) :FORR=1T08:READDT:ML$
ES
cx
xc
PB
XA
KS
HD
PC
HP
Gx
FX
GE
QF
ES
PP
PS CE
466 416
426
436
449
450
468
476
486
496
506
516
526
530
540
556
566 576 586 598
600
616 626
636
646 658
=MLS+CHRS (DT) :NEXT MLS=MLS+"LOADING, PLEAS E WAIT...."+CHRS (@ FORR=LTOLEN (NAS) :MLS=ML $+MID$(NAS,R,1) :NEXT:IF LEN (NA$) =16THEN43@ FORR=LEN(NA$) +1T0O16:ML$ =MLS+CHRS$ (234) :NEXT FORR=1TOLEN (CMS) :MLS=ML $+MID$(CMS$,R,1) :NEXT:ML $=ML$+CHRS (13) GOSUR83G: PRINTTAB (11) "E NTER A FILE NAME" PRINTTAB(11)"FOR THIS A UTOBOOT:":PRINTTAB(11)" (1-16 CHARACTERS) {DOWN} "
TB=12:NT=1:LE=16:GOSUB8 50:LNS=TPS$:GOSUB820 GOSUB83G: PRINTTAB (2) "BO RDER COLOR IS:"TAB(38-L EN (CS (BC) ) ) C$ (BC) PRINTTAB(2) "SCREEN COLO R IS: "TAB (38-LEN (C$ (SC) ))CS$ (SC) PRINTTAB(2) "LOAD CHR CO LOR IS:"TAB(38-LEN(CS$(C L)))C$(CL) PRINTTAB(2) "PROGRAM TO {SPACE}BOOT IS:"TAB(38- LEN (NA$)) NAS PRINT'BAB(2) "CMD TO ACTI VATE IS:"TAB(38-LEN (CMS )) CMS PRINTTAB(2) "PROG CHR CO LOR IS:"TAB(38-LEN(C$(C P)))CS(CP) PRINTTAB(2) "AUTOBOOT NA ME IS:"TAB(38-LEN(LNS) ) LNS PRINTTAB(7)"{2 DOWN}PLE ASE REVIEW YOUR CHOICES ": PRINTTAB (15) "{DOWN}TH EN PRESS" PRINT" {DOWN} (C) TO CON TINUE -/- (S) TO START {SPACE}OVER" GETD$: IFDS=""THEN568 IFDS="S"THENSG IFDS$<>"C"THEN56G GOSUB83@: PRINTTAB (8) "IN SERT DESTINATION DISK": PRINTTAB(15) "{DOWN} THEN PRESS" PRINTTAB(7) "{DOWN}ANY K EY TO CREATE AUTOBOOT": POKE198,0 GETD$: IFDS=""THEN610 GOSUB830:PRINTTAB(8)" {4 DOWN}WORKING, PLEASE WAIT...." OPEN15,8,15,"10:":OPEN8 78,8,"02"+LNS+",P,R":CL OSE8:FL=0:GOSUB969 IFFLTHEN4S7@ OPEN15,8,15:0PEN8,8,8," 6:"+LNS+",P,W" :CLOSE8:F
PX
DF
FR
KR DB
CA BG sD HK GQ GF
XF HC
KK
666 670 686 696 706 7190 726 736 740
750
769
770
786 790 800 816
820
830
846
856
860
876
880
895
996 919
926 936 949 955 968 976
980 998
L=:GOSUB969 IFFLTHEN47@ IFE1<>63THEN740 GOSUB83@:MSS="FILE "+CH RS (34) +LNS+CHRS (34) +" A LREADY EXISTS" PRINTTAB ( (4G- (LEN (MSS) )/2)MSS$ PRINTTAB (13) "{DOWN}OVER WRITE IT?":PRINTTAB (16) ny —/- NM
GETD$: IFDS=""THEN718 IFDS="N"THEN44@ IFDS<>"Y"THEN716 OPEN15,8,15,"1G:":PRINT #15,"S@:"+LNS:CLOSEL5 OPEN8,8,8,"O:"+LNS+",P, W"': PRINT#8 ,MLS$:CLOSE8:C LOSE15 GOSUB830:PRINT"{2 DOWN} {2 SPACES}AUTOBOOT COMP LETED, DO YOU WISH TO:" PRINTTAB (16) "{DOWN}1. {2 SPACES}CREATE ANOTHE R?": PRINTTAB (1G) "{DOWN} 2.{2 SPACES}QUIT?" GETD$: IFDS=""THEN786 IFDS$="1"THEN8G IED$<>"2"THEN780
PRINT" {CLR}":POKE646,14 : POKE647,14:POKE53280,1 4: POKE53281,6:POKE788,4 9:END
PRINT: PRINTTAB (16) "
{ DOWN }ENTERED":FORT=1T0 1600:NEXT
PRINT" {HOME} {9 DOWN}":F ORR=1T014: PRINTBLS:NEXT : PRINT" {HOME} {9 DOWN}" RETURN POKE198,G:PRINTTAB (TB) ; :POKE204,0:TPS="" POKE647, PEEK (646) :GETKI $: TFKIS=""THEN860 IFKI$=CHR$ (34) THEN869 IFKI$=CHRS (13) ANDLEN (TP $) >GTHENPRINT" ";:POKE2 64,1:RETURN IFKIS$=CHR$ (20) ANDLEN (TP $) >OTHENTPS=LEFTS (TPS,L EN (TP$)-1) :GOTO95G IFKI$=>CHRS (48) ANDKI$=< CHRS$ (57) THEN93G ‘ IFNTTHENIFKIS=>CHRS (32 ANDKI$=<CHRS (98) THEN936 GoTO86¢
IFLEN (TPS) = (LE) THEN869 TPS=TPS+KIS
PRINTKI$; :GOTO860 INPUT#15,E1,ERS$,E2,E3 IFE1=GORE1=620RE1=63THE NCLOSE15: RETURN CLOSE15:FL=1
GOSUB83G: PRINTTAB (9) "*
{SPACE}* * DISK ERROR * * «NM
1960 PRINTTAB (1G) "{DOWN}";E
SEPTEMBER 1993 COMPUTE
G-35
PROGRAMS/ THE AUTOMATIC PROOFREADER
1;ER$;E2;E3 PRINTTAB (3) "{DOWN}CHEC K DISK & DRIVE, THEN T RY AGAIN" PRINTTAB (7) "{DOWN}PRES S ANY KEY TO CONTINUE" GETDS$: IFDS=""THEN1G36 RETURN
DATA BLACK,WHITE,RED,C YAN, PURPLE, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, ORANGE , BROWN, LI GHT RED
DATA DARK GRAY,MEDIUM {SPACE}GRAY,LIGHT GREE N,LIGHT BLUE,LIGHT GRA
1616
1625
1636 1046 1656
KH 1666
y DATA 44,3,60,3,102,254 ,165,244,237,245,5,9,G 10,0,0,0,G
DATA 169,147,32,210,25 5,169
DATA 141,32,208,169 DATA 141,33,208,169 DATA 141,134,2,32,138, 255,32,231,255,160,0,2 4,162,12,169,8,32,240, 255
DATA 160,0,185,174,3,2 46,6,32, 210,255,200, 20 8,245,169 DATA 162,199,160,3,32, 189,255,169,1,168,162, 8,32,186, 255,173, 33,20 8
DATA 141,134,2,169,0,3 2,213,255,134,45,132,4 6,160
DATA 185,215,3,153,119 12,136,16,247,169
DATA 133,198,32,94,166 ,169,147,32,216,255,16 9
DATA 141,134,2,162,128 ,108,2,3
RF 1676
RF 1680 1696 1166 1116
QR RR BX
GQ 1126
KB 1130
PE 1149
MR 1156
HP 1160
AJ 1170
Bob Markland is the author of Electron- ic Billboard, a bonus program on the March Gazette Disk. He lives in Newcastle, Wyoming.
TELEWORD 128
Donald G. Klich Have you ever watched a television com- mercial and been asked to call a tele- phone number that’s in the form of a catchy phrase for the advertiser's prod- uct? A financial lender might want you to dial CASH NOW for a quick loan, or per- haps an automobile dealer might tell you to call 1-800 CAR DEAL for a great deal in a used car.
Except for numbers 1 and 0, each num- ber on a standard U.S. telephone con-
G-36 COMPUTE SEPTEMBER 1993
tains a group of three letters. All the let- ters of the alphabet except Q and Zare represented. So, to dial CASH NOW, you'd press the numbers that correspond to those letters on the dial. In this exam- ple, those numbers would be 2274669.
Have you ever wondered if the letters associated with your telephone number might spell something clever? Rather than trying to go through all of the com- binations mentally, Teleword 128 is the program you need.
Entering the Program
Teleword 128 is written entirely in BA- SIC 7.0 for the 128. To help avoid typ- ing errors, enter it with The Automatic Proofreader, which can be found else- where in this section. Be sure to save a copy of the program before you try to run it.
Number, Please
All you have to do |s run Teleword 128 and enter a seven-digit number. The program will print out or display on- screen every combination of letters pos- sible for that number. In case you are wondering, the maximum number of possibilities is 2178. (That's 3 to the sev- enth power.) That many combinations will fill four printed pages or 20 screens.
If you have any Os or 1s in your tel- ephone number, you'll end up with few- er combinations since there are no cor- responding letters for these numbers.
You may be surprised at how few good word combinations turn up. I’m convinced that the stores first devise a clever word/number and then attempt to get that number from the telephone company. That's particularly easy to do with 800 numbers.
Just in case you're wondering, if you have telephone number 266-7883, that's the one that spells COMPUTE. Of course, it also spells BOOSTUF, whatever that means!
TELEWORD 128
iS 18 REM COPYRIGHT 1993 - COM PUTE PUBLICATIONS INTL L TD - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DIMAS (10,3) :FORI=@TO9:FO RJ=1T03: READBS$:AS$ (I,J) =B $:NEXTJ,1I:COLORG,1:COLOR 1,11:COLOR4,1:GRAPHIC2,1 ,7:L=2:R=9:LS=2:RS=0
SR 38 CHAR1,7,4,"TELEPHONE NUM
XD 26
HD
FA
JE
DP
XM JM XF
sD
HC
DS EP
HE
BK
HM
JH
DJ
XR
QG
4g
56 66
76
86 96 166 116
126
136 146 159
169
176
18d
196
286
218
BER CONVERTER":COLOR1, 2: CIRCLE1,160,35,120,15 INPUT" {WHT}OUTPUT TO THE {RED}P{WHT}RINTER OR {RED}T{WHT}UBE P/T";QS:1 FQS="T"THENSW=8:GOTO7@ IFQS="P"THENSW=1:0PEN1,4 :ELSERUN PRINT"{3 DOWN} {CYN}BE SU RE THAT YOUR PRINTER IS {SPACE}SET TO THE": PRINT SPC(10)"TOP OF A PAGE... 16)" PRINT"{3 DOWN}{2 SPACES} WHAT IS THE TELEPHONE NU MBER{2 SPACES}NNNNNNN";: SLEEP1L:INPUT"{9 LEFT}";B $: IFLEN (BS) >7ORLEN (BS) <7 THENPRINT" {4 DOWN} SEVEN {SPACE}DIGITS PLEASE":SL EEP1:RUN
FORI=1T07:CS=MIDS(B$,I,1 ) :TFVAL (C$) <2THENN(T)=1:
ELSEN (I) =3
NEXTI IFSWTHENGOSUB166:GOTO11 @:ELSEGOSUB266
FORA=1TON (1) : FORB=1TON ( 2) :FORC=LTON (3) :FORD=1T ON (4) :FORE=1TON (5) :FORF =1TON (6) :FORG=1TON(7):T $=AS (VAL (MID$(B$,1,1)), A) +A$ (VAL (MID$(BS,2,1)) 1B) TS=TS+AS (VAL (MIDS (BS,3, 1)) ,C) +AS$ (VAL (MID$ (BS, 4 11)) ,D) +A$ (VAL (MID$ (BS, 5,1)),E)+A$ (VAL (MIDS (BS ,6,1)),F) +A$ (VAL (MIDS (B $,7,1)),G6) IFSWTHENGOSUB176:GOTO14 6: ELSEGOSUB210 NEXTG,£,E,D,C,B,A:1ESWG OTO190:ELSE256 DATAG,@,@,1,1,1,A,B,C,D 7E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,0, P,R,S,T,U,V,WrXr¥ PRINT#1,"PRINTOUT FOR T ELEPHONE NUMBER ";LEFTS (BS ,3);"-";RIGHTS (BS, 4) :PRINT#1:RETURN PRINT#1,TS$;" ";sT=T+1:R =R+1:IFR=10THENR=G6: PRIN T#1:L=L+1 IFL=6@THENFORL=1T06: PRI NT#1:NEXTL:L=0:RETURN:E LSERETURN PRINT#1:PRINT#1,"THERE {SPACE}WERE "T" COMBINA TIONS":CLOSE1:END GRAPHICG,1:PRINT"DISPLA Y OF TELEPHONE NUMBER " ;LEFTS$(BS,3);"-";RIGHTS (BS, 4) : PRINT: RETURN PRINTTS;" ";:T=T+1:RS=R S+1:IFRS=5THENRS=@: PRIN T:LS=LS+1
KE 226 IFLS<>23THENRETURN: ELSE LS=2:PRINT"PRESS SPACE
{SPACE}TO CONTINUE"
FD 230 GETKEYQS:IFQS<>" "THEN2 36
MM 246 GOSUB2G66: RETURN
QB 250 PRINT:PRINT"THERE WERE
{SPACE}"T" COMBINATIONS “SEND
Donald Klich lives in Mount Prospect, Illinois. He didn’t say anything about his own telephone number. a
ONLY ON DISK
In addition to the type-in programs found in each issue of the magazine, Gazette Disk offers bonus programs. Here's a special program that you'll find only on this month's disk.
Football By Jack Rollan New York, NY
Summer is drawing to a close, leaves are beginning to change color, and back-to-school sales are popping up at the mall. These signs can mean just one thing: FOOTBALL!
Jack Rollan's Football is a real- time, solitaire football simulation that al- lows users to design their own plays and then attempt to execute them on the field. You'll control the players in the yellow and white uniforms (the home team) with your joystick in port 2.
Load Football with the ,8,1 exten- sion, and then type SYS 49152 to start. This is a large game, and it takes several minutes to load. If you have an accelerator cartridge, it'll come in handy here.
With your joystick, you design plays to run, pass, punt, or attempt field goals. After the center hikes the ball, the screen changes to graphics mode. At this point, you contro! the quarterback on offense or the free safe- ty on defense.
You can have this program, our PD selections, and all the other pro- grams in this issue by ordering the Sep- tember Gazette Disk. The U.S. price is $9.95 plus $2.00 shipping and han- dling. Send your order to Gazette Disk, COMPUTE Publications, 324 West Wendover Avenue, Suite 200, Greensboro, North Carolina 27408.
The Automatic Proofreader helps you type in program listings for the 128 and 64 and prevents nearly every kind of typing mistake.
Type in Proofreader exactly as list- ed. Because the program can’t check itself, be sure to enter each line care- fully to avoid typographical errors or oth- er mistakes. Don't omit any lines, even if they contain unusual commands. Af- ter you've finished, save a copy of the program before running it.
Next, type RUN and press Return. Af- ter the program displays the message Proofreader Active, you're ready to type in a BASIC program.
Every time you finish typing a line and press Return, Proofreader displays a two-letter checksum in the upper left corner of the screen. Compare this re- sult with the two-letter checksum print- ed to the left of the line in the program listing. If the letters match, the line prob- ably was typed correctly. If not, check for your mistake and correct the line. Al- so, be sure not to skip any lines.
Proofreader ignores spaces not en- closed in quotation marks, so you can omit or add spaces between keywords and still see a matching checksum. Spaces inside quotes are almost al- ways significant, so the program pays attention to them.
Proofreader does not accept key- word abbreviations (for example, ? in- stead of PRINT). If you use abbrevi- ations, you can still check the line by listing it, moving the cursor back to the